ISO/TR 11225:2012

Space environment (natural and artificial) — Guide to reference and standard atmosphere models

ISO/TR 11225:2012 provides guidelines for selected reference and standard atmospheric models for use in engineering design or scientific research. It describes the content of the models, uncertainties and limitations, technical basis, databases from which the models are formed, publication references, and sources of computer code where available for over seventy (70) Earth and planetary atmospheric models, for altitudes from surface to 4 000 km, which are generally recognized in the aerospace sciences. ISO/TR 11225:2012 is intended to assist aircraft and space vehicle designers and developers, geophysicists, meteorologists, and climatologists in understanding available models, comparing sources of data, and interpreting engineering and scientific results based on different atmospheric models. ISO/TR 11225:2012 summarizes the principal features of the models to the extent the information is available: - model content; - model uncertainties and limitations; - basis of the model; - publication references; - dates of development, authors and sponsors; - model codes and sources.

Environnement spatial (naturel et artificiel) — Guide pour les modèles d'atmosphère standard et de référence

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 02-Oct-2012
• ICS: 49.140 - Space systems and operations
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 20/SC 14 - Space systems and operations
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 20/SC 14/WG 4 - Space environment (natural and artificial)

Standards Content (Sample)

TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 11225
First edition
2012-10-15
Space environment (natural and
artificial) — Guide to reference and
standard atmosphere models
Environnement spatial (naturel et artificiel) — Guide pour les modèles
d'atmosphère standard et de référence

Reference number
©
ISO 2012
©  ISO 2012
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56  CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail [e-mail]
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword . v
Introduction . vi
1  Scope . 1
2  Normative references . 1
3  Terms and definitions . 2
4  COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA), 1986. 2
5  COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA), 2008. 5
6  ISO reference atmospheres for aerospace use, 1982 . 5
7  ISO standard atmosphere, 1975 . 8
8  NASA/GSFC monthly mean global climatology of temperature, wind, geopotential height
and pressure for 0–120 KM, 1988 . 9
9  NASA/MSFC global reference atmosphere model (GRAM-99), 1999 . 11
10  NASA/MSFC Earth global reference atmosphere model (Earth GRAM-07), 2007 . 15
11  US standard atmosphere, 1962 . 20
12  US standard atmosphere supplements, 1966 . 21
13  US standard atmosphere, 1976 . 22
14  International Reference Ionosphere (IRI), 2007 . 25
15  Exopheric hydrogen model, 1994 . 27
16  SHARC/SAMM atmosphere generator, SAG-2 (0-300 KM) . 27
17  Proposed international tropical reference atmosphere, 1987 . 30
18  Referenced atmosphere for Indian equatorial zone from surface to 80 km, 1985 . 31
19  Reference model of the middle atmosphere of the southern hemisphere, 1987 . 32
20  China national standard atmosphere, 1980 . 34
21  ISO middle atmosphere—global model at altitudes between 30 km and 120 km, and wind
model at altitudes above 30 km, 1996 . 35
22  A new reference middle atmosphere program model atmosphere, 1985 . 36
23  AFGL atmospheric constituent profiles (0–120 km), 1986 . 37
24  AFGL extreme envelopes of climatic elements up to 80 km, 1973 . 39
25  AFGL profiles of temperature and density based on 1- and 10-percent extremes in the
stratosphere and troposphere, 1984 . 41
26  AFGL global reference atmosphere from 18 to 80 km, 1985 . 42
27  Extensions to the CIRA reference models for middle atmosphere ozone, 1993 . 43
28  Update to the stratospheric nitric acid reference atmosphere, 1998 . 44
29  Reference atmosphere for the atomic sodium layer (CIRA 2008) . 44
30  Drag temperature model (DTM)-2000, thermospheric model, 2001 . 46
31  Earth's upper atmosphere density model for ballistics support of flights of artificial Earth
satellites, 1985 .48
32  Russian Earth's upper atmosphere density model for ballistic support of the flight of
artificial Earth satellites, 2004 .49
33  Jacchia J70 static models of the thermosphere and exosphere with empirical temperature
profiles, 1970 .51
34  Jacchia J71 revised static models of the thermosphere and exosphere with empirical
temperature profiles, 1971 .52
35  Jacchia J77 thermospheric temperature, density and composition: new models, 1977 .54
36  Jacchia-Bowman 2006 (JB2006) empirical thermospheric density model .55
37  Jacchia-Bowman 2008 (JB2008) empirical thermospheric density model .59
38  NASA Marshall engineering thermosphere model, version 2.0 (MET-V2.0), 2002 .65
39  NASA Marshall engineering thermosphere model version 2007 (MET-2007), 2007 .66
40  AFGL model of atmospheric structure, 70 to 130 km, 1987 .69
41  NRLMSISE-00 thermospheric model, 2000 .70
42  US Air Force high accuracy satellite drag model (HASDM), 2004 .72
43  Russian direct density correction method (DDCM) for computing near-real time
corrections to an arbitrary Earth upper atmosphere density model, and for estimating the
errors in an arbitrary Earth upper atmosphere density model, 2007 .75
44  Horizontal wind model (HWM), 1993 .79
45  Twenty-two range reference atmospheres, 2006 .81
46  Reference atmosphere for Edwards Air Force Base, California, annual, 1975 .85
47  Hot and cold reference atmospheres for Edwards Air Force Base, California, annual, 1975 .86
48  Hot and cold reference atmospheres for Kennedy Space Center, Florida, annual, 1971 .87
49  Reference atmosphere for Patrick Air Force Base, Florida, annual, 1963 .88
50  Reference atmosphere for Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, annual, 1971 .89
51  Hot and cold reference atmosphere for Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, annual,
1973 .89
52  NASA/MSFC Mars global reference atmospheric model (MARS-GRAM), 2001 .90
53  NASA/MSFC Neptune global reference atmosphere model (NEPTUNE-GRAM), 2003 .92
54  NASA/MSFC Titan global reference atmosphere model (TITAN-GRAM), 2003 .94
55  NASA/MSFC Venus global reference atmosphere model (Venus-GRAM), 2003 .96
56  Venus international reference atmosphere (VIRA) structure and composition, surface to
3500 km, 1985 .98
57  Mars climate database (MCD), 2008 .99
58  Extra-terrestrial space environment: a reference chart, 2007 . 103
Annex A (informative) Glossary of acronyms . 106

