ISO 6603-2:2023
(Main)Plastics — Determination of puncture impact behaviour of rigid plastics — Part 2: Instrumented impact testing
Plastics — Determination of puncture impact behaviour of rigid plastics — Part 2: Instrumented impact testing
This document specifies a test method for the determination of puncture impact properties of rigid plastics, in the form of flat specimens, using instruments for measuring force and deflection. It is applicable if a force-deflection or force-time diagram, recorded at nominal constant striker velocity, is necessary for detailed characterization of the impact behaviour. The test method is applicable to specimens with a thickness between 1 mm to 4 mm. The method is suitable for use with the following types of material: — rigid thermoplastic moulding and extrusion materials, including filled, unfilled and reinforced compounds and sheets; — rigid thermosetting moulding and extrusion materials, including filled and reinforced compounds, sheets and laminates; — fibre-reinforced thermoset and thermoplastic composites incorporating unidirectional or multi-directional reinforcements such as mats, woven fabrics, woven rovings, chopped strands, combination and hybrid reinforcements, rovings, milled fibres and sheets made from pre-impregnated materials (prepregs). The method is also applicable to specimens which are either moulded or machined from finished products, laminates and extruded or cast sheet. The test results are comparable only if the conditions of preparation of the specimens, their dimensions and surfaces as well as the test conditions are the same. In particular, results determined on specimens of different thickness cannot be compared with one another (see Annex E). Comprehensive evaluation of the reaction to impact stress can be obtained by determinations made as a function of impact velocity and temperature for different material variables, such as crystallinity and moisture content. The impact behaviour of finished products cannot be predicted directly from this test, but specimens may be taken from finished products (see above) for tests by this method. Test data developed by this method is not intended to be used for design calculations. However, information on the typical behaviour of the material can be obtained by testing at different temperatures and impact velocities (see Annex D) by varying the thickness (see Annex E) and by testing specimens prepared under different conditions. It is not the purpose of this document to give an interpretation of the mechanism occurring on every particular point of the force-deflection diagram. These interpretations are a task for scientific research.
Plastiques — Détermination du comportement des plastiques rigides perforés sous l'effet d'un choc — Partie 2: Essais de choc instrumentés
Le présent document spécifie une méthode d’essai pour la détermination du comportement au choc avec perforation des plastiques rigides sous forme d’éprouvettes planes, au moyen d’instruments de mesurage des forces et des flèches. Il s’applique si une courbe force-flèche ou force-temps, enregistrée pour une vitesse nominale constante du percuteur, est nécessaire pour obtenir une caractérisation détaillée du comportement au choc. La méthode d’essai est applicable aux éprouvettes d’une épaisseur comprise entre 1 mm et 4 mm. La méthode d’essai convient aux types de matériaux suivants: — matériaux thermoplastiques rigides pour moulage et extrusion, y compris les compositions et feuilles chargées, non chargées et renforcées; — matériaux thermodurcissables rigides pour moulage et extrusion, y compris les compositions chargées et renforcées, feuilles et stratifiés; — composites thermoplastiques et thermodurcissables renforcés de fibres comportant des renforts unidirectionnels ou multidirectionnels tels que mats, tissus, tissus stratifils, fils coupés, combinaisons de renforcements et hybrides, stratifils, fibres broyées et feuilles réalisées à partir de matières préimprégnées (préimprégnés). La méthode est aussi applicable aux éprouvettes qui sont soit moulées, soit usinées à partir de produits finis, stratifiés et feuilles extrudées ou coulées. Les résultats d’essai ne sont comparables qui si les conditions de préparation des éprouvettes, leurs dimensions et surfaces, ainsi que les conditions d’essai retenues sont les mêmes. En particulier, les résultats déterminés sur des éprouvettes d’épaisseurs différentes ne peuvent pas être comparés (voir l’Annexe E). Des évaluations exhaustives de la réaction à la contrainte de choc peuvent être obtenues en effectuant les déterminations en fonction de la vitesse d’impact et de la température pour les différentes variables propres au matériau, telles que la cristallinité ou la teneur en humidité. Le comportement au choc des produits finis ne peut pas être directement déduit de l’essai, mais les éprouvettes peuvent être prélevées sur les produits finis (voir ci-dessus) afin d’être soumises aux essais conformément à la présente méthode. Les données d’essai obtenues avec cette méthode ne sont pas destinées à être utilisées pour les calculs de conception. Toutefois, des informations relatives au comportement caractéristique des matériaux peuvent être obtenues en conduisant les essais à différentes températures et vitesses d’impact (voir l’Annexe D), en faisant varier l’épaisseur de l’éprouvette (voir l’Annexe E) et en soumettant à l’essai des éprouvettes ayant été préparées dans différentes conditions. Le présent document n’a pas pour but de donner une explication du mécanisme qui intervient à chaque point particulier de la courbe force-flèche. Ces interprétations relèvent de la recherche scientifique.
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 6603-2
Third edition
2023-06
Plastics — Determination of puncture
impact behaviour of rigid plastics —
Part 2:
Instrumented impact testing
Plastiques — Détermination du comportement des plastiques rigides
perforés sous l'effet d'un choc —
Partie 2: Essais de choc instrumentés
Reference number
ISO 6603-2:2023(E)
© ISO 2023
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ISO 6603-2:2023(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
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Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
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ISO 6603-2:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Principle . 7
5 Apparatus . 7
6 Test specimens .11
6.1 Shape and dimensions . 11
6.2 Preparation of test specimens . 11
6.3 Non-homogeneous test specimens .12
6.4 Checking the test specimens .12
6.5 Number of test specimens .12
6.6 Conditioning of test specimens .12
6.7 Pre-cooling .12
7 Procedure .13
7.1 Test atmosphere . 13
7.1.1 General .13
7.1.2 Ambient temperature testing . 13
7.1.3 Low temperature testing . 13
7.2 Measurement of thickness . 13
7.3 Clamping the test specimen . 13
7.4 Lubrication . 13
7.5 Puncture test procedure . . 14
8 Calculations .14
8.1 Expression of results . 14
8.2 Calculation of deflection . 14
8.3 Calculation of energy .15
8.4 Statistical parameters. 15
8.5 Significant figures. 16
9 Precision .16
10 Test report .16
Annex A (informative) Interpretation of complex force-deflection curves .18
Annex B (informative) Friction between striker and specimen .21
Annex C (informative) Clamping of specimens .24
Annex D (informative) Tough/brittle transitions .25
Annex E (informative) Influence of specimen thickness .26
Annex F (informative) Guidance for the classification of the type of failure .28
Annex G (informative) Precision data .33
Bibliography .35
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ISO 6603-2:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use
of (a) patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed
patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received
notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are
cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent
database available at www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all
such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 2,
Mechanical behavior, in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical
Committee CEN/TC 249, Plastics, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between
ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 6603-2:2000), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— references to ISO 6603-1 were replaced by the corresponding text;
— normative references and bibliography were updated and completed;
— requirements for force measurement accuracy were revised;
— definitions for conditioning and test climate were updated;
— testing in a clamped situation were defined as the preferred method;
— precision data was added to Annex G.
A list of all parts in the ISO 6603 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 6603-2:2023(E)
Plastics — Determination of puncture impact behaviour of
rigid plastics —
Part 2:
Instrumented impact testing
1 Scope
This document specifies a test method for the determination of puncture impact properties of rigid
plastics, in the form of flat specimens, using instruments for measuring force and deflection. It is
applicable if a force-deflection or force-time diagram, recorded at nominal constant striker velocity, is
necessary for detailed characterization of the impact behaviour.
The test method is applicable to specimens with a thickness between 1 mm to 4 mm.
The method is suitable for use with the following types of material:
— rigid thermoplastic moulding and extrusion materials, including filled, unfilled and reinforced
compounds and sheets;
— rigid thermosetting moulding and extrusion materials, including filled and reinforced compounds,
sheets and laminates;
— fibre-reinforced thermoset and thermoplastic composites incorporating unidirectional or multi-
directional reinforcements such as mats, woven fabrics, woven rovings, chopped strands, combination
and hybrid reinforcements, rovings, milled fibres and sheets made from pre-impregnated materials
(prepregs).
The method is also applicable to specimens which are either moulded or machined from finished
products, laminates and extruded or cast sheet.
The test results are comparable only if the conditions of preparation of the specimens, their dimensions
and surfaces as well as the test conditions are the same. In particular, results determined on specimens
of different thickness cannot be compared with one another (see Annex E). Comprehensive evaluation
of the reaction to impact stress can be obtained by determinations made as a function of impact velocity
and temperature for different material variables, such as crystallinity and moisture content.
The impact behaviour of finished products cannot be predicted directly from this test, but specimens
may be taken from finished products (see above) for tests by this method.
Test data developed by this method is not intended to be used for design calculations. However,
information on the typical behaviour of the material can be obtained by testing at different temperatures
and impact velocities (see Annex D) by varying the thickness (see Annex E) and by testing specimens
prepared under different conditions.
