ISO 20507:2003

Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Vocabulary

ISO 20507:2003 provides a list of terms and associated definitions which are typically used for fine ceramic (advanced ceramic, advanced technical ceramic) materials, products, applications, properties and processes. ISO 20507:2003 contains, in separate lists, those abbreviations which have found general acceptance in scientific and technical literature; they are given together with the corresponding terms and definitions or descriptions. In ISO 20507:2003, the terms are defined using the words "fine ceramic". The definitions apply equally to "advanced ceramics" and "advanced technical ceramics", which are considered to be equivalent. ISO 20507:2003 does not include terms which, though used in the field of fine ceramics, are of a more general nature and are also well known in other fields of technology.

Céramiques techniques — Vocabulaire

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 24-Nov-2003
• Withdrawal Date: 24-Nov-2003
• ICS: 81.060.30 - Advanced ceramics
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 206 - Fine ceramics
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 206/WG 1 - Terminology/Classification
• Current Stage: 9599 - Withdrawal of International Standard
• Completion Date: 14-Nov-2014

Relations

• Revised: ISO 20507:2014 - Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Vocabulary
• Effective Date: 02-Apr-2011

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 20507
First edition
2003-12-01
Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics,
advanced technical ceramics) —
Vocabulary
Céramiques techniques — Vocabulaire
Reference number
ISO 20507:2003(E)
ISO 2003
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ISO 20507:2003(E)
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© ISO 2003

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ISO 20507:2003(E)
Contents Page

Foreword............................................................................................................................................................ iv

1 Scope...................................................................................................................................................... 1

2 Terms and definitions........................................................................................................................... 1

2.1 General terms........................................................................................................................................ 1

2.2 Terms for form and processing........................................................................................................... 8

2.3 Terms for properties and testing....................................................................................................... 15

3 Abbreviations...................................................................................................................................... 19

3.1 Abbreviations for ceramic materials................................................................................................. 19

3.2 Abbreviations for processes.............................................................................................................. 24

Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 28

Index .................................................................................................................................................................. 30

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ISO 20507:2003(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies

(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO

technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been

established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and

non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards

adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an

International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent

rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

ISO 20507 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 206, Fine ceramics.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 20507:2003(E)
Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical
ceramics) — Vocabulary
1 Scope

This International Standard provides a list of terms and associated definitions which are typically used for fine

ceramic (advanced ceramic, advanced technical ceramic) materials, products, applications, properties and

processes. The document contains, in separate lists, those abbreviations which have found general

acceptance in the scientific and technical literature; they are given together with the corresponding terms and

definitions or descriptions.

In this International Standard, the terms are defined using the words “fine ceramic”. The definitions apply

equally to “advanced ceramics” and “advanced technical ceramics”, which are considered to be equivalent.

This International Standard does not include terms which, though used in the field of fine ceramics, are of a

more general nature and are also well known in other fields of technology.
[1] [2]

NOTE Terms and definitions of a more general nature are available in ASTM C 1145 , CEN/WI 89 and

[3]

JIS R 1600:1998 . A list of some ISO Standards and Draft ISO Standards of ISO/TC 206 “Fine ceramics” containing

terms defined in this ISO Standard is given in the Bibliography.
2 Terms and definitions
2.1 General terms
2.1.1
advanced ceramic
advanced technical ceramic
fine ceramic

highly engineered, high performance, predominately non-metallic, inorganic, ceramic material having specific

functional attributes

NOTE The use of fine ceramics, advanced ceramics and advanced technical ceramics is interchangeably accepted

in business, trade, scientific literature and ISO Standards.
2.1.2
bioceramic

fine ceramic employed in or used as a medical device which is intended to interact with biological systems

NOTE 1 Bioceramics typically comprise products to repair or replace bone, teeth and hard tissue or to support soft

tissue and/or control its function.
NOTE 2 Implants require a degree of biocompatibility.

