ISO/TR 11225:2012

Space environment (natural and artificial) — Guide to reference and standard atmosphere models

ISO/TR 11225:2012 provides guidelines for selected reference and standard atmospheric models for use in engineering design or scientific research. It describes the content of the models, uncertainties and limitations, technical basis, databases from which the models are formed, publication references, and sources of computer code where available for over seventy (70) Earth and planetary atmospheric models, for altitudes from surface to 4 000 km, which are generally recognized in the aerospace sciences. ISO/TR 11225:2012 is intended to assist aircraft and space vehicle designers and developers, geophysicists, meteorologists, and climatologists in understanding available models, comparing sources of data, and interpreting engineering and scientific results based on different atmospheric models. ISO/TR 11225:2012 summarizes the principal features of the models to the extent the information is available: - model content; - model uncertainties and limitations; - basis of the model; - publication references; - dates of development, authors and sponsors; - model codes and sources.

Environnement spatial (naturel et artificiel) — Guide pour les modèles d'atmosphère standard et de référence

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 02-Oct-2012
• ICS: 49.140 - Space systems and operations
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 20/SC 14 - Space systems and operations
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 20/SC 14/WG 4 - Space environment (natural and artificial)
• Current Stage: 6060 - International Standard published
• Due Date: 14-Oct-2013
• Completion Date: 03-Oct-2012

Standards Content (Sample)

TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 11225
First edition
2012-10-15
Space environment (natural and
artificial) — Guide to reference and
standard atmosphere models
Environnement spatial (naturel et artificiel) — Guide pour les modèles
d'atmosphère standard et de référence
Reference number
ISO/TR 11225:2012(E)
ISO 2012
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ISO/TR 11225:2012(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2012

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ISO/TR 11225:2012(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................. v

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ vi

1  Scope ...................................................................................................................................................... 1

2  Normative references ............................................................................................................................ 1

3  Terms and definitions ........................................................................................................................... 2

4  COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA), 1986............................................................ 2

5  COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA), 2008............................................................ 5

6  ISO reference atmospheres for aerospace use, 1982 ........................................................................ 5

7  ISO standard atmosphere, 1975 ........................................................................................................... 8

8  NASA/GSFC monthly mean global climatology of temperature, wind, geopotential height

and pressure for 0–120 KM, 1988 ........................................................................................................ 9

9  NASA/MSFC global reference atmosphere model (GRAM-99), 1999 ............................................. 11

10  NASA/MSFC Earth global reference atmosphere model (Earth GRAM-07), 2007 ......................... 15

11  US standard atmosphere, 1962 .......................................................................................................... 20

12  US standard atmosphere supplements, 1966 .................................................................................. 21

13  US standard atmosphere, 1976 .......................................................................................................... 22

14  International Reference Ionosphere (IRI), 2007 ................................................................................ 25

15  Exopheric hydrogen model, 1994 ...................................................................................................... 27

16  SHARC/SAMM atmosphere generator, SAG-2 (0-300 KM) .............................................................. 27

17  Proposed international tropical reference atmosphere, 1987 ........................................................ 30

18  Referenced atmosphere for Indian equatorial zone from surface to 80 km, 1985 ........................ 31

19  Reference model of the middle atmosphere of the southern hemisphere, 1987 .......................... 32

20  China national standard atmosphere, 1980 ...................................................................................... 34

21  ISO middle atmosphere—global model at altitudes between 30 km and 120 km, and wind

model at altitudes above 30 km, 1996 ............................................................................................... 35

22  A new reference middle atmosphere program model atmosphere, 1985 ...................................... 36

23  AFGL atmospheric constituent profiles (0–120 km), 1986 .............................................................. 37

24  AFGL extreme envelopes of climatic elements up to 80 km, 1973 ................................................ 39

25  AFGL profiles of temperature and density based on 1- and 10-percent extremes in the

stratosphere and troposphere, 1984 ................................................................................................. 41