It is not the purpose of this document to give an interpretation of the mechanism occurring on every
particular point of the force-deflection diagram. These interpretations are a task for scientific research.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
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ISO 6603-2:2023(E)
ISO 291, Plastics — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing
ISO 293, Plastics — Compression moulding of test specimens of thermoplastic materials
ISO 294-3, Plastics — Injection moulding of test specimens of thermoplastic materials — Part 3: Small
plates
ISO 295, Plastics — Compression moulding of test specimens of thermosetting materials
ISO 1268-1, Fibre-reinforced plastics — Methods of producing test plates — Part 1: General conditions
ISO 2602, Statistical interpretation of test results — Estimation of the mean — Confidence interval
ISO 2818, Plastics — Preparation of test specimens by machining
ISO 16012, Plastics — Determination of linear dimensions of test specimens
ISO 20753, Plastics — Test specimens
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
impact velocity
v
0
velocity of the striker relative to the support at the moment of impact
Note 1 to entry: Impact velocity is expressed in metres per second (m/s).
3.2
force
F
force exerted by the striker on the test specimen in the direction of impact
Note 1 to entry: Force is expressed in newtons (N).
3.3
deflection
l
relative displacement between the striker and the specimen support, starting from the first contact
between the striker and the test specimen
Note 1 to entry: Deflection is expressed in millimetres (mm).
3.4
energy
E
energy expended in deforming and penetrating the test specimen up to a deflection l
Note 1 to entry: Energy is expressed in joules (J).
Note 2 to entry: Energy is measured as the integral of the force-deflection curve starting from the point of impact
up to a deflection l.
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ISO 6603-2:2023(E)
3.5
maximum force
F
M
maximum force which occurs during the test
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 1 to 4.
Note 2 to entry: Maximum force is expressed in newtons (N).
3.6
deflection at maximum force
l
M
deflection that occurs at maximum force F
M
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 1 to 4.
Note 2 to entry: Deflection at maximum force is expressed in millimetres (mm).
3.7
energy to maximum force
E
M
energy expended up to the deflection l at maximum force
M
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 1 to 4.
Note 2 to entry: Energy to maximum force is expressed in joules (J).
3.8
puncture deflection
l
P
deflection at which the force has dropped to half the maximum force F
M
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 1 to 4 and Note 3 to entry of 3.9.
Note 2 to entry: Puncture deflection is expressed in millimetres (mm).
3.9
puncture energy
E
P
energy expended up to the puncture deflection l
P
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 1 to 4.
Note 2 to entry: Puncture energy is expressed in joules (J).
Note 3 to entry: When testing tough materials, a transducer mounted at some distance from the impacting tip
may record frictional force acting between the cylindrical part of the striker and the punctured material. The
corresponding frictional energy shall not be included in the puncture energy, which, therefore, is restricted to
that deflection, at which the force drops to half the maximum force F .
M
3.10
impact failure
mechanical behaviour of the material under test which may be either one of the following types:
a) YD yielding followed by deep drawing, see Figure 1
b) YS yielding followed by an at least partially stable cracking, see Figure 2
c) YU yielding followed by unstable cracking, see Figure 3
d) NY no yielding, see Figure 4
Note 1 to entry: The classification of the type of failure shall take into account the shape of the curve as well as
the assessment of the broken specimen.
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ISO 6603-2:2023(E)
Note 2 to entry: Yielding is characterised by a zero slope at maximum force in the force deflection diagram, or by
whitening of the material in the area of puncture, or by a significant reduction of the material thickness in the
area where the break appears.
Note 3 to entry: Comparison of Figures 2 and 3 shows puncture deflection l and puncture energy E are identical
P P
for the failure types YS and YU. As shown in Figure 4, identical values at maximum and at puncture are found for
the deflection as well as the energy in the case of failure type NY. For complex behaviour see Annex A.
Note 4 to entry: For more guidance on the classification of failure types, see the informative Annex F.
Key
X deflection
Y force
Figure 1 — Example of force-deflection diagram for failure by yielding (zero slope at maximum
force) followed by deep drawing, and typical appearance of specimens after testing (with
lubrication)
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ISO 6603-2:2023(E)
Key
X deflection
Y force
Figure 2 — Example of force-deflection diagram for failure by yielding (zero slope at maximum
force) followed by stable crack growth, and typical appearance of specimens after testing (with
lubrication)
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ISO 6603-2:2023(E)
Key
X deflection
Y force
NOTE Natural vibration of the force measurement system appears after unstable cracking (striker and load
cell).
Figure 3 — Example of force-deflection diagram for failure by yielding (zero slope at maximum
force) followed by unstable crack growth, and typical appearance of specimens after testing
(with lubrication)
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ISO 6603-2:2023(E)
Key
X deflection
Y force
Figure 4 — Example of force-deflection diagram for failure without yielding followed by
unstable crack growth, and typical appearance of specimens after testing (with lubrication)
4 Principle
The test specimen is punctured at its centre using a lubricated striker, perpendicularly to the test-
specimen surface and at a nominally uniform velocity. The resulting force-deflection or force-time
diagram is recorded electronically. The test specimen should be clamped in position (preferred) during
the test.
The force-deflection diagram obtained in these tests records the impact behaviour of the specimen
from which several features of the behaviour of the material can be inferred.
5 Apparatus
5.1 Testing instrument, consisting of the following essential components:
— energy carrier, which can be falling mass type or hydraulic type (see 5.1.1);
— striker, which shall be lubricated;
— specimen support with a recommended clamping device.
The test device shall permit the test specimen to be punctured at its centre, perpendicular to its surface
at a nominally constant velocity. The force exerted on the test specimen in the direction of impact
and the deflection from the centre of the test specimen in the direction of impact shall be derivable or
measurable (see Figure 5).
The term “falling mass type energy carrier” covers all types of instruments working by the principle of
an inertial mass, independent from the direction of movement.
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ISO 6603-2:2023(E)
5.1.1 Energy carrier, with a preferred impact velocity v of (4,4 ± 0,2) m/s (see 3.1 and note to 3.1).
0
To avoid results, which cannot be compared due to the viscoelastic behaviour of the material under
impact, the decrease of velocity during the test shall not be greater than 20 %.
NOTE For brittle materials, an impact velocity of 1 m/s can be more appropriate because it reduces the level
of vibration and noise and improves the quality of the force-deflection diagram (see Annex A).
5.1.1.1 Hydraulic type, consisting of a high-speed testing machine with suitable attachments.
Any deviation of the velocity of the striker relative to the support during impact shall be controlled, for
example by recording deflection-time curves and checking the slope.
5.1.1.2 Inertial-mass type, which may be accelerated. Suitable devices are falling-dart machines.
In the case of a gravitationally accelerated mass and neglecting frictional losses; the impact velocity v
0
corresponds to a drop height H of the energy carrier of (1,0 ± 0,1) m.
0
For all inertial-mass-type energy carriers the impact velocity shall be measured by velocity-measuring
sensors placed close to the point of impact. The maximum decrease of velocity during test results in the
minimum mass, m , of the carrier according to Formulae (1) and (2) (see NOTE).
C
* 2
mE≥ 6 /v (1)
c 0
*
mE≥= 03,,14forv 4 ms/ (2)
c 0
where
m is the mass of the energy carrier, expressed in kilograms;
c
E* is the highest puncture energy to be measured, expressed in joules (see 3.9);
v is the impact velocity (4,4 m/s, see 3.1).
0
NOTE In many cases, a weighted energy carrier with a total mass m of 20 kg has been found to be sufficient
c
for the larger striker and of 5 kg for the smaller striker (see 5.1.2).
5.1.2 Striker, preferably having a polished hemispherical striking surface of diameter (20,0 ± 0,2) mm.
Alternatively, a (10,0 ± 0,1) mm diameter striking surface should be used.
NOTE 1 The size and dimensions of the striker and condition of the surface will affect the impact results.
The striker shall be made of any material with sufficient resistance to wear and of sufficiently high
strength to prevent plastic deformation. In practice, hardened steel or materials with lower density (i.e.
titanium) have been found acceptable.
The hemispherical surface of the striker shall be lubricated to reduce any friction between the striker
and the test specimen (see NOTE 2 and Annex B).
NOTE 2 Test results obtained with a lubricated or dry striker are likely to be different. Below ambient
temperatures, condensation can act as a lubricant.
The load cell shall be located within one striker diameter from the tip of the striker, i.e. mounted as
closely as possible to the tip to minimize all extraneous forces and sufficiently near to fulfil the
frequency-response requirement (see 5.2). An example is shown in Figure 5.
5.1.3 Support ring (see Figures 5 and 6), placed on a rigid base and designed such that air cannot
be trapped under the test specimen, thus avoiding a possible spring effect. Below the support ring,
there shall be sufficient space for the striker to travel after total penetration of the test specimen. The
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ISO 6603-2:2023(E)
recommended inside diameter of the support ring is (40 ± 2) mm, or alternatively (100 ± 5) mm, with a
minimum height of 12 mm.
5.1.4 Base for test device, firmly mounted to a rigid structure so that the mass of the base (see
Figure 5) is of sufficient stiffness to minimize deflection of the specimen support.
