ISO 5657:1997
(Main)Reaction to fire tests — Ignitability of building products using a radiant heat source
Reaction to fire tests — Ignitability of building products using a radiant heat source
Essais de réaction au feu — Allumabilité des produits de bâtiment avec une source de chaleur rayonnante
Preskusi odziva na ogenj – Sposobnost vžiga gradbenih proizvodov pri sevalnem viru vžiga
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-1999
Preskusi odziva na ogenj – Sposobnost vžiga gradbenih proizvodov pri sevalnem
viru vžiga
Reaction to fire tests -- Ignitability of building products using a radiant heat source
Essais de réaction au feu -- Allumabilité des produits de bâtiment avec une source de
chaleur rayonnante
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 5657:1997
ICS:
13.220.50 Požarna odpornost Fire-resistance of building
gradbenih materialov in materials and elements
elementov
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 5657
Second edition
1997-12-15
Reaction to fire tests — Ignitability of
building products using a radiant heat
source
Essais de réaction au feu — Allumabilité des produits de bâtiment avec une
source de chaleur rayonnante
A
Reference number
Contents Page
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Definitions. 1
4 Principles of the test . 2
Suitability of a product for testing.
5 3
6 Specimen construction and preparation . 3
7 Test apparatus. 5
8 Test environment. 10
9 Setting-up procedure and requirements . 11
10 Calibration. 11
11 Test procedure . 12
Annexes
A Commentary on the text and guidance notes for operators . 32
B Application and limitations of test . 36
C Higher heat flux capabilities. 38
D Interlaboratory trial on variability in time to sustained
surface ignition. 39
E Bibliography. 41
© ISO 1997
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced
or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Genève 20 • Switzerland
Internet central@iso.ch
X.400 c=ch; a=400net; p=iso; o=isocs; s=central
Printed in Switzerland
ii
©
ISO ISO 5657:1997(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of
preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which
a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented
on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-
governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are
circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting
a vote.
International Standard ISO 5657 was prepared by Technical Committee
ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommitte SC 1, Reaction to fire.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 5657:1986),
which has been technically revised.
Annexes A to E of this International Standard are for information only.
iii
©
Introduction
Fire is a complex phenomenon: its behaviour and its effects depend upon a
number of interrelated factors. The behaviour of materials and products
depends upon the characteristics of the fire, the method of use of the
materials and the environment in which they are exposed. The philosophy
of "reaction to fire" tests is explained in ISO/TR 3814.
A test such as is specified in this International Standard deals only with a
simple representation of a particular aspect of the potential fire situation
typified by a radiant heat source in the presence of a pilot flame; it cannot
alone provide any direct guidance on behaviour or safety in fire. A test of
this type may, however, be used for comparative purposes or to ensure the
existence of a certain quality of performance (in this case ignitability)
considered to have a bearing on fire performance generally. It would be
wrong to attach any other meaning to performance in this test.
The term "ignitability" is defined in ISO/IEC Guide 52 as the measure of the
ease with which a specimen can be ignited due to the influence of an
external heat source, under specific test conditions. It is one of the first fire
properties to be manifest and should almost always be taken into account
in any assessment of fire hazard. It may not, however, be the main
characteristic of the material which affects the subsequent development of
fire in a building.
This test does not rely upon the use of asbestos-based materials.
iv
©
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO ISO 5657:1997(E)
Reaction to fire tests — Ignitability of building products
using a radiant heat source
SAFETY WARNING - So that suitable precautions may be taken to safeguard health, the attention of all
concerned in fire tests is drawn to the possibility that toxic or harmful gases may be evolved during
exposure of test specimens. The advice on safety given in annex A clause A.7 should also be noted.
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies a method for examining the ignition characteristics of the exposed
surfaces of specimens of essentially flat materials, composites or assemblies not exceeding 70mm in
thickness, when placed horizontally and subjected to specified levels of thermal irradiance.
Annex A gives a commentary on the text and guidance notes for operators. Advice on the limitations of
the test is given in annex B.
2 Normative references
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are
subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to
investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below.
Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 291:1997, Plastics — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing.
