ISO 13232-5:2005

Motorcycles — Test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective devices fitted to motorcycles — Part 5: Injury indices and risk/benefit analysis

ISO 13232-5;2005 provides: performance indices which can be correlated with human injuries; formulae which relate injury indices to probable injury cost; a consistent means of interpreting impact test results; a means of relating the results obtained from film analysis and instrumentation of the dummy to injuries sustained in accidents; a means of assessing both the combined and relative effects of multiple injuries; an objective means of quantifying injury cost using a single index; a means of verifying the analysis; a means of doing risk/benefit analysis of protective devices fitted to motorcycles, based upon the population of impact conditions identified in ISO 13232-2. ISO 13232 specifies the minimum requirements for research into the feasibility of protective devices fitted to motorcycles, which are intended to protect the rider in the event of a collision. ISO 13232 is applicable to impact tests involving: two-wheeled motorcycles; the specified type of opposing vehicle; either a stationary and a moving vehicle or two moving vehicles; for any moving vehicle, a steady speed and straight-line motion immediately prior to impact; one helmeted dummy in a normal seating position on an upright motorcycle; the measurement of the potential for specified types of injury, by body region; and evaluation of the results of paired impact tests (i.e. comparisons between motorcycles fitted and not fitted with the proposed devices). ISO 13232 does not apply to testing for regulatory or legislative purposes.

Motocycles — Méthodes d'essai et d'analyse de l'évaluation par la recherche des dispositifs, montés sur les motocycles, visant à la protection des motocyclistes contre les collisions — Partie 5: Indices de blessure et analyse risque/bénéfice

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 07-Dec-2005
• ICS: 43.140 - Motorcycles and mopeds
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 22/SC 38 - Motorcycles and mopeds
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 22/SC 38 - Motorcycles and mopeds
• Current Stage: 9093 - International Standard confirmed
• Completion Date: 16-Jun-2020

Relations

• Amended By: ISO 13232-5:2005/Amd 1:2012 - Motorcycles — Test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective devices fitted to motorcycles — Part 5: Injury indices and risk/benefit analysis — Amendment 1: Ground impact and injury costs
• Effective Date: 27-Nov-2021
• Revises: ISO 13232-5:1996 - Motorcycles — Test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective devices fitted to motorcycles — Part 5: Injury indices and risk/benefit analysis
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2008

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 13232-5
Second edition
2005-12-15

Motorcycles — Test and analysis
procedures for research evaluation of
rider crash protective devices fitted to
motorcycles —
Part 5:
Injury indices and risk/benefit analysis
Motocycles — Méthodes d'essai et d'analyse de l'évaluation par la
recherche des dispositifs, montés sur les motocycles, visant à la
protection des motocyclistes contre les collisions —
Partie 5: Indices de blessure et analyse risque/bénéfice



Reference number
ISO 13232-5:2005(E)
©
ISO 2005

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 13232-5:2005(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.


©  ISO 2005
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail [e-mail]
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland

ii © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 13232-5:2005(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. vii
Introduction. viii
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.2
3 Definitions and abbreviations .2
4 Requirements.3
4.1 Injury variables .3
4.2 Lower extremity injuries .4
4.3 Injury severity probabilities.4
4.4 Injury indices.5
4.5 Risk/benefit analysis .5
5 Procedures .5
5.1 Injury variables .5
5.2 Frangible component damage .10
5.3 Injury severity probabilities.10
5.4 Probability of discrete AIS injury severity level .15
5.5 Injury costs.17
5.6 Probability of fatality .18
5.7 Probable AIS .21
5.8 Normalized injury costs .22
5.9 Risk/benefit analysis .23
6 Documentation.27
Annex A (normative) Injury costs.28
Annex B (normative) Mortality rate .30
Annex C (informative) ICM Variable and subscript definitions .31
Annex D (informative) Example computer code of the injury cost model.34
Annex E (informative) Comparison of results to reference risk and benefit values .56
Annex F (informative) Example probable injury cost data.57
Annex G (informative) Probability distribution curves.69
Annex H (informative) Example cumulative distribution function plots.73