When calculating the deflection from the kinetics of the accelerated mass, a minimum mass ratio m /
B
m of 10 between base (m ) and energy carrier (m ) shall be used. This prevents the base from being
C B C
accelerated by more than 1 % of the impact speed up to the end of the test. For directly measured
deflections, this minimum ratio is a recommendation only. For the principles of this specification, see
[5]
ISO 179-2:2020, Annex B .
Key
1 test specimen 5 test specimen support
2 hemispherical striker tip 6 clamping ring (optional)
3 load cell (recommended position) 7 base
4 shaft 8 acoustical isolation (optional)
Figure 5 — Example of test device
Dimensions in
mm
Side length or
60 140
diameter
Designation to D12 and
-
ISO 20753 D22
D 40 ± 2 100 ± 5
2
D 60 140
3
D ≥ 90 ≥ 200
4
H 12 12
R 1 1
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Specimen
Clamp di-
mensions
type
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ISO 6603-2:2023(E)
Key
1 clamping ring (optional)
2 test specimen support
Figure 6 — Clamping device (schematic)
5.1.5 Clamping device (optional), consisting of two parts, a supporting ring and a clamping ring
(see Figure 6), for annular test specimens. The recommended inside diameter of the clamping device is
(40 ± 2) mm, alternatively (100 ± 5) mm. The clamp may work by shape or by application of force to the
specimen. A clamping force of 3 kN is recommended for the latter (see NOTE).
NOTE Pneumatically and screw-operated clamps have been successfully employed. The results obtained for
clamped and unclamped specimens are likely different (see Annex C).
5.2 Instruments for measuring force and deflection
5.2.1 Force measurement system, for measuring the force exerted on the test specimen. The striker
may be equipped with strain gauges or a piezoelectric load transducer, which shall be placed close to
the striker tip. Any other suitable method of force measurement is also acceptable. The measurement
system shall be able to record forces with an accuracy equal to or within ±2 % of the maximum impact
force, F , which has occurred during the test.
M
The force measurement system shall be calibrated as set-up ready for measurement. Calibration should
be performed statically (for example, by imposing known loads on the striker as described by reference
[6]) or dynamically (see for example reference [4]). The range for which the force measurement system
works within an accuracy of ±2 % of the reading shall be indicated.
As the duration of the test is very short, only electronic load cells with a high natural frequency shall
be used (see NOTE 1). The natural frequency f of the test device (striker and load cell) shall conform to
n
the following condition:
f ≥ 6 kHz (3)
n
For interpretation of complex force-deflection curves, even higher values of the natural frequency
f can be necessary (see Annex A). For detecting the first damage depicted in Figure A.2, the natural
n
frequency shall comply with the following condition (see NOTE 2):
ft≥ 5/Δ (4)
nE
where
f is the natural frequency, expressed in kilohertz;
n
Δt is the event time of the relevant detail of the force-deflection curve, expressed in milliseconds
E
(see Figure A.2).
The natural frequency can be checked by studying the oscillations following brittle or splintering
failure (see Figure 3).
For the bandwidth of the amplifier train (direct current or carrier frequency amplifier) the lower
bandwidth limit is 0 Hz, and the upper bandwidth limit shall be at least 100 kHz, combined with a
sampling frequency of at least 100 kHz (see NOTES 3 and 4).
NOTE 1 An exampl
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 6603-2
Troisième édition
2023-06
Plastiques — Détermination du
comportement des plastiques rigides
perforés sous l'effet d'un choc —
Partie 2:
Essais de choc instrumentés
Plastics — Determination of puncture impact behaviour of rigid
plastics —
Part 2: Instrumented impact testing
Numéro de référence
ISO 6603-2:2023(F)
© ISO 2023
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ISO 6603-2:2023(F)
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Publié en Suisse
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ISO 6603-2:2023(F)
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .iv
1 Domaine d’application . 1
2 Références normatives .2
3 Termes et définitions . 2
4 Principe. 7
5 Appareillage . 7
6 Éprouvettes.12
6.1 Forme et dimensions .12
6.2 Préparation des éprouvettes .12
6.3 Éprouvettes non homogènes .12
6.4 Contrôle des éprouvettes . 12
6.5 Nombre d’éprouvettes . 13
6.6 Conditionnement des éprouvettes . 13
6.7 Pré-refroidissement . 13
7 Mode opératoire .13
7.1 Atmosphère d’essai . 13
7.1.1 Généralités .13
7.1.2 Essai à température ambiante . 13
7.1.3 Essai à basse température . 14
7.2 Mesurage de l’épaisseur . 14
7.3 Bridage de l’éprouvette . 14
7.4 Lubrification . 14
7.5 Mode opératoire d’essai de perforation . 14
8 Calculs .14
8.1 Expression des résultats . 14
8.2 Calcul de la flèche . 15
8.3 Calcul de l’énergie . 15
8.4 Paramètres statistiques . 16
8.5 Chiffres significatifs . 16
9 Fidélité .16
10 Rapport d’essai .16
Annexe A (informative) Interprétation de courbes force-flèche complexes .18
Annexe B (informative) Frottement entre le percuteur et l’éprouvette .21
Annexe C (informative) Bridage des éprouvettes .24
Annexe D (informative) Transitions ductile/fragile .25
Annexe E (informative) Influence de l’épaisseur des éprouvettes .26
Annexe F (informative) Lignes directrices pour la classification du type de rupture .28
Annexe G (informative) Données de fidélité .33
Bibliographie .35
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ISO 6603-2:2023(F)
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes
nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est
en général confiée aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude
a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,
gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux.
L'ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui
concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier, de prendre note des différents
critères d'approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a
été rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir
www.iso.org/directives).
L’ISO attire l’attention sur le fait que la mise en application du présent document peut entraîner
l’utilisation d’un ou de plusieurs brevets. L’ISO ne prend pas position quant à la preuve, à la validité
et à l’applicabilité de tout droit de brevet revendiqué à cet égard. À la date de publication du présent
document, l’ISO n'avait pas reçu notification qu’un ou plusieurs brevets pouvaient être nécessaires à sa
mise en application. Toutefois, il y a lieu d’avertir les responsables de la mise en application du présent
document que des informations plus récentes sont susceptibles de figurer dans la base de données de
brevets, disponible à l'adresse www.iso.org/brevets. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne
pas avoir identifié tout ou partie de tels droits de propriété.
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données
pour information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un
engagement.
Pour une explication de la nature volontaire des normes, la signification des termes et expressions
spécifiques de l'ISO liés à l'évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l'adhésion
de l'ISO aux principes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles
techniques au commerce (OTC), voir www.iso.org/avant-propos.
Le présent document a été élaboré par le comité technique ISO/TC 61, Plastiques, sous-comité SC 2,
Comportement mécanique, en collaboration avec le comité technique CEN/TC 249, Plastiques, du Comité
européen de normalisation (CEN), conformément à l’Accord de coopération technique entre l’ISO et le
CEN (Accord de Vienne).
Cette troisième édition annule et remplace la deuxième édition (ISO 6603-2:2000), qui a fait l’objet
d’une révision technique.
Les principales modifications sont les suivantes:
— les références à l’ISO 6603-1 ont été remplacées par le texte correspondant;
— les références normatives et la Bibliographie ont été mises à jour et complétées;
— les exigences relatives à la précision de mesure de la force ont été révisées;
— les définitions de conditionnement et climat d’essai ont été mises à jour;
— l’essai avec bridage a été défini comme la méthode préférée;
— les données de fidélité ont été ajoutées dans l’Annexe G.
Une liste de toutes les parties de la série ISO 6603 se trouve sur le site web de l’ISO.
Il convient que l’utilisateur adresse tout retour d’information ou toute question concernant le présent
document à l’organisme national de normalisation de son pays. Une liste exhaustive desdits organismes
se trouve à l’adresse www.iso.org/fr/members.html.
iv
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NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 6603-2:2023(F)
Plastiques — Détermination du comportement des
plastiques rigides perforés sous l'effet d'un choc —
Partie 2:
Essais de choc instrumentés
1 Domaine d’application
Le présent document spécifie une méthode d’essai pour la détermination du comportement au choc
avec perforation des plastiques rigides sous forme d’éprouvettes planes, au moyen d’instruments de
mesurage des forces et des flèches. Il s’applique si une courbe force-flèche ou force-temps, enregistrée
pour une vitesse nominale constante du percuteur, est nécessaire pour obtenir une caractérisation
détaillée du comportement au choc.
La méthode d’essai est applicable aux éprouvettes d’une épaisseur comprise entre 1 mm et 4 mm.
La méthode d’essai convient aux types de matériaux suivants:
— matériaux thermoplastiques rigides pour moulage et extrusion, y compris les compositions et
feuilles chargées, non chargées et renforcées;
— matériaux thermodurcissables rigides pour moulage et extrusion, y compris les compositions
chargées et renforcées, feuilles et stratifiés;
— composites thermoplastiques et thermodurcissables renforcés de fibres comportant des
renforts unidirectionnels ou multidirectionnels tels que mats, tissus, tissus stratifils, fils coupés,
combinaisons de renforcements et hybrides, stratifils, fibres broyées et feuilles réalisées à partir de
matières préimprégnées (préimprégnés).