ISO/IEC Guide 52:1990, Glossary of fire terms and definitions.
ISO/TR 14697:1997,
Reaction to fire tests — Guidance on the choice of substrates for building
products.
3 Definitions
NOTE — See also A.1.
For the purposes of this International Standard, the definitions given in ISO/IEC Guide 52, together with
the following, apply.
©
ISO
3.1 assembly: Fabrication of materials and/or composites.
NOTE — This may include an air gap.
EXAMPLE — Sandwich panels.
3.2 composite: Combination of materials which are generally recognised in building construction as
discrete entities.
EXAMPLE — Coated or laminated materials.
3.3 essentially flat surface: Surface whose irregularity from a plane does not exceed ± 1mm.
: That surface of the product subjected to the heating conditions of the test.
3.4 exposed surface
3.5 irradiance (at a point of a surface): Quotient of the radiant flux incident on an infinitesimal
element of surface containing the point, by the area of that element.
3.6 material: Single substance or uniformly dispersed mixture.
EXAMPLES — Metal, stone, timber, concrete, mineral fibre, polymers.
3.7 plume ignition: Inception of any flame in the plume above the specimen, sustained or transitory.
3.8 product: Material, composite or assembly about which information is required.
: Representative piece of the product which is to be tested together with any substrate
3.9 specimen
or treatment.
NOTE — This may include an air gap.
3.10 sustained surface ignition: Inception of a flame on the surface of the specimen which is still
present at the next application of the pilot flame (greater than 4s duration).
3.11 transitory surface ignition: Inception of any flame on the surface of the specimen which is not
present at the next application of the pilot flame (less than 4s duration).
4 Principles of the test
NOTE — See also A.2.
Specimens of the product are mounted horizontally and exposed to thermal radiation on their upper
surface at selected levels of constant irradiance within the range 10 to 70kW/m².
A pilot flame is applied at regular intervals to a position 10mm above the centre of each specimen to
ignite any volatile gases given off. The time at which sustained surface ignition occurs is reported.
NOTE 1 Information is given on the use of the apparatus to determine the ignitability of materials under higher
irradiances in annex C.
NOTE 2 Other types of ignition which occur are reported in 11.5.
NOTE 3 Convection transfer may also make a very small contribution (not more than a few per cent) to the heating
at the centre of a specimen and to the reading of the radiometer during the calibration procedure. However, the term
irradiance is used throughout this International Standard as best indicating the essentially radiative mode of heat
transfer.
©
ISO
5 Suitability of a product for testing
NOTE — See also A.3.
5.1 Surface characteristics
5.1.1 A product having one of the following properties is suitable for testing:
a) an essentially flat exposed surface; or
b) a surface irregularity which is evenly distributed over the exposed surface provided that
— at least 50% of the surface of a representative 150mm diameter area lies within a depth of 10mm
from a plane taken across the highest points on the exposed surface, and/or
— for surfaces containing cracks, fissures or holes not exceeding 8mm in width nor 10mm in depth, the
total area of such cracks, fissures or holes at the surface does not exceed 30% of a representative
150mm diameter area of the exposed surface.
5.1.2 When an exposed surface does not meet the requirements of either 5.1.1a) or 5.1.1b), the
product shall, if practicable, be tested in a modified form complying as nearly as possible with the
requirements given in 5.1.1. The test report shall state that the product has been tested in a modified
form and clearly describe the modification (see clause 13).
5.2 Asymmetrical products
A product submitted for this test could have faces which differ or could contain laminations of different
materials arranged in a different order in relation to the two faces. If either of the faces can be exposed
in use, for example, within a room, cavity or void, then both faces shall be tested.
6 Specimen construction and preparation
NOTE — See also A.4.
6.1 Specimens
Five specimens shall be tested at each level of irradiance selected and for each different
6.1.1
exposed surface.
+0
6.1.2 The specimens shall be representative of the product, square, with sides measuring 165 mm.
-5
6.1.3 Materials and composites of thickness 70mm or less shall be tested using their full thickness.
6.1.4 For materials and composites of thickness greater than 70mm, the requisite specimens shall be
+0
obtained by cutting away the unexposed face to reduce the thickness to mm.