iv © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/TR 11225 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles, Subcommittee
SC 14, Space systems and operations.

Introduction
th
Since the mid 19 century there has been considerable effort devoted to the development of standards and
reference atmosphere models. The first “Standard Atmospheres” were established by international agreement
in the 1920s. Later some countries, notably the United States, also developed and published Standard
Atmospheres. The term reference atmospheres is generally used to identify atmosphere models for specific
geographical locations or globally.
The proliferation of atmospheric models and the lack of documentation have hindered general knowledge of
their availability as well as information on their relative strengths, weaknesses, and limitations. The intent of
this guide is to compile in one reference practical information about some of the known historical and available
atmospheric models-those which describe the physical properties and chemical composition of the
atmosphere as a function of altitude. The inclusion in this Guide of information on the various reference and
standard atmosphere models is not meant to imply endorsement by ISO of the respective model. Also, inputs
provided on the models were based on the information available at the time the entry was originally prepared.
The included Earth and other planetary models are those intended for general purpose or aerospace
applications. The information provided, while deemed current at time of inclusion in the summary write-ups,
may or may not still be current at the time of this version of the Guide is published. Therefore, the reader
should further research the information before making decisions on usage of the model(s) of interest. The
models extend to heights ranging from as low as the surface to as high as 4000 km. Models describing
exclusively low altitude phenomena are not included. Possible examples of the latter are particulate aerosols
or pollutants in the boundary layer and cloud properties as a function of altitude in the troposphere. Dynamical
models such as the Earth Troposphere-Stratosphere General Circulation Models (GCM), the Thermosphere-
Ionosphere-Mesosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIME-GCM), and research reports on
measurements made by satellite, aircraft, and ground systems of the atmosphere are also not included in this
Technical Report.
vi © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 11225:2012(E)

Space environment (natural and artificial) — Guide to reference
and standard atmosphere models
1 Scope
This Technical Report provides guidelines for selected reference and standard atmospheric models for use in
engineering design or scientific research. It describes the content of the models, uncertainties and limitations,
technical basis, databases from which the models are formed, publication references, and sources of
computer code where available for over seventy (70) Earth and planetary atmospheric models, for altitudes
from surface to 4000 kilometers, which are generally recognized in the aerospace sciences. This standard is
intended to assist aircraft and space vehicle designers and developers, geophysicists, meteorologists, and
climatologists in understanding available models, comparing sources of data, and interpreting engineering and
scientific results based on different atmospheric models.
This Technic
...