La méthode est aussi applicable aux éprouvettes qui sont soit moulées, soit usinées à partir de produits
finis, stratifiés et feuilles extrudées ou coulées.
Les résultats d’essai ne sont comparables qui si les conditions de préparation des éprouvettes, leurs
dimensions et surfaces, ainsi que les conditions d’essai retenues sont les mêmes. En particulier, les
résultats déterminés sur des éprouvettes d’épaisseurs différentes ne peuvent pas être comparés (voir
l’Annexe E). Des évaluations exhaustives de la réaction à la contrainte de choc peuvent être obtenues en
effectuant les déterminations en fonction de la vitesse d’impact et de la température pour les différentes
variables propres au matériau, telles que la cristallinité ou la teneur en humidité.
Le comportement au choc des produits finis ne peut pas être directement déduit de l’essai, mais les
éprouvettes peuvent être prélevées sur les produits finis (voir ci-dessus) afin d’être soumises aux essais
conformément à la présente méthode.
Les données d’essai obtenues avec cette méthode ne sont pas destinées à être utilisées pour les calculs
de conception. Toutefois, des informations relatives au comportement caractéristique des matériaux
peuvent être obtenues en conduisant les essais à différentes températures et vitesses d’impact (voir
l’Annexe D), en faisant varier l’épaisseur de l’éprouvette (voir l’Annexe E) et en soumettant à l’essai des
éprouvettes ayant été préparées dans différentes conditions.
Le présent document n’a pas pour but de donner une explication du mécanisme qui intervient à chaque
point particulier de la courbe force-flèche. Ces interprétations relèvent de la recherche scientifique.
1
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ISO 6603-2:2023(F)
2 Références normatives
Les documents suivants sont cités dans le texte de sorte qu’ils constituent, pour tout ou partie de leur
contenu, des exigences du présent document. Pour les références datées, seule l’édition citée s’applique.
Pour les références non datées, la dernière édition du document de référence s’applique (y compris les
éventuels amendements).
ISO 291, Plastiques — Atmosphères normales de conditionnement et d'essai
ISO 293, Plastiques — Moulage par compression des éprouvettes en matières thermoplastiques
ISO 294-3, Plastiques — Moulage par injection des éprouvettes de matériaux thermoplastiques — Partie 3:
Plaques de petites dimensions
ISO 295, Plastiques — Moulage par compression des éprouvettes de matériaux thermodurcissables
ISO 1268-1, Plastiques renforcés de fibres — Méthodes de fabrication de plaques d'essai — Partie 1:
Conditions générales
ISO 2602, Interprétation statistique de résultats d'essais — Estimation de la moyenne — Intervalle de
confiance
ISO 2818, Plastiques — Préparation des éprouvettes par usinage
ISO 16012, Plastiques — Détermination des dimensions linéaires des éprouvettes
ISO 20753, Plastiques — Éprouvettes
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions suivants s’appliquent.
L’ISO et l’IEC tiennent à jour des bases de données terminologiques destinées à être utilisées en
normalisation, consultables aux adresses suivantes:
— ISO Online browsing platform: disponible à l’adresse https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: disponible à l’adresse https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
vitesse d’impact
v
0
vitesse du percuteur par rapport au support au moment de l’application du choc
Note 1 à l'article: La vitesse d’impact est exprimée en mètres par seconde (m/s).
3.2
force
F
force exercée par le percuteur sur l’éprouvette dans le sens d’application du choc
Note 1 à l'article: La force est exprimée en newtons (N).
3.3
flèche
l
déplacement relatif entre le percuteur et le support d’éprouvette, comptabilisé à partir du premier
contact entre le percuteur et l’éprouvette
Note 1 à l'article: La flèche est exprimée en millimètres (mm).
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ISO 6603-2:2023(F)
3.4
énergie
E
énergie dépensée pour déformer et pénétrer l’éprouvette jusqu’à l’obtention d’une flèche l
Note 1 à l'article: L’énergie est exprimée en joules (J).
Note 2 à l'article: L’énergie est mesurée par intégration de la courbe force-flèche, du point d’impact à la flèche, l.
3.5
force maximale
F
M
force maximale se produisant pendant l’essai
Note 1 à l'article: Voir les Figures 1 à 4.
Note 2 à l'article: La force maximale est exprimée en newtons (N).
3.6
flèche à la force maximale
l
M
flèche se produisant à la force maximale F
M
Note 1 à l'article: Voir les Figures 1 à 4.
Note 2 à l'article: La flèche à la force maximale est exprimée en millimètres (mm).
3.7
énergie jusqu’à la force maximale
E
M
énergie dépensée jusqu’à l’obtention de la flèche l à la force maximale
M
Note 1 à l'article: Voir les Figures 1 à 4.
Note 2 à l'article: L’énergie jusqu’à la force maximale est exprimée en joules (J).
3.8
flèche à la perforation
l
P
flèche à laquelle la force est réduite de moitié par rapport à la force maximale F
M
Note 1 à l'article: Voir les Figures 1 à 4 et la Note 3 à l’article du 3.9.
Note 2 à l'article: La flèche à la perforation est exprimée en millimètres (mm).
3.9
énergie de perforation
E
P
énergie dépensée jusqu’à l’obtention de la flèche à la perforation l
P
Note 1 à l'article: Voir les Figures 1 à 4.
Note 2 à l'article: L’énergie de perforation est exprimée en joules (J).
Note 3 à l'article: Lors des essais sur des matériaux ductiles, un capteur monté à une certaine distance de la
pointe du percuteur peut enregistrer une force de frottement agissant entre la partie cylindrique du percuteur et
le matériau perforé. L’énergie de frottement correspondante ne doit pas être incluse dans l’énergie de perforation
qui est donc limitée à la flèche à laquelle la force tombe à la moitié de la force maximale F .
M
3.10
rupture au choc
comportement mécanique du matériau en essai pouvant se manifester sous la forme de l’un des types
suivants:
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ISO 6603-2:2023(F)
a) YD déformation plastique suivie d’un formage important; voir la Figure 1
b) YS déformation plastique suivie d’une fissuration au moins partiellement stable; voir la Figure 2
c) YU déformation plastique suivie d’une fissuration instable; voir la Figure 3
d) NY pas de déformation plastique; voir la Figure 4
Note 1 à l'article: La classification du type de rupture doit tenir compte de la forme de la courbe ainsi que de
l'évaluation de l'éprouvette brisée.
Note 2 à l'article: La déformation plastique se caractérise par une pente nulle à la force maximale sur la courbe
force-flèche, soit par un blanchissement du matériau au niveau de la perforation, soit par une diminution
importante de l'épaisseur du matériau au niveau de la rupture.
Note 3 à l'article: La comparaison des Figures 2 et 3 montre que la flèche à la perforation l et l’énergie de
P
perforation E sont identiques pour les types de ruptures YS et YU. Conformément à la représentation donnée à
P
la Figure 4, on trouve des valeurs identiques de flèche et d’énergie au maximum et à la perforation dans le cas du
type de rupture NY. Pour le comportement complexe, voir l’Annexe A.
Note 4 à l'article: Pour des lignes directrices supplémentaires sur la classification des types de ruptures, voir
l’Annexe F informative.
Légende
X flèche
Y force
Figure 1 — Exemple de courbe force-flèche dans le cas d’une rupture par déformation plastique
(pente nulle à la force maximale) suivie d’un formage important, et aspect caractéristique des
éprouvettes après les essais (avec lubrification)
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ISO 6603-2:2023(F)
Légende
X flèche
Y force
Figure 2 — Exemple de courbe force-flèche dans le cas d’une rupture par déformation plastique
(pente nulle à la force maximale) suivie d’une propagation stable de la fissure, et aspect
caractéristique des éprouvettes après les essais (avec lubrification)
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ISO 6603-2:2023(F)
Légende
X flèche
Y force
NOTE Une vibration propre de la chaîne de mesurage de la force est observable au terme de la fissuration
instable (percuteur et jauge de force).
Figure 3 — Exemple de courbe force-flèche dans le cas d’une rupture par déformation plastique
(pente nulle à la force maximale) suivie d’une propagation instable de la fissure, et aspect
caractéristique des éprouvettes après les essais (avec lubrification)
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ISO 6603-2:2023(F)
Légende
X flèche
Y force
Figure 4 — Exemple de courbe force-flèche dans le cas d’une rupture sans déformation
plastique suivie d’une propagation instable de la fissure, et aspect caractéristique des
éprouvettes après les essais (avec lubrification)
4 Principe
Un percuteur lubrifié perfore l’éprouvette en son centre perpendiculairement à sa surface, à une vitesse
nominale uniforme. La courbe force-flèche ou force-temps qui résulte de cette opération est enregistrée
par des moyens électroniques. Il convient que l’éprouvette soit maintenue fixe (recommandé) pendant
l’essai.
La courbe force-flèche obtenue lors de ces essais révèle le comportement au choc de l’éprouvette à
partir duquel il est possible de déduire plusieurs caractéristiques du comportement du matériau.