NOTE 3 Bioceramics that are intended to interact actively with biological systems are often based on crystalline

hydroxy(l)apatite; also partially crystallized glass or glass-bonded ceramic is used.

2.1.3
carbon-carbon composite
fine ceramic composed of a carbon matrix containing carbon fibre reinforcement

NOTE A carbon-carbon composite can be used as furnace parts or heat resistant tiles for a space shuttle.

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ISO 20507:2003(E)
2.1.4
ceramic, adj

pertaining to the essential characteristics of a ceramic and to the material, product manufacturing process or

technology
2.1.5
ceramic, noun

inorganic, essentially non-metallic, substantially crystalline product manufactured under the influence of

elevated temperatures

NOTE The concept “ceramic” comprises products based on clay as raw material and also materials which are

typically based on oxides, nitrides, carbides, silicides, borides.
2.1.6
ceramic capacitor
capacitor in which the dielectric material is a ceramic
NOTE e.g., BL (Boundary Layer) capacitor; multi-layer ceramic capacitor.
2.1.7
ceramic catalyst carrier
nonreactive substrate to support a catalyst

NOTE A ceramic catalyst carrier is typically made with a thin wall, has a large surface area and is used in contact

with fluid matter.
2.1.8
ceramic coating
layer of oxide ceramic and/or non-oxide ceramic adhering to a substrate

NOTE 1 Ceramic coatings are produced by a variety of processes, e.g. dipping, plasma spraying, sol-gel coating

process, physical vapour deposition or chemical vapour deposition coating process.

NOTE 2 Ceramic coatings are usually subdivided into thin ceramic coatings (< 10 µm) and thick coatings (W 10 µm).

2.1.9
ceramic cutting tool

tool for machining operations, consisting of a fine ceramic having excellent wear, damage and heat resistance

NOTE Machining includes operations such as turning, drilling and milling.
2.1.10
ceramic filters
2.1.10.1
electrical
filter using a piezoelectric ceramic as a resonator
2.1.10.2
porous
porous ceramic matter to be used in filtering gas or liquid
2.1.11
ceramic for electrical applications
electrical ceramic (deprecated)

electroceramic used in electro-technical applications because of its intrinsic properties

NOTE 1 These intrinsic properties include electrical insulation, mechanical strength and corrosion resistance.

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ISO 20507:2003(E)

NOTE 2 This term includes ceramics for passive electrical applications, i.e. ceramics with no active electrical behaviour,

having a high electrical resistivity, used for electrical insulation functions.

NOTE 3 This term may apply to silicate ceramics such as steatite and electrical porcelain.

2.1.12
ceramic for electronic applications
electronic ceramic (deprecated)

fine ceramic used in electrical and electronic engineering because of intrinsic, electrically related properties

2.1.13
ceramic for nuclear applications
nuclear ceramic (deprecated)

fine ceramic having specific material properties required for use in the generation of nuclear energy

NOTE Ceramics for nuclear applications include materials for nuclear fuels, neutron absorbers, burnable neutron

poisons, diffusion barrier coatings and inert container elements.
2.1.14
ceramic for optical applications
optical ceramic
fine ceramic used in optical applications because of its intrinsic properties

NOTE 1 e.g., transparent alumina is used for high pressure sodium lamp envelopes.

NOTE 2 Optical ceramics are tailored to typically exploit transmission, reflection, absorption of visible and near-visible

electromagnetic radiation.
2.1.15
ceramic heating resistor

heater making use of an electric conductive or a semiconductive property of ceramics

2.1.16
ceramic honeycomb
fine ceramic having many holes with a typically honeycomb shape

NOTE A ceramic honeycomb is typically used as a ceramic catalyst carrier, a filter or a heat exchanger regenerator,

and is typically made of cordierite, mullite or aluminium titanate.
2.1.17
ceramic ionic conductor

electroceramic in which ions are transported by an electric potential or chemical gradient

2.1.18
ceramic matrix composite
CMC
fine ceramic composed of a ceramic matrix containing reinforcement