Annex I (informative) Example computer code for calculations of head contacts .74
Annex J (informative) AO/C1/C2 upper neck injury probabilities and injury cost.97
Annex K (informative) Estimated distribution of neck AO/C1/C2 injury severities in the LA/Hannover
database .120
Annex L (informative) Distribution of maximum neck forces and moments from computer simulations
of 498 LA/Hannover cases and 67 fatal USC cases .122
Annex M (informative) Injury criteria coefficient search algorithm used for neck injury criteria
identification.124
Annex N (informative) Dummy neck computer simulation validation .131
Annex O (informative) Rationale for ISO 13232-5 .144
© ISO 2005 – All rights reserved iii

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 13232-5:2005(E)
Figures
Figure 1 — Chest potentiometer geometry shown for the upper sternum .8
Figure 2 — Risk of life threatening brain injury for HIC for t - t ≤ 0,015 s.21
2 1
Figure D.1 — Flow diagram of the injury cost model.55
Figure G.1 — Probability distribution of head injuries as a function of G (Kramer & Appel, 1990).70
max
Figure G.2 — Probability distribution of thoracic injury as a function of maximum resultant upper (or lower) sternum
compression (Kroell, et al., 1974).70
Figure G.3 — Probability distribution of thoracic injuries as a function of maximum resultant upper (or lower)
sternum velocity-compression (Lowne & Janssen, 1990).71
Figure G.4 — Probability distribution of human abdominal injuries as a function of maximum human abdominal
penetration (Rouhana, et al., 1990).71
Figure G.5 — Probability distribution of neck injury as a function of NII .72
max
Figure H.1 — Example of a continuous cumulative distribution function graph for change in an injury assessment
variable .73
Figure H.2 — Example of a discrete cumulative distribution function graph for change in an injury index.73
Figure J.1 — Forces and moments at t from computer simulations of 67 USC fatal cases and the best step-
max
wise fit envelopes of constant NII , providing the basis for the envelope shape.108
max
Figure J.2 — Forces and moments at t from computer simulations of 498 LA and Hannover cases and
max
envelopes of constant NII , providing the basis for the NII vs 50% injury probability .110
max max
Figure J.3 — Critical tension force vs the α coefficient, providing the basis for the α =3.1 .111
Figure J.4 — Neck AO/C1/C2 injury risk curves for the new MATD neck.112
Figure J.5 — Distribution of observed and predicted computer simulations .113
Figure J.6 — Comparison of the general shape and axes of the injury criteria for the new MATD neck to the
allowable limits proposed by NHTSA for the HIII 50 PAM neck (recognizing that the necks have very different
stiffnesses) .116
Figure J.7 — Neck AIS 3 + injury risk vs tension for the Hybrid III P50 male neck (Mertz & Prasad 2000) . 117
Figure J.8 — Neck AIS 3 + injury risk vs combined tension and extension for the Hybrid III P50 male neck (Mertz &
Prasad 2000) . 118
iv © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 13232-5:2005(E)
Figure L.1 — Maximum neck force and moment distributions for the new MATD neck (498 LA/Hannover cases and
67 USC fatal cases). 123
Figure M.1 — Convergence of the global search algorithm . 129
Figure M.2 — Convergence of the local search algorithm . 130
Figure N.1 — Laboratory test and computer simulation of forward neck flexion at 0,1 s. 133
Figure N.2 — Forward neck flexion response of laboratory test and computer simulation. 134
Figure N.3 — Laboratory test and computer simulation of rearward neck extension at 0,1 s. 135
Figure N.4 — Rearward neck extension response of laboratory test and computer simulation . 136
Figure N.5 — Laboratory test and computer simulation of lateral neck flexion at 0,1 s . 137
Figure N.6 — Lateral neck flexion response of laboratory test and computer simulation . 138
Figure N.7 — Computer simulation of neck torsion test at 0,1 s . 139
Figure N.8 — Neck torsion response of laboratory test and computer simulation . 140
Figure N.9 — Neck axial force response of laboratory impact test and computer simulation. 141
Figure N.10 — Full scale test and computer simulation of impact configuration 413-0/30 0,1 s after initial contact
.......................................................................................................................................................................... 142
Figure N.11 — Full scale test and computer simulation of 413-0/30 with new MATD neck. 143