5 Appareillage
5.1 Instrument d’essai, comprenant les principaux éléments suivants:
— une source d’énergie qui peut être de type masse tombante ou hydraulique (voir 5.1.1);
— un percuteur, qui doit être lubrifié;
— un support d’éprouvette doté d’un dispositif de bridage recommandé.
Le dispositif d’essai doit permettre de perforer l’éprouvette en son centre et perpendiculairement à
sa surface, à une vitesse nominale constante. La force exercée sur l’éprouvette dans la direction
d’application du choc et la flèche partant du centre de l’éprouvette dans cette même direction doivent
pouvoir être déduites ou mesurées (voir la Figure 5).
Le terme «source d’énergie de type masse tombante» couvre tous les types d'instruments fonctionnant
selon le principe d'une masse d’inertie, indépendante de la direction du mouvement.
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ISO 6603-2:2023(F)
5.1.1 Source d’énergie, caractérisée par une vitesse d’impact recommandée v de (4,4 ± 0,2) m/s
0
(voir 3.1 et la note du 3.1). Pour éviter l’obtention de résultats qui ne peuvent être comparés en raison
du comportement viscoélastique du matériau soumis au choc, le ralentissement de la vitesse pendant
l’essai ne doit pas être supérieur à 20 %.
NOTE Dans le cas de matériaux fragiles, une vitesse d’impact de 1 m/s peut être préférable car elle réduit le
niveau de vibration et de bruit et améliore la qualité de la courbe force-flèche (voir l’Annexe A).
5.1.1.1 Type hydraulique, constitué d’une machine d’essai à haute vitesse munie des accessoires
appropriés.
Toute variation de la vitesse du percuteur par rapport au support pendant le choc doit être contrôlée, à
l’aide, par exemple, d’un enregistrement des courbes flèche-temps et d’un contrôle de leurs pentes.
5.1.1.2 Type à masse d’inertie, pouvant être accéléré. Les machines à masse tombante sont des
dispositifs appropriés.
Dans le cas d’une masse subissant l’accélération due à la pesanteur, et en négligeant les pertes par
frottement, la vitesse d’impact v correspond à une hauteur de chute H de la source d’énergie de
0 0
(1,0 ± 0,1) m.
Pour toutes les sources d’énergie de type masse d’inertie, la vitesse d’impact doit être mesurée par des
capteurs de vitesse placés au voisinage du point d’impact. La réduction maximale de la vitesse pendant
les essais donne la masse minimale m de la source selon les Formules (1) et (2) (voir la NOTE).
C
* 2
mE≥ 6 /v (1)
c 0
*
mE≥= 03,,14pour v 4 ms/ (2)
c 0
où
m est la masse de la source d’énergie, exprimée en kilogrammes;
c
E* est l’énergie de perforation la plus élevée à mesurer, exprimée en joules (voir 3.9);
v est la vitesse d’impact (4,4 m/s, voir 3.1).
0
NOTE L’expérience a montré que, pour les percuteurs de grande taille, une source d’énergie lestée de masse
totale m de 20 kg est adaptée, et que pour ceux de petite taille, une masse totale de 5 kg convient (voir 5.1.2).
c
5.1.2 Percuteur, ayant de préférence une surface de percussion hémisphérique et polie, de
(20,0 ± 0,2) mm de diamètre. Comme alternative, une surface de percussion de (10,0 ± 0,1) mm de
diamètre peut être utilisée.
NOTE 1 La taille et les dimensions du percuteur, ainsi que l’état de surface, influent sur les résultats de l’essai
de choc.
Le percuteur doit être fabriqué en un matériau de résistance appropriée à l’usure et de résistance
mécanique suffisamment élevée pour empêcher la déformation plastique. L’acier trempé ou tout
matériau de faible masse volumique (titane, par exemple) se sont révélés acceptables dans la pratique.
Il est nécessaire de lubrifier la surface hémisphérique du percuteur de façon à réduire tout frottement
entre ce dernier et l’éprouvette (voir la NOTE 2 et l’Annexe B).
NOTE 2 Il est probable que les résultats d’essai obtenus au moyen d’un percuteur lubrifié seront différents de
ceux obtenus à l’aide d’un percuteur à sec. En deçà des températures ambiantes, la condensation peut avoir l’effet
d’un lubrifiant.
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ISO 6603-2:2023(F)
La jauge de force doit être située sur un diamètre du percuteur, au-delà de la pointe de ce dernier, c’est-
à-dire qu’elle doit être montée aussi près que possible de la pointe de façon à réduire au minimum toutes
les forces parasites et suffisamment près pour satisfaire à l’exigence relative à la réponse en fréquence
(voir 5.2). Un exemple est donné à la Figure 5.
5.1.3 Support annulaire (voir les Figures 5 et 6), placé sur un socle rigide et construit de façon à
éviter de piéger de l’air sous l’éprouvette, permettant d’éviter ainsi un éventuel effet de ressort. Une
place suffisante doit être laissée sous le support annulaire pour laisser le percuteur continuer sa
course après avoir traversé l’éprouvette. Le diamètre intérieur recommandé pour ce support est de
(40 ± 2) mm ou de (100 ± 5) mm, avec une hauteur minimale de 12 mm.
5.1.4 Socle du dispositif d’essai, solidement monté sur une structure rigide, de telle sorte que
la masse du socle (voir la Figure 5) ait une rigidité suffisante pour réduire au minimum la flèche du
support d’éprouvette.
Lors du calcul de la flèche à partir de la cinétique de la masse en accélération, il faut utiliser un
rapport de masse minimal m /m de 10 entre le socle (m ) et la source d’énergie (m ). L’utilisation de
B C B C
ce rapport permet également d’empêcher que le socle ne subisse une accélération de plus de 1 % de
la vitesse d’impact à la fin de l’essai. Pour les flèches mesurées directement, ce rapport minimal n’est
qu’une recommandation. En ce qui concerne les principes de cette spécification, voir l’Annexe B de
[5]
l’ISO 179-2:2020 .
Légende
1 éprouvette 5 support d’éprouvette
2 pointe hémisphérique du percuteur 6 anneau de bridage (facultatif)
3 jauge de force (position utilisée de préférence) 7 socle
4 corps du percuteur 8 isolation acoustique (facultative)
Figure 5 — Exemple de dispositif d’essai
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ISO 6603-2:2023(F)
Dimensions en
mm
Longueur
de côté ou 60 140
diamètre
Désigna-
D12 et
tion selon -
D22
l’ISO 20753
D 40 ± 2 100 ± 5
2
D 60 140
3
D ≥ 90 ≥ 200
4
H 12 12
R 1 1
L
...
ISO/FDIS 6603-2:2023(E)
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line: 0 pt, Tab stops: Not at 21.6 pt
2022(E)-02-13
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2022-09-21
at 18 pt
ISO TC 61/SC 2/WG 3
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Secretariat: SAC
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Plastics — Determination of puncture impact behaviour of rigid plastics —Part 2: Instrumented Style Definition: Heading 5: Font: Bold
impact testing
Style Definition: Heading 6: Font: Bold
(Plastiques — Détermination du comportement des plastiques rigides perforés sous l'effet d'un choc —
Style Definition: ANNEX
Partie 2: Essais de choc instrumentés)
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DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 6603-2:2022(E)
ISO/FDIS 6603-2:2023(E)
Formatted: Left, Line spacing: Exactly 12 pt
© ISO 20222023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no
part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without
prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or
ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
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© ISO 20222023 – All rights reserved 1
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ISO/FDIS 6603-2:20222023(E)
Contents
Foreword . iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 2
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Principle . 6
5 Apparatus . 6
5.1 Testing instrument, consisting of the following essential components . 6
5.2 Instruments for measuring force and deflection . 9
5.3 Thickness gauge, as specified ISO 16012 . 10
6 Test specimens . 10
6.1 Shape and dimensions . 10
6.2 Preparation of test specimens . 10
6.3 Non-homogeneous test specimens . 11
6.4 Checking the test specimens . 11
6.5 Number of test specimens . 11
6.6 Conditioning of test specimens . 11
7 Procedure . 11
7.1 Test atmosphere . 11
7.1.1 General . 11
7.1.2 Ambient temperature testing . 11
7.1.3 Low temperature testing . 12
7.2 Measurement of thickness . 12
7.3 Clamping the test specimen . 12
7.4 Lubrication . 12
7.5 Puncture test procedure . 12
8 Calculations . 12
8.1 Expression of results . 12
8.2 Calculation of deflection . 13
8.3 Calculation of energy . 13
8.4 Statistical parameters . 1
8.5 Significant figures . 1
9 Precision . 1
10 Test report . 2
Annex A (informative) Interpretation of complex force-deflection curves . 3
Annex B (informative) Friction between striker and specimen . 5
Annex C (informative) Clamping of specimens . 7
Annex D (informative) Tough/brittle transitions . 8
Annex E (informative) Influence of specimen thickness . 9
Annex F (informative) Guidance for the classification of the type of failure . 11
Annex G (informative) Precision Data . 14
2 © ISO 20222023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
© ISO 2022 – All rights reservedISO/FDIS 6603-2:2023(E)
Formatted: Left, Space After: 30 pt, Line spacing:
Exactly 12 pt
Formatted: Font: Bold
Bibliography . 17Foreword
. iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 2
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Principle . 6
5 Apparatus . 6
5.1 Testing instrument, consisting of the following essential components . 6
5.2 Instruments for measuring force and deflection . 9
5.3 Thickness gauge, as specified ISO 16012 . 10
6 Test specimens . 10
6.1 Shape and dimensions . 10
6.2 Preparation of test specimens . 10
6.3 Non-homogeneous test specimens . 11
6.4 Checking the test specimens . 11
6.5 Number of test specimens . 11
6.6 Conditioning of test specimens . 11
7 Procedure . 11
7.1 Test atmosphere . 11
7.1.1 General . 11
7.1.2 Ambient temperature testing . 11
7.1.3 Low temperature testing . 12
7.2 Measurement of thickness . 12
7.3 Clamping the test specimen . 12
7.4 Lubrication . 12
7.5 Puncture test procedure . 12
8 Calculations . 12
8.1 Expression of results . 12
8.2 Calculation of deflection . 13
8.3 Calculation of energy . 13
8.4 Statistical parameters . 1
8.5 Significant figures . 1
9 Precision . 1
10 Test report . 2
Annex A (informative) Interpretation of complex force-deflection curves . 3
Annex B (informative) Friction between striker and specimen . 5
Annex C (informative) Clamping of specimens . 7
Annex D (informative) Tough/brittle transitions . 8
Annex E (informative) Influence of specimen thickness . 9
Annex F (informative) Guidance for the classification of the type of failure . 11
Annex G (informative) Precision Data . 14
Bibliography . 17
© ISO 20222023 – All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 6603-2:20222023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directiveswww.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patentswww.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World
Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.htmlwww.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 2,
Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Mechanical behavior, in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical
Formatted: Don't adjust space between Latin and Asian
Committee CEN/TC 249, Plastics, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between
text, Don't adjust space between Asian text and
ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
numbers
Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 6603-2:2000), which has been technically
revised.