26  AFGL global reference atmosphere from 18 to 80 km, 1985 ........................................................... 42

27  Extensions to the CIRA reference models for middle atmosphere ozone, 1993 .......................... 43

28  Update to the stratospheric nitric acid reference atmosphere, 1998 ............................................. 44

29  Reference atmosphere for the atomic sodium layer (CIRA 2008) .................................................. 44

30  Drag temperature model (DTM)-2000, thermospheric model, 2001 ............................................... 46

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31  Earth's upper atmosphere density model for ballistics support of flights of artificial Earth

satellites, 1985 ......................................................................................................................................48

32  Russian Earth's upper atmosphere density model for ballistic support of the flight of

artificial Earth satellites, 2004 ............................................................................................................49

33  Jacchia J70 static models of the thermosphere and exosphere with empirical temperature

profiles, 1970 ........................................................................................................................................51

34  Jacchia J71 revised static models of the thermosphere and exosphere with empirical

temperature profiles, 1971 ..................................................................................................................52

35  Jacchia J77 thermospheric temperature, density and composition: new models, 1977 .............54

36  Jacchia-Bowman 2006 (JB2006) empirical thermospheric density model ....................................55

37  Jacchia-Bowman 2008 (JB2008) empirical thermospheric density model ....................................59

38  NASA Marshall engineering thermosphere model, version 2.0 (MET-V2.0), 2002 ........................65

39  NASA Marshall engineering thermosphere model version 2007 (MET-2007), 2007 .....................66

40  AFGL model of atmospheric structure, 70 to 130 km, 1987 ............................................................69

41  NRLMSISE-00 thermospheric model, 2000 .......................................................................................70

42  US Air Force high accuracy satellite drag model (HASDM), 2004 ..................................................72

43  Russian direct density correction method (DDCM) for computing near-real time

corrections to an arbitrary Earth upper atmosphere density model, and for estimating the

errors in an arbitrary Earth upper atmosphere density model, 2007 .............................................75

44  Horizontal wind model (HWM), 1993 ..................................................................................................79

45  Twenty-two range reference atmospheres, 2006 .............................................................................81

46  Reference atmosphere for Edwards Air Force Base, California, annual, 1975 .............................85

47  Hot and cold reference atmospheres for Edwards Air Force Base, California, annual, 1975 .....86

48  Hot and cold reference atmospheres for Kennedy Space Center, Florida, annual, 1971 ............87

49  Reference atmosphere for Patrick Air Force Base, Florida, annual, 1963 .....................................88

50  Reference atmosphere for Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, annual, 1971 .......................89

51  Hot and cold reference atmosphere for Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, annual,

1973 .......................................................................................................................................................89

52  NASA/MSFC Mars global reference atmospheric model (MARS-GRAM), 2001 ............................90

53  NASA/MSFC Neptune global reference atmosphere model (NEPTUNE-GRAM), 2003 .................92

54  NASA/MSFC Titan global reference atmosphere model (TITAN-GRAM), 2003 .............................94

55  NASA/MSFC Venus global reference atmosphere model (Venus-GRAM), 2003 ...........................96

56  Venus international reference atmosphere (VIRA) structure and composition, surface to

3500 km, 1985 .......................................................................................................................................98

57  Mars climate database (MCD), 2008 ...................................................................................................99

58  Extra-terrestrial space environment: a reference chart, 2007 ...................................................... 103

Annex A (informative) Glossary of acronyms ............................................................................................. 106

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ISO/TR 11225:2012(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies

(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO

technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been

established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and

non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards

adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an

International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent

rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

ISO/TR 11225 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles, Subcommittee

SC 14, Space systems and operations.
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ISO/TR 11225:2012(E)
Introduction

Since the mid 19 century there has been considerable effort devoted to the development of standards and

reference atmosphere models. The first “Standard Atmospheres” were established by international agreement

in the 1920s. Later some countries, notably the United States, also developed and published Standard

Atmospheres. The term reference atmospheres is generally used to identify atmosphere models for specific

geographical locations or globally.