-3
6.1.5 When cutting specimens from products with irregular surfaces, the highest point on the surface
shall be arranged to occur at the centre of the specimen.
6.1.6 Assemblies shall be tested as specified in 6.1.3 or 6.1.4 as appropriate. However, where thin
materials or composites are used in the fabrication of an assembly, the presence of air or an air gap
and/or the nature of any underlying construction may significantly affect the ignition characteristics of the
©
ISO
exposed surface. The influence of the underlying layers should be understood and care taken to ensure
that the test result obtained on any assembly is relevant to its use in practice (see A.4.1).
When the product is a material or composite which would normally be attached to a well-defined
substrate, then it shall be tested in conjunction with that substrate using the recommended fixing
technique, e.g. bonded with the appropriate adhesive or mechanically fixed.
Alternatively, where the end-use substrate is non-combustible or of limited combustibility, then the
material or composite may be tested using a reference substrate of a density less than the end-use
substrate.
See ISO/TR14697 for advice on substrates.
6.2 Baseboards
6.2.1 One baseboard will be required for each test specimen. However, since it will sometimes be
possible to re-use the baseboard after test, the total number required will depend on the frequency of
testing and the type of product being tested.
+0
6.2.2 The baseboards shall be square with sides measuring 165 mm and shall be made of non-
-5
combustible insulation board of oven dry density (825 ± 125) kg/m³ and nominal thickness 6mm. The
4 2 4 2
thermal inertia of these boards shall be nominally 9,0 3 10 W s/m K .
6.3 Conditioning of specimens
NOTE — See also A.4.3.
)
Before test, the specimens and baseboards shall be conditioned to constant mass at a temperature of
(23 ± 2)°C and a relative humidity of (50 ± 5)% with free access of air to both sides.
6.4 Preparation
6.4.1 A conditioned specimen shall be placed on a baseboard treated according to 6.3 and the
combination shall be wrapped in one piece of aluminium foil of nominal thickness 0,02mm from which a
circle 140mm diameter has been previously cut (see figure 1). The circular cut-out zone shall be
centrally positioned over the uppe
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 5657
Second edition
1997-12-15
Reaction to fire tests — Ignitability of
building products using a radiant heat
source
Essais de réaction au feu — Allumabilité des produits de bâtiment avec une
source de chaleur rayonnante
A
Reference number
Contents Page
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Definitions. 1
4 Principles of the test . 2
Suitability of a product for testing.
5 3
6 Specimen construction and preparation . 3
7 Test apparatus. 5
8 Test environment. 10
9 Setting-up procedure and requirements . 11
10 Calibration. 11
11 Test procedure . 12
Annexes
A Commentary on the text and guidance notes for operators . 32
B Application and limitations of test . 36
C Higher heat flux capabilities. 38
D Interlaboratory trial on variability in time to sustained
surface ignition. 39
E Bibliography. 41
© ISO 1997
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced
or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Genève 20 • Switzerland
Internet central@iso.ch
X.400 c=ch; a=400net; p=iso; o=isocs; s=central
Printed in Switzerland
ii
©
ISO ISO 5657:1997(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of
preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which
a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented
on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-
governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are
circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting
a vote.
International Standard ISO 5657 was prepared by Technical Committee
ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommitte SC 1, Reaction to fire.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 5657:1986),
which has been technically revised.
Annexes A to E of this International Standard are for information only.
iii
©
Introduction
Fire is a complex phenomenon: its behaviour and its effects depend upon a
number of interrelated factors. The behaviour of materials and products
depends upon the characteristics of the fire, the method of use of the
materials and the environment in which they are exposed. The philosophy
of "reaction to fire" tests is explained in ISO/TR 3814.
A test such as is specified in this International Standard deals only with a
simple representation of a particular aspect of the potential fire situation
typified by a radiant heat source in the presence of a pilot flame; it cannot
alone provide any direct guidance on behaviour or safety in fire. A test of
this type may, however, be used for comparative purposes or to ensure the
existence of a certain quality of performance (in this case ignitability)
considered to have a bearing on fire performance generally. It would be
wrong to attach any other meaning to performance in this test.