Formatted: Font: Not Italic, English (United Kingdom)
Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
The main changes are as follows:
Formatted: Font: Not Italic, English (United Kingdom)
— Referencesreferences to ISO 6603-1 werehave been replaced by the corresponding text;
Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
Formatted: Font: Not Italic, English (United Kingdom)
— Normativenormative references and bibliography werehave been updated and completed;
Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
— Requirementsrequirements for force measurement accuracy werehave been revised;
— Definitionsdefinitions for conditioning and test climate werehave been updated;
— Testingtesting in a clamped situation washave been defined as the preferred method;
— Precision Data was— precision data has been added to annex F.
A list of all parts in the ISO 6603 series can be found on the ISO website.
4 © ISO 20222023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
© ISO 2022 – All rights reservedISO/FDIS 6603-2:2023(E)
Formatted: Left, Space After: 30 pt, Line spacing:
Exactly 12 pt
Formatted: Font: Bold
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at
www.iso.org/members.htmlwww.iso.org/members.html.
© ISO 20222023 – All rights reserved 5
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 6603-2:2022(E)
Plastics — Determination of puncture impact behaviour of rigid
plastics —
Part 2:
Instrumented impact testing
1 Scope
Formatted: Tab stops: Not at 21.6 pt
This document specifies a test method for the determination of puncture impact properties of rigid
plastics, in the form of flat specimens, using instruments for measuring force and deflection. It is
applicable if a force-deflection or force-time diagram, recorded at nominal constant striker velocity, is
necessary for detailed characterization of the impact behaviour.
The test method is applicable to specimens with a thickness between 1 mm andto 4 mm.
The method is suitable for use with the following types of material:
— rigid thermoplastic moulding and extrusion materials, including filled, unfilled and reinforced
compounds and sheets;
— rigid thermosetting moulding and extrusion materials, including filled and reinforced compounds,
sheets and laminates;
— fibre-reinforced thermoset and thermoplastic composites incorporating unidirectional or multi-
directional reinforcements such as mats, woven fabrics, woven rovings, chopped strands,
combination and hybrid reinforcements, rovings, milled fibres and sheets made from pre-
impregnated materials (prepregs).
The method is also applicable to specimens which are either moulded or machined from finished
products, laminates and extruded or cast sheet.
The test results are comparable only if the conditions of preparation of the specimens, their dimensions
and surfaces as well as the test conditions are the same. In particular, results determined on specimens
of different thickness cannot be compared with one another (see annexAnnex E). Comprehensive
evaluation of the reaction to impact stress can be obtained by determinations made as a function of
impact velocity and temperature for different material variables, such as crystallinity and moisture
content.
The impact behaviour of finished products cannot be predicted directly from this test, but specimens may
be taken from finished products (see above) for tests by this method.
Test data developed by this method is not intended to be used for design calculations. However,
information on the typical behaviour of the material can be obtained by testing at different temperatures
and impact velocities (see annexAnnex D) by varying the thickness (see annexAnnex E) and by testing
specimens prepared under different conditions.
It is not the purpose of this document to give an interpretation of the mechanism occurring on every
particular point of the force-deflection diagram. These interpretations are a task for scientific research.
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 6603-2:20222023(E)
2 Normative references
Formatted: Tab stops: Not at 21.6 pt
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 291, Plastics — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing
ISO 293, Plastics — Compression moulding of test specimens of thermoplastic materials
ISO 294-1, Plastics — Injection moulding of test specimens of thermoplastic materials — Part 1: General
principles, and moulding of multipurpose and bar test specimens
ISO 294-3, Plastics — Injection moulding of test specimens of thermoplastic materials — Part 3: Small
plates
ISO 295, Plastics — Compression moulding of test specimens of thermosetting materials
ISO 1268-1, Fibre-reinforced plastics — Methods of producing test plates — Part 1: General conditions
ISO 2602, Statistical interpretation of test results — Estimation of the mean — Confidence interval
ISO 2818, Plastics — Preparation of test specimens by machining
ISO 16012, Plastics — Determination of linear dimensions of test specimens
ISO 20753, Plastics — Test specimens
3 Terms and definitions Formatted: Tab stops: Not at 21.6 pt
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obphttps://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
impact velocity
v0
Formatted: Font: Not Italic
velocity of the striker relative to the support at the moment of impact
Note 1 to entry: Impact velocity is expressed in metres per second (m/s).
3.2
force
F
force exerted by the striker on the test specimen in the direction of impact
Note 1 to entry: Force is expressed in newtons (N).
3.3
deflection
2 © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
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© ISO 2022 – All rights reservedISO/FDIS 6603-2:2023(E)
Formatted: Font: Bold
Formatted: Left, Space After: 30 pt, Line spacing:
Exactly 12 pt
l
relative displacement between the striker and the specimen support, starting from the first contact
between the striker and the test specimen
Note 1 to entry: Deflection is expressed in millimetres (mm).
3.4
energy
E
energy expended in deforming and penetrating the test specimen up to a deflection l
Formatted: Font: Italic
Note 1 to entry: Energy is expressed in joules (J).
Note 2 to entry: Energy is measured as the integral of the force-deflection curve starting from the point of impact
up to a deflection l.
3.5
maximum force
F
M
Formatted: Font: Not Italic
maximum force which occurs during the test
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 1 to 4.
Note 2 to entry: Maximum force is expressed in newtons (N).
3.6
deflection at maximum force
l
M Formatted: Font: Not Italic
deflection that occurs at maximum force FM
Formatted: Font: Not Italic
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 1 to 4.
Note 2 to entry: Deflection at maximum force is expressed in millimetres (mm).
3.7
energy to maximum force
E
M Formatted: Font: Not Italic
energy expended up to the deflection lM at maximum force
Formatted: Font: Not Italic
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 1 to 4.
Note 2 to entry: Energy to maximum force is expressed in joules (J).
3.8
puncture deflection
l
P Formatted: Font: Not Italic
deflection at which the force has dropped to half the maximum force F
M
Formatted: Font: Not Italic
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 1 to 4 and noteNote 3 to entry of 3.9.
Note 2 to entry: Puncture deflection is expressed in millimetres (mm).
3.9
puncture energy
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 6603-2:20222023(E)
E
P Formatted: Font: Not Italic
energy expended up to the puncture deflection lP
Formatted: Font: Not Italic
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 1 to 4 and note 3.
Note 2 to entry: Puncture energy is expressed in joules (J).
Note 3 to entry: When testing tough materials, a transducer mounted at some distance from the impacting tip may
record frictional force acting between the cylindrical part of the striker and the punctured material. The
corresponding frictional energy shall not be included in the puncture energy, which, therefore, is restricted to that
deflection, at which the force drops to half the maximum force F .
M
Formatted: Font: Not Italic
3.10
impact failure
mechanical behaviour of the material under test which may be either one of the following types:
a) YD yielding followed by deep drawing, see figureFigure 1
b) YS yielding followed by an at least partially stable cracking, see figureFigure 2
c) YU yielding followed by unstable cracking, see figureFigure 3
d) NY no yielding, see figureFigure 4
Formatted: Default Paragraph Font
Note 1 to entry: The classification of the type of failure shall take into account the shape of the curve as well as the
Formatted: Note, Tab stops: 19.85 pt, Left
assessment of the broken specimen.