The proliferation of atmospheric models and the lack of documentation have hindered general knowledge of

their availability as well as information on their relative strengths, weaknesses, and limitations. The intent of

this guide is to compile in one reference practical information about some of the known historical and available

atmospheric models-those which describe the physical properties and chemical composition of the

atmosphere as a function of altitude. The inclusion in this Guide of information on the various reference and

standard atmosphere models is not meant to imply endorsement by ISO of the respective model. Also, inputs

provided on the models were based on the information available at the time the entry was originally prepared.

The included Earth and other planetary models are those intended for general purpose or aerospace

applications. The information provided, while deemed current at time of inclusion in the summary write-ups,

may or may not still be current at the time of this version of the Guide is published. Therefore, the reader

should further research the information before making decisions on usage of the model(s) of interest. The

models extend to heights ranging from as low as the surface to as high as 4000 km. Models describing

exclusively low altitude phenomena are not included. Possible examples of the latter are particulate aerosols

or pollutants in the boundary layer and cloud properties as a function of altitude in the troposphere. Dynamical

models such as the Earth Troposphere-Stratosphere General Circulation Models (GCM), the Thermosphere-

Ionosphere-Mesosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIME-GCM), and research reports on

measurements made by satellite, aircraft, and ground systems of the atmosphere are also not included in this

Technical Report.
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TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 11225:2012(E)
Space environment (natural and artificial) — Guide to reference
and standard atmosphere models
1 Scope

This Technical Report provides guidelines for selected reference and standard atmospheric models for use in

engineering design or scientific research. It describes the content of the models, uncertainties and limitations,

technical basis, databases from which the models are formed, publication references, and sources of

computer code where available for over seventy (70) Earth and planetary atmospheric models, for altitudes

from surface to 4000 kilometers, which are generally recognized in the aerospace sciences. This standard is

intended to assist aircraft and space vehicle designers and developers, geophysicists, meteorologists, and

climatologists in understanding available models, comparing sources of data, and interpreting engineering and

scientific results based on different atmospheric models.

This Technical Report summarizes the principal features of the models to the extent the information is

available:
• Model content
• Model uncertainties and limitations
• Basis of the model
• Publication references
• Dates of development, authors and sponsors
• Model codes and sources

The models are listed in the table of contents according to whether they are primarily global, middle

atmosphere, thermosphere, range, or regional (i.e., applying only to a specific geographic location). This

division is admittedly somewhat arbitrary because many of the models embody elements of several of the

categories listed.

With few exceptions, there is no information on standard deviations from the mean values or frequencies of

occurrence of the variables described by these models. This lack of information prohibits quantitative

assessments of uncertainties, and is a serious deficiency in nearly all reference and standard atmospheric

models.
Recommendations for models to include in subsequent revisions will be welcomed.
2 Normative references

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated

references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced

document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5878:1982, Reference atmospheres for aerospace use

ISO 5878:1982/Add 1:1983, Reference atmospheres for aerospace use — Addendum 1: Wind supplement

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ISO 5878:1982/Add 2:1983, Reference atmospheres for aerospace use — Addendum 2: Air humidity in the

Northern Hemisphere
ISO 5878:1982/Amd 1:1990, Reference atmospheres for aerospace use — Amendment 1
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
reference atmospheres

vertical temperature profiles for each latitude and season; atmosphere models for specific geographical

locations or globally
3.2
mean sea level
reference point for both geopotential and geometric altitudes
3.3
geopotential altitude

point in atmosphere expressed in terms of its potential energy per unit mass (geopotential) at this altitude

relative to sea level
4 COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA), 1986
4.1 Model content

The COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA) provides empirical models of atmospheric

temperature and density from 0 km to 2000 km as recommended by the Committee on Space Research

(COSPAR). Since the early sixties, different editions of CIRA have been published: CIRA 1961, CIRA 1965,

CIRA 1972, and CIRA 1986.