NOTE The reinforcement is often continuous, i.e. ceramic filaments, distributed in one or more spatial directions, but

this term is also used for discontinuous reinforcement, e.g short ceramic fibres, ceramic whiskers, ceramic platelets or

ceramic particles.
2.1.19
ceramic optical waveguide
optical waveguide formed on the surface of a ceramic substrate
NOTE Optical single crystal of LiNbO is typically used as a ceramic substrate.
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2.1.20
ceramic sensor

sensor making use of semiconductive, magnetic or dielectric properties of a fine ceramic

2.1.21
ceramic substrate

ceramic body, sheet or layer of material on which some other active or useful material or component may be

deposited or laid

NOTE e.g., an electronic circuit laid on an alumina ceramic sheet. In catalysis, the formed, porous, high surface-area

carrier on which the catalytic agent is widely and thinly distributed for reasons of performance and economy.

2.1.22
ceramic varistor

ceramic material having high electrical resistivity at low voltage but high electrical conductivity at high voltage

NOTE A zinc oxide varistor can be used as a protector in an electronic circuit.
2.1.23
cermet

composite material consisting of at least one distinct metallic and one distinct ceramic phase, the latter

normally being present at a volume fraction greater than 50 %

NOTE 1 The ceramic phase, typically, has high hardness, high thermal strength, good corrosion resistance and the

metallic phase has good toughness and elastoplastic behaviour.
NOTE 2 The term “cermet” is a contracted form of ceramic metal.

NOTE 3 Materials containing typically less than 50 % by volume of ceramic phase are commonly called “metal matrix

composites”.
2.1.24
coated ceramic
ceramic coated by a layer or multi-layers of organic or inorganic material
2.1.25
continuous fibre ceramic composite
CFCC

ceramic matrix composite in which the reinforcing phase(s) consist(s) of continuous filaments, fibres, yarn or

knitted or woven fabrics
2.1.26
diamond-like carbon

form of carbon made by a CVD process, having hardness much higher than ordinary carbon but lower than

diamond

NOTE Diamond-like carbon is typically used as a hard coat material for cutting tools or memory disks.

2.1.27
dielectric ceramic
ceramic dielectric
electroceramic having controlled dielectric properties
2.1.28
discontinuous fibre-reinforced ceramic composite
ceramic matrix composite material reinforced by chopped fibres
2.1.29
far-infrared radiative ceramic
fine ceramic with specific property to radiate in the far-infrared
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NOTE Far-infrared radiative ceramics are typically used as heaters for industrial and domestic applications.

2.1.30
ferrite

fine ceramic with ferrimagnetic behaviour, having ferric oxide as a major constituent

NOTE Magnetic ceramic is used as a synonym of ferrite, but encompasses non-oxide containing materials as well.

2.1.31
ferroelectric ceramic

non-linear polarizable electroceramic, generally with a high level of permittivity, exhibiting hysteresis in the

variation of the dielectric polarization as a function of the electric field strength and in the temperature

dependence of the permittivity

NOTE Polarization results in electrostrictive, piezoelectric, pyroelectric and/or electro-optic properties, which

disappear above the transition or Curie temperature.
2.1.32
functional ceramic

fine ceramic, the intrinsic properties of which are employed to provide an active function

NOTE e.g., electronic or ionic conductor, component with magnetic, chemical or mechanical sensing function.

2.1.33
functionally graded ceramic

fine ceramic, the properties of which are deliberately varied from one region to another through spatial control

of composition and/or microstructure
2.1.34
glass-ceramic

fine ceramic derived from bulk glass or glass powder by controlled devitrification

NOTE The glass is thermally treated to induce a substantial amount of crystallinity on a fine scale.