Note 2 to entry: Yielding is characterised by a zero slope at maximum force in the force deflection diagram, or by
whitening of the material in the area of puncture, or by a significant reduction of the material thickness in the area
where the break appears.
Note 13 to entry: Comparison of Figures 2 and 3 shows puncture deflection l and puncture energy E are identical
P P
Formatted: Font: Not Italic
for the failure types YS and YU. As shown in Figure 4, identical values at maximum and at puncture are found for
Formatted: Font: Not Italic
.
the deflection as well as the energy in the case of failure type NY. For complex behaviour see annexAnnex A
Note 24 to entry: For more guidance on the classification of failure types, see the informative annexAnnex F.
4 © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
© ISO 2022 – All rights reservedISO/FDIS 6603-2:2023(E)
Formatted: Left, Space After: 30 pt, Line spacing:
Exactly 12 pt
Formatted: Font: Bold
Key
X deflection
Y force
Figure 1 — Example of force-deflection diagram for failure by yielding (zero slope at maximum
force) followed by deep drawing, and typical appearance of specimens after testing (with
lubrication)
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved 5
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 6603-2:20222023(E)
Key
X deflection
Y force
Figure 2 — Example of force-deflection diagram for failure by yielding (zero slope at maximum
force) followed by stable crack growth, and typical appearance of specimens after testing (with
lubrication)
6 © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
© ISO 2022 – All rights reservedISO/FDIS 6603-2:2023(E)
Formatted: Left, Space After: 30 pt, Line spacing:
Exactly 12 pt
Formatted: Font: Bold
Note 4 to entry:
Key
X deflection
Y force
NOTE Natural vibration of the force measurement system appears after unstable cracking (striker and load cell).
Figure 3 — Example of force-deflection diagram for failure by yielding (zero slope at maximum
force) followed by unstable crack growth, and typical appearance of specimens after testing
(with lubrication)
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved 7
---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 6603-2:20222023(E)
Key
X deflection
Figure 4 — Example of force-deflection diagram for failure without yielding followed by unstable
crack growth, and typical appearance of specimens after testing (with lubrication)
4 Principle
Formatted: Tab stops: Not at 21.6 pt
The test specimen is punctured at its centre using a lubricated striker, perpendicularly to the test-
specimen surfac
...
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 6603-2
ISO/TC 61/SC 2
Plastics — Determination of puncture
Secretariat: SAC
impact behaviour of rigid plastics —
Voting begins on:
2023-02-28
Part 2:
Voting terminates on:
Instrumented impact testing
2023-04-25
Plastiques — Détermination du comportement des plastiques rigides
perforés sous l'effet d'un choc —
Partie 2: Essais de choc instrumentés
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 6603-2:2023(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2023
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 6603-2:2023(E)
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 6603-2
ISO/TC 61/SC 2
Plastics — Determination of puncture
Secretariat: SAC
impact behaviour of rigid plastics —
Voting begins on:
Part 2:
Voting terminates on:
Instrumented impact testing
Plastiques — Détermination du comportement des plastiques rigides
perforés sous l'effet d'un choc —
Partie 2: Essais de choc instrumentés
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2023
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
ISO copyright office
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
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DOCUMENTATION.
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
Email: copyright@iso.org
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 6603-2:2023(E)
Website: www.iso.org
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
Published in Switzerland
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
ii
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2023
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 6603-2:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Principle . 7
5 Apparatus . 7
6 Test specimens .11
6.1 Shape and dimensions . 11
6.2 Preparation of test specimens .12
6.3 Non-homogeneous test specimens .12
6.4 Checking the test specimens .12
6.5 Number of test specimens .12
6.6 Conditioning of test specimens .12
6.7 Pre-cooling .13
7 Procedure .13
7.1 Test atmosphere . 13
7.1.1 General .13
7.1.2 Ambient temperature testing . 13
7.1.3 Low temperature testing . 13
7.2 Measurement of thickness . 13
7.3 Clamping the test specimen . 14
7.4 Lubrication . 14
7.5 Puncture test procedure . . 14
8 Calculations .14
8.1 Expression of results . 14
8.2 Calculation of deflection . 14
8.3 Calculation of energy .15
8.4 Statistical parameters. 16
8.5 Significant figures. 16
9 Precision .16
10 Test report .16
Annex A (informative) Interpretation of complex force-deflection curves .18
Annex B (informative) Friction between striker and specimen .21
Annex C (informative) Clamping of specimens .24
Annex D (informative) Tough/brittle transitions .25
Annex E (informative) Influence of specimen thickness.26
Annex F (informative) Guidance for the classification of the type of failure .28
Annex G (informative) Precision data .33
Bibliography .35
iii
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 6603-2:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 2,
Mechanical behavior, in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical
Committee CEN/TC 249, Plastics, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between
ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 6603-2:2000), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— references to ISO 6603-1 have been replaced by the corresponding text;
— normative references and bibliography have been updated and completed;
— requirements for force measurement accuracy have been revised;
— definitions for conditioning and test climate have been updated;
— testing in a clamped situation have been defined as the preferred method;
— precision data has been added to annex F.
A list of all parts in the ISO 6603 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 6603-2:2023(E)
Plastics — Determination of puncture impact behaviour of
rigid plastics —
Part 2:
Instrumented impact testing
1 Scope
This document specifies a test method for the determination of puncture impact properties of rigid
plastics, in the form of flat specimens, using instruments for measuring force and deflection. It is
applicable if a force-deflection or force-time diagram, recorded at nominal constant striker velocity, is
necessary for detailed characterization of the impact behaviour.
The test method is applicable to specimens with a thickness between 1 mm to 4 mm.
The method is suitable for use with the following types of material:
— rigid thermoplastic moulding and extrusion materials, including filled, unfilled and reinforced
compounds and sheets;
— rigid thermosetting moulding and extrusion materials, including filled and reinforced compounds,
sheets and laminates;
— fibre-reinforced thermoset and thermoplastic composites incorporating unidirectional or multi-
directional reinforcements such as mats, woven fabrics, woven rovings, chopped strands, combination
and hybrid reinforcements, rovings, milled fibres and sheets made from pre-impregnated materials
(prepregs).
The method is also applicable to specimens which are either moulded or machined from finished
products, laminates and extruded or cast sheet.
The test results are comparable only if the conditions of preparation of the specimens, their dimensions
and surfaces as well as the test conditions are the same. In particular, results determined on specimens
of different thickness cannot be compared with one another (see Annex E). Comprehensive evaluation
of the reaction to impact stress can be obtained by determinations made as a function of impact velocity
and temperature for different material variables, such as crystallinity and moisture content.
The impact behaviour of finished products cannot be predicted directly from this test, but specimens
may be taken from finished products (see above) for tests by this method.
Test data developed by this method is not intended to be used for design calculations. However,
information on the typical behaviour of the material can be obtained by testing at different temperatures
and impact velocities (see Annex D) by varying the thickness (see Annex E) and by testing specimens
prepared under different conditions.
It is not the purpose of this document to give an interpretation of the mechanism occurring on every
particular point of the force-deflection diagram. These interpretations are a task for scientific research.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
1
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 6603-2:2023(E)
ISO 291, Plastics — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing
ISO 293, Plastics — Compression moulding of test specimens of thermoplastic materials
ISO 294-3, Plastics — Injection moulding of test specimens of thermoplastic materials — Part 3: Small
plates
ISO 295, Plastics — Compression moulding of test specimens of thermosetting materials
ISO 1268-1, Fibre-reinforced plastics — Methods of producing test plates — Part 1: General conditions
ISO 2602, Statistical interpretation of test results — Estimation of the mean — Confidence interval
ISO 2818, Plastics — Preparation of test specimens by machining
ISO 16012, Plastics — Determination of linear dimensions of test specimens
ISO 20753, Plastics — Test specimens
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
impact velocity
v
0
velocity of the striker relative to the support at the moment of impact
Note 1 to entry: Impact velocity is expressed in metres per second (m/s).
3.2
force
F
force exerted by the striker on the test specimen in the direction of impact
Note 1 to entry: Force is expressed in newtons (N).
3.3
deflection
l
relative displacement between the striker and the specimen support, starting from the first contact
between the striker and the test specimen
Note 1 to entry: Deflection is expressed in millimetres (mm).
3.4
energy
E
energy expended in deforming and penetrating the test specimen up to a deflection l
Note 1 to entry: Energy is expressed in joules (J).
Note 2 to entry: Energy is measured as the integral of the force-deflection curve starting from the point of impact
up to a deflection l.
2
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 6603-2:2023(E)
3.5
maximum force
F
M
maximum force which occurs during the test
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 1 to 4.
Note 2 to entry: Maximum force is expressed in newtons (N).
3.6
deflection at maximum force
l
M
deflection that occurs at maximum force F
M
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 1 to 4.
Note 2 to entry: Deflection at maximum force is expressed in millimetres (mm).
3.7
energy to maximum force
E
M
energy expended up to the deflection l at maximum force
M
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 1 to 4.
Note 2 to entry: Energy to maximum force is expressed in joules (J).