The Committee on Space Research’s CIRA 1986 Model Atmosphere consists of three parts: Part I: Models of

the Thermosphere, Part II: Models of the Middle Atmosphere, and Part III: Models of Trace constituents. Part

II is similar in many respects to the NASA/GSFC Monthly Mean Climatology of Temperature, Wind,

Geopotential Height and Pressure for 0-120 km. This model is described later in this volume. Part III

(published in 1996) gives model information on ozone, water vapor, methane and nitrous oxide, nitric acid,

nitrogen dioxide, carbon dioxide and halogenated hydrocarbons, nitric oxide, stratospheric aerosols, atomic

oxygen, and atomic hydrogen.

Chapter 1 of Part I (ref 5.1) describes the empirical thermospheric model which is based on the Mass

Spectrometer-Incoherent Scatter (MSIS) 1986 model of Hedin (ref 5.6, 5.8). Like Hedin’s model, the altitude

range is 90-2000 km, however, the models presented in Part I should be used exclusively for applications

above 120 km; Part II should be exclusively used below 90 km while the “merging models” contained in Part II

should be used for applications between 90 and 120 km. The atmospheric parameters yielded by the model

are temperature, density, and composition, but not neutral winds. A large number of representative tables,

coefficients, and the FORTRAN program are listed in the appendices of this referenced volume. With the aid

of the program and the coefficients, representative thermospheric parameters can be generated for all

locations, Universal Time and seasons, and for a very wide range of solar and geomagnetic activity.

Chapter 2 presents theoretical thermospheric models attributed to Rees and Fuller-Rowell (ref 5.7). These

models reveal the detailed interrelationships between thermospheric structure (i.e., temperature and density),

chemistry, and dynamics for simplified models of solar and geomagnetic forcing. A set of initial case studies

using a coupled polar ionosphere/global thermosphere model is also presented, which demonstrates the

major interactions between the thermosphere and ionosphere.
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Part I also contains five specialized chapters which review the major empirical contributions to our current

understanding of the thermosphere. These sections discuss in situ mass spectrometer measurements of

composition, temperature and winds; incoherent scatter radar measurements, satellite and ground-based

measurements of thermospheric temperatures and winds, the thermospheric storm-like response to high

levels of geomagnetic activities; and our understanding of the variance of solar EUV radiation.

Subsequent to publication of the CIRA 1986 model, several related developments have occurred. They

include: (1) the characterization of the mean behavior of the Earth’s atmosphere from 0 to 120 km altitude on

the basis of the CIRA 1986 model (ref 5.4) as an annual zonal mean for 30 deg N to derive single profiles for

the pressure, height, temperature, and zonal wind, and (2) a new zonal mean CIRA-1986 of temperature,

zonal wind, and geopotential / geometric height as a function of altitude or pressure extending from the ground

to approximately 120 km in the 80 deg S – 80 deg N latitudes (ref. 5.5).

The COSPAR committee responsible for updating the CIRA, 1986 Model met in July 2008 to address the

updating of the CIRA, 1986 Model. The CIRA 2008 Model was adopted by COSPAR.
4.2 Model uncertainties and limitations

4.2.1 The quality of the database describing some observables is variable. The experimental global scale

database for the lower thermosphere is still extremely limited.

4.2.2 The models are not reliable for large atmospheric disturbances. However, the causes of atmospheric

variability are discussed in great detail.
Standard deviations from mean values of atmospheric parameters are not provided.
4.3 Basis of the model

As stated previously, the empirical thermosphere model is based on the MSIS-86 model of Hedin (ref. 5.7).