2.1.35
hard ferrite
ferrite having strong magnetic anisotropy and high coercivity

NOTE e.g., barium hexaferrite, used as permanent magnets in loudspeakers; strontium hexaferrite, used as

permanent magnet segments in electric motors.
2.1.36
high-temperature superconductor
HTS
HTSC

superconducting ceramic having superconducting properties at temperatures above 77 K, the boiling point of

liquid nitrogen

NOTE Superconducting ceramics typically comprise certain combinations of oxides of copper, rare earths, barium,

strontium, calcium, thallium and/or mercury.
2.1.37
in-plane reinforced (2D) ceramic matrix composite

ceramic matrix composite with continuous reinforcement, which is distributed principally in two directions

NOTE The reinforcement comprises typically ceramic filaments.
2.1.38
machinable ceramic

ceramic that, after the last consolidation heat treatment, can be machined to tight tolerances using

conventional hardmetal or abrasive tools
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ISO 20507:2003(E)
NOTE 1 e.g., boron nitride, glass-ceramics and porous aluminas.

NOTE 2 The natural mineral talc and pyrophyllite, machined and heat-treated, are sometimes also referred to as a

machinable ceramics.
2.1.39
metallized ceramic

fine ceramic product with a coherent, predominantly metal layer applied to its surface

NOTE 1 Processes for metallization include painting, printing, electrolytic deposition and physical vapour deposition.

NOTE 2 Metallization is carried out for specific modification of surface properties or to produce an interlayer for

promoting the formation of a high integrity bond with another material (often metallic).

2.1.40
monolithic ceramic

fine ceramic which has undergone consolidation through sintering to obtain a microstructure consisting

predominantly of ceramic grains of one or more phases which are homogeneously distributed on a scale

which is small compared to the dimensions of the part

NOTE 1 Ceramic parts with low or moderate porosity are included, whereas ceramic matrix composites with ceramic

filaments are excluded.
NOTE 2 A secondary phase can also be non-ceramic.
2.1.41
multidirectional ceramic matrix composite

ceramic matrix composite with continuous reinforcement which is spatially distributed in at least three

directions
NOTE The reinforcement typically comprises ceramic filaments.
2.1.42
nanocomposite ceramic

composite with highly designed microstructure in which fine particles of nanometers in size are dispersed in a

ceramic matrix
SEE particulate reinforced ceramic matrix composite (2.1.46).
2.1.43
non-oxide ceramic

fine ceramic produced primarily from substantially pure metallic carbides, nitrides, borides or silicides or from

mixtures and/or solid solutions thereof
2.1.44
opto-electronic ceramic

electroceramic, typically a ferroelectric ceramic in which the optical properties are controlled by electrical

means
2.1.45
oxide ceramic

fine ceramic produced primarily from substantially pure, metallic oxides or from mixtures and/or solid solutions

thereof
NOTE This term may also be applied to ceramics other than fine ceramics.
2.1.46
particulate reinforced ceramic matrix composite

ceramic matrix composite in which the reinforcing components are particles of equiaxed or platelet geometry

(in contrast to whiskers or short fibres)
SEE nanocomposite ceramic (2.1.42)
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2.1.47
piezoelectric ceramic
piezoceramic

electroceramic, typically a ferroelectric ceramic, in which the elastic and dielectric properties are coupled, with

practically linear dependence, between the magnitude and direction of mechanical force applied and the

electric charge created, or conversely, between the strength and direction of an electric driving field and the

elastic deformation obtained
NOTE 1 Typical piezoelectrics are barium titanate and lead zirconium titanate.

NOTE 2 Elastic deformation under the influence of an electric driving field is termed the inverse piezoelectric effect.

NOTE 3 Piezoelectric ceramics are capable of transforming mechanical energy into electrical energy or signals and

vice versa.
2.1.48
silicate ceramic

ceramic, made mainly from minerals and/or other siliceous raw materials, resulting in a microstructure with a

substantial amount of silicate phases
NOTE Electrical porcelain and steatite ceramic are typical silicate ceramics.
2.1.49
soft ferrite

ferrite having a weak magnetic anisotropy, resulting in high magnetic permeability and low magnetic loss

NOTE e.g., manganese-zinc-ferro-ferrite with spinel type crystal structure, used for coils, transformers for energy

conversion; ferrite with garnet-type crystal structure, such as yttrium iron garnet, used for microwave applications.