The term "ignitability" is defined in ISO/IEC Guide 52 as the measure of the
ease with which a specimen can be ignited due to the influence of an
external heat source, under specific test conditions. It is one of the first fire
properties to be manifest and should almost always be taken into account
in any assessment of fire hazard. It may not, however, be the main
characteristic of the material which affects the subsequent development of
fire in a building.
This test does not rely upon the use of asbestos-based materials.
iv
©
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO ISO 5657:1997(E)
Reaction to fire tests — Ignitability of building products
using a radiant heat source
SAFETY WARNING - So that suitable precautions may be taken to safeguard health, the attention of all
concerned in fire tests is drawn to the possibility that toxic or harmful gases may be evolved during
exposure of test specimens. The advice on safety given in annex A clause A.7 should also be noted.
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies a method for examining the ignition characteristics of the exposed
surfaces of specimens of essentially flat materials, composites or assemblies not exceeding 70mm in
thickness, when placed horizontally and subjected to specified levels of thermal irradiance.
Annex A gives a commentary on the text and guidance notes for operators. Advice on the limitations of
the test is given in annex B.
2 Normative references
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are
subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to
investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below.
Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 291:1997, Plastics — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing.
ISO/IEC Guide 52:1990, Glossary of fire terms and definitions.
ISO/TR 14697:1997,
Reaction to fire tests — Guidance on the choice of substrates for building
products.
3 Definitions
NOTE — See also A.1.
For the purposes of this International Standard, the definitions given in ISO/IEC Guide 52, together with
the following, apply.
©
ISO
3.1 assembly: Fabrication of materials and/or composites.
NOTE — This may include an air gap.
EXAMPLE — Sandwich panels.
3.2 composite: Combination of materials which are generally recognised in building construction as
discrete entities.
EXAMPLE — Coated or laminated materials.
3.3 essentially flat surface: Surface whose irregularity from a plane does not exceed ± 1mm.
: That surface of the product subjected to the heating conditions of the test.
3.4 exposed surface
3.5 irradiance (at a point of a surface): Quotient of the radiant flux incident on an infinitesimal
element of surface containing the point, by the area of that element.
3.6 material: Single substance or uniformly dispersed mixture.
EXAMPLES — Metal, stone, timber, concrete, mineral fibre, polymers.
3.7 plume ignition: Inception of any flame in the plume above the specimen, sustained or transitory.
3.8 product: Material, composite or assembly about which information is required.
: Representative piece of the product which is to be tested together with any substrate
3.9 specimen
or treatment.
NOTE — This may include an air gap.
3.10 sustained surface ignition: Inception of a flame on the surface of the specimen which is still
present at the next application of the pilot flame (greater than 4s duration).
3.11 transitory surface ignition: Inception of any flame on the surface of the specimen which is not
present at the next application of the pilot flame (less than 4s duration).
4 Principles of the test
NOTE — See also A.2.
Specimens of the product are mounted horizontally and exposed to thermal radiation on their upper
surface at selected levels of constant irradiance within the range 10 to 70kW/m².
A pilot flame is applied at regular intervals to a position 10mm above the centre of each specimen to
ignite any volatile gases given off. The time at which sustained surface ignition occurs is reported.
NOTE 1 Information is given on the use of the apparatus to determine the ignitability of materials under higher
irradiances in annex C.
NOTE 2 Other types of ignition which occur are reported in 11.5.
NOTE 3 Convection transfer may also make a very small contribution (not more than a few per cent) to the heating
at the centre of a specimen and to the reading of the radiometer during the calibration procedure. However, the term
irradiance is used throughout this International Standard as best indicating the essentially radiative mode of heat
transfer.
©
ISO
5 Suitability of a product for testing
NOTE — See also A.3.
5.1 Surface characteristics
5.1.1 A product having one of the following properties is suitable for testing:
a) an essentially flat exposed surface; or
b) a surface irregularity which is evenly distributed over the exposed surface provided that
— at least 50% of the surface of a representative 150mm diameter area lies within a depth of 10mm
from a plane taken across the highest points on the exposed surface, and/or
— for surfaces containing cracks, fissures or holes not exceeding 8mm in width nor 10mm in depth, the
total area of such cracks, fissures or holes at the surface does not exceed 30% of a representative
150mm diameter area of the exposed surface.