3.8
puncture deflection
l
P
deflection at which the force has dropped to half the maximum force F
M
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 1 to 4 and Note 3 to entry of 3.9.
Note 2 to entry: Puncture deflection is expressed in millimetres (mm).
3.9
puncture energy
E
P
energy expended up to the puncture deflection l
P
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 1 to 4.
Note 2 to entry: Puncture energy is expressed in joules (J).
Note 3 to entry: When testing tough materials, a transducer mounted at some distance from the impacting tip
may record frictional force acting between the cylindrical part of the striker and the punctured material. The
corresponding frictional energy shall not be included in the puncture energy, which, therefore, is restricted to
that deflection, at which the force drops to half the maximum force F .
M
3.10
impact failure
mechanical behaviour of the material under test which may be either one of the following types:
a) YD yielding followed by deep drawing, see Figure 1
b) YS yielding followed by an at least partially stable cracking, see Figure 2
c) YU yielding followed by unstable cracking, see Figure 3
d) NY no yielding, see Figure 4
Note 1 to entry: The classification of the type of failure shall take into account the shape of the curve as well as
the assessment of the broken specimen.
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ISO/FDIS 6603-2:2023(E)
Note 2 to entry: Yielding is characterised by a zero slope at maximum force in the force deflection diagram, or by
whitening of the material in the area of puncture, or by a significant reduction of the material thickness in the
area where the break appears.
Note 3 to entry: Comparison of Figures 2 and 3 shows puncture deflection l and puncture energy E are identical
P P
for the failure types YS and YU. As shown in Figure 4, identical values at maximum and at puncture are found for
the deflection as well as the energy in the case of failure type NY. For complex behaviour see Annex A.
Note 4 to entry: For more guidance on the classification of failure types, see the informative Annex F.
Key
X deflection
Y force
Figure 1 — Example of force-deflection diagram for failure by yielding (zero slope at maximum
force) followed by deep drawing, and typical appearance of specimens after testing (with
lubrication)
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ISO/FDIS 6603-2:2023(E)
Key
X deflection
Y force
Figure 2 — Example of force-deflection diagram for failure by yielding (zero slope at maximum
force) followed by stable crack growth, and typical appearance of specimens after testing (with
lubrication)
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ISO/FDIS 6603-2:2023(E)
Key
X deflection
Y force
NOTE Natural vibration of the force measurement system appears after unstable cracking (striker and load
cell).
Figure 3 — Example of force-deflection diagram for failure by yielding (zero slope at maximum
force) followed by unstable crack growth, and typical appearance of specimens after testing
(with lubrication)
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ISO/FDIS 6603-2:2023(E)
Key
X deflection
Figure 4 — Example of force-deflection diagram for failure without yielding followed by
unstable crack growth, and typical appearance of specimens after testing (with lubrication)
4 Principle
The test specimen is punctured at its centre using a lubricated striker, perpendicularly to the test-
specimen surface and at a nominally uniform velocity. The resulting force-deflection or force-time
diagram is recorded electronically. The test specimen should be clamped in position (preferred) during
the test.
The force-deflection diagram obtained in these tests records the impact behaviour of the specimen
from which several features of the behaviour of the material can be inferred.
5 Apparatus
5.1 Testing instrument, consisting of the following essential components:
— energy carrier, which can be falling mass type or hydraulic type (see 5.1.1);
— striker, which shall be lubricated;
— specimen support with a recommended clamping device.
The test device shall permit the test specimen to be punctured at its centre, perpendicular to its surface
at a nominally constant velocity. The force exerted on the test specimen in the direction of impact
and the deflection from the centre of the test specimen in the direction of impact shall be derivable or
measurable (see Figure 5).
The term “falling mass type energy carrier” covers all types of instruments working by the principle of
an inertial mass, independent from the direction of movement.
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ISO/FDIS 6603-2:2023(E)
5.1.1 Energy carrier, with a preferred impact velocity v of (4,4 ± 0,2) m/s (see 3.1 and note to 3.1).
0
To avoid results, which cannot be compared due to the viscoelastic behaviour of the material under
impact, the decrease of velocity during the test shall not be greater than 20 %.
NOTE For brittle materials, an impact velocity of 1 m/s can be more appropriate because it reduces the level
of vibration and noise and improves the quality of the force-deflection diagram (see annex A).
5.1.1.1 Hydraulic type, consisting of a high-speed testing machine with suitable attachments.
Any deviation of the velocity of the striker relative to the support during impact shall be controlled, for
example by recording deflection-time curves and checking the slope.
5.1.1.2 Inertial-mass type, which may be accelerated. Suitable devices are falling-dart machines.
In the case of a gravitationally accelerated mass and neglecting frictional losses; the impact velocity v
0
corresponds to a drop height H of the energy carrier of (1,0 ± 0,1) m.
0
For all inertial-mass-type energy carriers the impact velocity shall be measured by velocity-measuring
sensors placed close to the point of impact. The maximum decrease of velocity during test results in the
minimum mass, m , of the carrier according to Formulae (1) and (2) (see NOTE).
C
* 2
mE≥ 6 /v (1)
c 0
*
mE≥= 03,,14forv 4 ms/ (2)
c 0
where
m is the mass of the energy carrier, expressed in kilograms;
c
E* is the highest puncture energy to be measured, expressed in joules (see 3.9);
v is the impact velocity (4,4 m/s, see 3.1).
0
NOTE In many cases, a weighted energy carrier with a total mass m of 20 kg has been found to be sufficient
c
for the larger striker and of 5 kg for the smaller striker (see 5.1.2).
5.1.2 Striker, preferably having a polished hemispherical striking surface of diameter (20,0 ± 0,2) mm.
Alternatively, a (10,0 ± 0,1) mm diameter striking surface should be used.
NOTE 1 The size and dimensions of the striker and condition of the surface will affect the impact results.
The striker shall be made of any material with sufficient resistance to wear and of sufficiently high
strength to prevent plastic deformation. In practice, hardened steel or materials with lower density (i.e.
titanium) have been found acceptable.
The hemispherical surface of the striker shall be lubricated to reduce any friction between the striker
and the test specimen (see NOTE 2 and Annex B).
NOTE 2 Test results obtained with a lubricated or dry striker are likely to be different. Below ambient
temperatures, condensation can act as a lubricant.
The load cell shall be located within one striker diameter from the tip of the striker, i.e. mounted as
closely as possible to the tip to minimize all extraneous forces and sufficiently near to fulfil the
frequency-response requirement (see 5.2). An example is shown in Figure 5.
5.1.3 Support ring (see Figures 5 and 6), placed on a rigid base and designed such that air cannot
be trapped under the test specimen, thus avoiding a possible spring effect. Below the support ring,
there shall be sufficient space for the striker to travel after total penetration of the test specimen. The
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ISO/FDIS 6603-2:2023(E)
recommended inside diameter of the support ring is (40 ± 2) mm, or alternatively (100 ± 5) mm, with a
minimum height of 12 mm.
5.1.4 Base for test device, firmly mounted to a rigid structure so that the mass of the base (see
Figure 5) is of sufficient stiffness to minimize deflection of the specimen support.
When calculating the deflection from the kinetics of the accelerated mass, a minimum mass ratio m /
B
m of 10 between base (m ) and energy carrier (m ) shall be used. This prevents the base from being
C B C
accelerated by more than 1 % of the impact speed up to the end of the test. For directly measured
deflections, this minimum ratio is a recommendation only. For the principles of this specification, see
[5]
ISO 179-2:2020, Annex B .
Key
1 test specimen 5 test specimen support
2 hemispherical striker tip 6 clamping ring (optional)
3 load cell (recommended position) 7 base
4 shaft 8 acoustical isolation (optional)
Figure 5 — Example of test device
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ISO/FDIS 6603-2:2023(E)
Dimensions in
mm
Side length or
60 140
diameter
Designation to D12 and
-
ISO 20753 D22
D 40 ± 2 100 ± 5
2
D 60 140
3
D ≥ 90 ≥ 200
4
H 12 12
R 1 1
Key
1 clamping ring (optional)
2 test specimen support
Figure 6 — Clamping device (schematic)
5.1.5 Clamping device (optional), consisting of two parts, a supporting ring and a clamping ring
(see Figure 6), for annular test specimens. The recommended inside diameter of the clamping device is
(40 ± 2) mm, alternatively (100 ± 5) mm. The clamp may work by shape or by application of force to the
specimen. A clamping force of 3 kN is recommended for the latter (see NOTE).
NOTE Pneumatically and screw-operated clamps have been successfully employed. The results obtained for
clamped and unclamped specimens are likely different (see annex C).
5.2 Instruments for measuring force and deflection
5.2.1 Force measurement system, for measuring the force exerted on the test specimen. The striker
may be equipped with strain gauges or a piezoelectric load transducer, which shall be placed close to
the striker tip. Any other suitable method of force measurement is also acceptable. The measurement
system shall be able to record forces with an accuracy equal to or within ±2 % of the maximum impact
force, F , which has occurred during the test.
M
The force measurement system shall be calibrated as set-up ready for measurement. Calibration should
be performed statically (for example,
...
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