The empirical model is complemented by theoretical models of Rees and Fuller-Rowell that show the

relationships between thermospheric structure, chemistry and dynamics for simplified models of solar and

geomagnetic forcing.
4.4 Databases

The principal publications which present the thermosphere database are listed in the MSIS-86 model

description (ref. 5.6). Hedin (1988) also wrote a specially-commissioned section within 5.1 relating to the

suitability and use of MSIS as the selected semi-empirical model for CIRA 1986-Part l.

4.5 Publication references

4.5.1 Rees, D., Editor, (1988): “COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere 1986 Part l. Thermospheric

Models, “Advances in Space Research, Vol. 8, No. 5/6, Pergamon Press, Oxford and NY.

4.5.2 Rees, D., J. J. Bernett, and K. Labitzke, editors (1990): “CIRA 1986, COSPAR International

Reference Atmosphere, Part II: Middle Atmosphere Models,” Advances in Space Research, Vol. 10, No. 12,

Pergamon Press, Oxford and NY.

4.5.3 Keating, G. M., editor (1996): COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA), Part III: Trace

Constituent Reference Models,” Advances in Space Research, Vol. 18, No. 9/10, Pergamon Press, Oxford

and NY.

4.5.4 Barnett, J. J. and S. Chandra (1990): “COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere Grand Mean,”

Advances in Space Research, Vol. 10, No. 12, Pergamon Press, Oxford and NY.

4.5.5 Fleming, Eric L., Sushil Chandra, J. J. Barnett, and M. Corney (1990): “Zonal Mean Temperature,

Pressure, Zonal Wind, and Geopotential Height as Functions of Latitude,” Advances in Space Research,

Vol 10, No. 12, Pergamon Press, Oxford and NY.
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4.5.6 Hedin, A. E. (1987): “MSIS-86 Thermospheric Model.” J. Geophys. Res., Vol 92, Pages 4649-4662.

4.5.7 Rees, D., and T. J. Fuller-Rowell (1988): The CIRA Theoretical Thermosphere Model, “ pages (5)

25-(5) 106, Advances in Space Research, Vol. 8, No. 5/6, Pergamon Press, Oxford and NY.

4.5.8 Hedin, A. E. (1087): The Atmospheric Model in the Region 90 to 2000 km,” Pages (5) 9-(5) 25,

Advances in Space Research, Vol. 8, No. 5/6, Pergamon Press, Oxford and NY.

4.5.9 Hedin, A. E., J. E. Salah, J. V. Evans, C. A. Reber, G. P. Newton, N. W. Spencer, D. C. Kayser, D.

Alcayde, Pl Bauer, L. Cogger, and J. Pl McClure, (1977) “A Global Thermospheric Model Based on Mass

Spectrometer and Incoherent Scatter Data”, MSIS 1, N2 Density and Temperature, J. Geophys. Res. 82,

2139-2147, 1977.

4.5.10 Hedin, A. E., G. A. Reber, G. P. Newton, N. W. Spencer, H. C. Brinton, H. G. Mayr, and W. E. Potter

(1977): A Global Thermospheric Model Based on Mass Spectrometer and Incoherent Scatter Data”, MSIS 2,

Composition, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 2148-2156, 1977.
4.6 Dates of development, authors, and sponsors
4.6.1 Dates:
Original model 1961
Revised model 1965
Revised model 1972
Revised model 1986
Trace constituent model 1996
Zonal mean model 1990

4.6.2 Many scientists made contributions to the three parts of the CIRA models. They are identified in

references 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3.

4.6.3 Co-Sponsors: Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) of the International Council of Scientific

Unions (ICSU) and the International Union of Radio Science (URSI).
4.7 Model codes and sources

The thermosphere model is published in the form of tables and figures with a FORTRAN computer code

included in an Appendix, describing the semi-empirical models of Part I, Chapter 1 (Ref 4.5.1). This program,

and the program from which the results of the theoretical and numerical model results can be generated

(Part I, Chapter 2) are available in computer-compatible form (tape or disk). They may also be obtained from

certain electronic databases. See Reference 4.5.1 for thermosphere model, Reference 4.5.2 for middle

atmosphere model, Reference 4.5.3 for trace constituent model, Reference 4.5.1 for grand mean model, and

Reference 4.5.5 for new zonal mean CIRA, 1986 model.