5.1.2 When an exposed surface does not meet the requirements of either 5.1.1a) or 5.1.1b), the
product shall, if practicable, be tested in a modified form complying as nearly as possible with the
requirements given in 5.1.1. The test report shall state that the product has been tested in a modified
form and clearly describe the modification (see clause 13).
5.2 Asymmetrical products
A product submitted for this test could have faces which differ or could contain laminations of different
materials arranged in a different order in relation to the two faces. If either of the faces can be exposed
in use, for example, within a room, cavity or void, then both faces shall be tested.
6 Specimen construction and preparation
NOTE — See also A.4.
6.1 Specimens
Five specimens shall be tested at each level of irradiance selected and for each different
6.1.1
exposed surface.
+0
6.1.2 The specimens shall be representative of the product, square, with sides measuring 165 mm.
-5
6.1.3 Materials and composites of thickness 70mm or less shall be tested using their full thickness.
6.1.4 For materials and composites of thickness greater than 70mm, the requisite specimens shall be
+0
obtained by cutting away the unexposed face to reduce the thickness to mm.
-3
6.1.5 When cutting specimens from products with irregular surfaces, the highest point on the surface
shall be arranged to occur at the centre of the specimen.
6.1.6 Assemblies shall be tested as specified in 6.1.3 or 6.1.4 as appropriate. However, where thin
materials or composites are used in the fabrication of an assembly, the presence of air or an air gap
and/or the nature of any underlying construction may significantly affect the ignition characteristics of the
©
ISO
exposed surface. The influence of the underlying layers should be understood and care taken to ensure
that the test result obtained on any assembly is relevant to its use in practice (see A.4.1).
When the product is a material or composite which would normally be attached to a well-defined
substrate, then it shall be tested in conjunction with that substrate using the recommended fixing
technique, e.g. bonded with the appropriate adhesive or mechanically fixed.
Alternatively, where the end-use substrate is non-combustible or of limited combustibility, then the
material or composite may be tested using a reference substrate of a density less than the end-use
substrate.
See ISO/TR14697 for advice on substrates.
6.2 Baseboards
6.2.1 One baseboard will be required for each test specimen. However, since it will sometimes be
possible to re-use the baseboard after test, the total number required will depend on the frequency of
testing and the type of product being tested.
+0
6.2.2 The baseboards shall be square with sides measuring 165 mm and shall be made of non-
-5
combustible insulation board of oven dry density (825 ± 125) kg/m³ and nominal thickness 6mm. The
4 2 4 2
thermal inertia of these boards shall be nominally 9,0 3 10 W s/m K .
6.3 Conditioning of specimens
NOTE — See also A.4.3.
)
Before test, the specimens and baseboards shall be conditioned to constant mass at a temperature of
(23 ± 2)°C and a relative humidity of (50 ± 5)% with free access of air to both sides.
6.4 Preparation
6.4.1 A conditioned specimen shall be placed on a baseboard treated according to 6.3 and the
combination shall be wrapped in one piece of aluminium foil of nominal thickness 0,02mm from which a
circle 140mm diameter has been previously cut (see figure 1). The circular cut-out zone shall be
centrally positioned over the upper surface of the specimen. After preparation, the specimen-baseboard
combination shall be returned to the conditioning atmosphere until required for test.
6.4.2 Where a product will normally be backed by air (see 6.1.6), then the specimen shall, where
practicable, be backed by an air gap in the test. The air gap shall be formed by including a spacer
between the specimen and the baseboard. The spacer shall consist of a piece of non-combustible
insulation board of the same size and density as the baseboard, from the centre of which a circular
+0
area mm in diameter has been removed. The thickness of the spacer shall correspond to the size
-
of the air gap, if this is known, except that the total thickness of the spacer plus specimen shall not
exceed 70mm. If the size of the air gap is not known or the total thickness of the air gap plus specimen
exceeds 70mm, then the specimen shall be tested with a spacer which will give a tota
...
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