2.1.50
structural ceramic

fine ceramic employed primarily in structural applications for its mechanical or thermomechanical performance

NOTE The term “structural ceramic” is also applied to clay products for constructional purposes.

2.1.51
superconducting ceramic

electroceramic showing practically zero electrical resistance below a certain temperature

NOTE Superconducting ceramics typically comprise certain combinations of oxides of copper, rare earths, barium,

strontium, calcium, thallium and/or mercury and most of them are high-temperature superconductors.

2.1.52
surface-modified ceramic

fine ceramic in which the surface has been subjected to a deliberate physical or compositional modification

NOTE 1 Surface modification is normally intended to enhance properties or performance.

NOTE 2 Modification processes include ion diffusion, ion exchange and chemical reactions such as oxidation.

2.1.53
thick ceramic coating
ceramic coating of a thickness typically equal to or greater than 10 µm

NOTE Thick ceramic coatings are produced typically by thick film technology such as dipping (slurry), screen printing

or plasma spraying and so on.
2.1.54
thin ceramic coating
ceramic coating of a thickness typically less than 10 µm
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ISO 20507:2003(E)

NOTE Thin ceramic coatings are produced typically by thin film technology such as sol-gel coating process (dipping,

spin coating), physical vapour deposition coating process.
2.1.55
unidirectional (1D) ceramic matrix composite

ceramic matrix composite with continuous reinforcement which is distributed in one single direction

NOTE The reinforcement typically comprises ceramic filaments.
2.2 Terms for form and processing
2.2.1
as-fired surface
external surface of a ceramic product after sintering

NOTE The as-fired surface may be relatively rough compared with surfaces machined after sintering and may have

e.g. pits and adherent debris.
2.2.2
binder

one or more mainly organic compounds which are added to the ceramic body in order to enhance compaction

and/or to provide enough strength to the green body to permit handling, green machining, or other operations

prior to sintering
2.2.3
binder phase

tough matrix phase embedding a rigid, hard, main, ceramic phase in a composite material

NOTE 1 e.g., binder phase: cobalt, nickel; hard phase: tungsten carbide, tantalum carbide.

NOTE 2 A tough matrix phase reduces the brittleness and crack sensitivity and improves the strength and toughness of

the composite material.
2.2.4
calcining
calcination

process for changing the chemical composition and/or phases of a powder or powder compact by the action of

heat and atmosphere, prior to consolidation and processing

NOTE This process is typically used for the removal of organic material, combined water and/or volatile material from

a powder or powder compact.
2.2.5
casting
drain (hollow) casting

forming ceramic ware by introducing a body slip into an open, porous mould, and then draining off the

remaining slip when the cast piece has reached the desired thickness
2.2.6
ceramic agglomerate
accretion of ceramic particles forming a coherent, but weakly bonded mass

NOTE Ceramic agglomerates are unintentionally generated during manufacture and preparation of ceramic powders

for ceramic production and may be difficult to break down.
2.2.7
ceramic aggregate

accretion of ceramic particles forming a coherent mass with strong interfacial bonding

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ISO 20507:2003(E)

NOTE Ceramic aggregates are intentionally generated during manufacture and preparation of ceramic powders and

are difficult to break down.
2.2.8
ceramic body

totality of all inorganic and organic raw material constituents after preparation of ceramic powder but before

the shaping and heat treatment to produce a ceramic
2.2.9
ceramic fibre

unit of ceramic matter of relatively short length, characterized by a high length to diameter ratio

NOTE 1 Ceramic fibres may consist of oxide or non-oxide material.