NOTE At the time of preparation of this document, plans were being made by the COSPAR to produce an updated and

revised version (CIRA08) of the COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA), 1986. It is anticipated that the

CIRA08 will be published in 2009 as a Special Issue of Advances in Space Research. Therefore, when planning to use

CIRA, 1986 the availability of the new CIRA, 2008 should first be ascertained.
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5 COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA), 2008
5.1 CIRA-08

The COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA) provides empirical models of atmospheric

temperature and density from 0 km to 4000 km as recommended and adopted by the Committee on Space

Research (COSPAR) and by the International Union of Radio Science (URSI). Since the early sixties, several

distinct editions of CIRA have been published: CIRA 1961, CIRA 1965, CIRA 1972 CIRA 1986 and most

recently, CIRA-08 (or CIRA-2008), which is currently in preparation by the CIRA Working Group.

5.2 Model content

The Committee on Space Research’s CIRA 2008 Model Atmosphere will contain the following major

contributions, in terms of recommended atmospheric models for use:
For Total Mass Density above 120 km:
 Jacchia-Bowman 2008 and GRAM-07
For the Structure and Composition of the Atmosphere (ground-level upward):
 NRLMSISE-00
For Neutral Winds in the Atmosphere (all levels):
 Horizontal Wind Model-07 (HWM-07)
For Neutral Wind up to 120 km altitude:
 Global Wind Empirical Model (GWEM)

There will also be chapters discussing the current state of knowledge and application of the Solar and

Geomagnetic Indices that are used to drive the new empirical models such as JB-2008; Metal Chemistry of

the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere, and expert advice regarding the limitations of the models and the

best use of the models for specific applications.
5.3 Model availability

CIRA-08 is currently in preparation, and is expected to be published in early 2009 as a Special Edition of

Advances in Space Research. The recommended Models within CIRA-08 are expected to be Web based,

along with guides to the best use of the Models.
5.4 Sponsors

Co-Sponsors: Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) of the International Council of Scientific Unions

(ICSU) and the International Union of Radio Science (URSI).
6 ISO reference atmospheres for aerospace use (ISO 5878:1982)
6.1 Model content

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Reference Atmospheres for Aerospace Use, 1982

consists of three documents containing tables and some figures. They present information on the seasonal,

latitudinal, longitudinal, and day-to-day variability of atmospheric properties at levels between the surface and

80 km.
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ISO 5878:1982 contains values of temperature, pressure and density as a function of geometric and

geopotential altitude up to 80 km. Specific models include: (1) an annual model for 15 deg N latitude; (2)

seasonal models for 30 deg, 45 deg, 60 deg and 80 deg N latitude; (3) cold and warm stratospheric and

mesospheric regimes for 60 deg and 80 deg N latitude in December and January; and (4) seasonal and

latitudinal variations of temperatures and density for medium, high and low percentile values.

Addendum 2:1983 to ISO 5878:1982 contains parameters (means and standard deviations) of Northern

Hemisphere observed wind distributions in January and July up to 25 km for (1) four latitude zones plus

calculated values of the scalar mean wind speed and of high and low percentile values of wind speed; (2) four

stations (Dakar, Kagoshima, New York and Jan Mayen) with strong winds; (3) (Ajan, Clyde, Guam, and

Muharrag) with light winds; and (4) four meridians plus high and low values of wind speeds.

The Addendum contains values (mixing ratio, vapor pressure and dew point temperatures) of the Northern

Hemisphere air humidity in January and July to 10 km for (1) median values at 10
...