NOTE 2 Ceramic fibres are used as reinforcement in ceramic matrix composites in which case the diameter is usually

smaller than 20 µm, the aspect ratio typically being greater than 100.
2.2.10
ceramic filament

unit of ceramic matter of small diameter and very long length, considered to be continuous

NOTE 1 Ceramic filaments may consist of oxide or non-oxide material.

NOTE 2 Ceramic filaments are typically used as reinforcement in ceramic matrix composites, as separate filaments, as

tow and as woven or non-woven fabrics.
2.2.11
ceramic grain
individual crystal within the polycrystalline microstructure of a ceramic

NOTE This term is also used for individual, usually hard, particles of abrasive or refractory materials.

2.2.12
ceramic granulate

mass of granules produced from a ceramic body, usually in a free flowing form, used as a feed stock for

producing a green body

NOTE There are many granulation processes; the size of the granules is typically 40 µm or greater.

2.2.13
ceramic particle

small quantity of ceramic matter, monocrystalline, polycrystalline or amorphous, in a discrete mass of size and

shape controlled by its fabrication process

NOTE Individual particles may accrete into unintentional ceramic agglomerates or intentional ceramic aggregates, or

may be processed to form a ceramic granulate.
2.2.14
ceramic platelet

unit of ceramic matter, typically consisting of a single crystal in a plate-like shape

NOTE 1 Ceramic platelets may consist of oxide or non-oxide material.

NOTE 2 Ceramic platelets are used as reinforcement in ceramic matrix composites in which case the width of the

platelets is usually smaller than 50 µm.
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ISO 20507:2003(E)
2.2.15
ceramic (powder) preparation
preparation of ceramic powder

process of converting powders and additives into a ceramic body, usually by comminution and/or mixing of the

powder with binders and lubricants to provide the required chemical and physical characteristics

2.2.16
ceramic precursor

chemical or mixture of chemicals employed for the manufacture of a ceramic powder, ceramic granulate, thin

ceramic coating, monolithic ceramic or a ceramic matrix composite, or ceramic fibres, ceramic whiskers or

ceramic platelets, differing in composition from the fabricated ceramic product

NOTE 1 e.g., gaseous silicon tetrachloride used for the formation of silicon nitride; metal alkoxides used for the

formation of metal oxide powders.

NOTE 2 This term is usually applied to gas or liquid mixtures which are decomposed to form ceramic materials.

2.2.17
ceramic whisker

unit of ceramic matter, consisting typically of a single crystal having a needle-like shape

NOTE 1 Ceramic whiskers may consist of oxide or non-oxide material.

NOTE 2 Ceramic whiskers may be used as reinforcement in ceramic matrix composites in which case the diameter of

the crystals is usually smaller than 3 µm, the aspect ratio being less than 100.
2.2.18
chemical vapour deposition
CVD

process for producing a fine ceramic by reacting gaseous species and condensing the reaction product or by

heterogeneous reaction at the surface of a substrate

NOTE This process may be used for the preparation of a solid ceramic or a ceramic powder or a coated ceramic or

for infiltration of a heated substrate.
2.2.19
chemical vapour deposition coating process
CVD coating process

chemical vapour deposition used for the formation of a fine ceramic coating on a substrate

2.2.20
chemical vapour infiltration
CVI

chemical vapour deposition used for producing a fine ceramic by heterogeneous reaction at the pore surface

of a heated porous ceramic preform

NOTE CVI is typically used to produce ceramic filament reinforced ceramic matrix composites.

2.2.21
cold isostatic pressing
CIP

process of preparing a green body from a ceramic powder or a ceramic granulate by the use of (pseudo-)

isostatic pressure at or near room temperature
NOTE This process is sometimes called “CIPing”.
2.2.22
consolidation
process of rigidizing a ceramic body
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NOTE Consolidation methods include mechanical densification, chemical bonding and sintering.

2.2.23
doctor blade process

process to form a ceramic sheet in which ceramic powder, binder and solvent are mixed and spread by a knife

edge (or a doctor blade) on to a carrier film
NOTE The doctor blade process i
...