Tables
Table 1a — Closed head injury severity probability as a function of G .12
max
Table 1b — Closed head injury severity probability as a function of HIC.12
Table 2 — Thoracic compression injury severity probability as a function of C and C .13
us,max ls,max
Table 3 — Thoracic injury velocity-compression severity probability as a function of VC and VC .13
us,max ls,max
Table 4 — Intra-abdominal penetration injury severity probability as a function of P .14
A,max
Table 5 — Neck combined loading injury severity probability as a function of NII.14
Table 6 — AIS injury severity level for frangible component damage.15
Table 7 — Example PlE,j determination.16
Table 8 — Permanent partial incapacity determination.16
Table 9 — Injury probability and probable AIS .19
© ISO 2005 – All rights reserved v

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO 13232-5:2005(E)
Table 10 — Injury assessment variables, change in head injury potential, and injury indices to be calculated for
each impact configuration.24
Table 11 — Example table used to calculate the weighted cumulative distribution of change in maximum head
acceleration due to a protective device.26
Table A.1 — Medical costs.28
Table A.2 — Ancillary costs.29
Table B.1 — Mortality rates for all AIS combinations .30
Table C.1 — Variable definitions .31
Table C.2 — Body region subscript definition .32
Table C.3 — Other subscripts .32
Table F.1 — Legend for Table F.2 .57
Table F.2 — Example probable injury cost input/output results.58
Table J.1 — Summary of Accident Databases.99
Table J.2 — Distribution of neck AO/C1/C2 injuries in the USC fatal motorcycle accident database .103
Table J.3 — Distribution of neck AO/C1/C2 injuries in the LA/Hannover database.105
Table J.4 — Number of cases with observed and predicted injuries .105
Table J.5 — Force and moment normalizing coefficients for the new MATD neck.106
Table J.6 — Injury threshold coefficients for the 67 USC fatal cases with the new MATD neck .106
Table J.7 — Comparison of number of observed and predicted injuries by injury severity and direction.107
Table J.8 — Injury severity risk coefficients for the new MATD neck.109
Table J.9 — Comparison of neck injury criteria for a 50th percentile male.115
Table K.1 — Distribution of neck AO/C1/C2 injury severities in the LA/Hannover and USC Fatal Accident
Databases .121

vi © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 13232-5:2005(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted
by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
ISO 13232-5 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 22, Motorcycles.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first version (ISO 13232-5:1996), which has been technically revised.
ISO 13232 consists of the following parts, under the general title Motorcycles — Test and analysis procedures for
research evaluation of rider crash protective devices fitted to motorcycles:
⎯ Part 1: Definitions, symbols and general considerations
⎯ Part 2: Definition of impact conditions in relation to accident data
⎯ Part 3: Motorcyclist anthropometric impact dummy
⎯ Part 4: Variables to be measured, instrumentation and measurement procedures
⎯ Part 5: Injury indices and risk/benefit analysis
⎯ Part 6: Full-scale impact-test procedures
⎯ Part 7: Standardized procedures for performing computer simulations of motorcycle impact tests
⎯ Part 8: Documentation and reports
© ISO 2005 – All rights reserved vii

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 13232-5:2005(E)
Introduction
ISO 13232 has been prepared on the basis of existing technology. Its purpose is to define common research
methods and a means for making an overall evaluation of the effect that devices which are fitted to motorcycles
and intended for the crash protection of riders, have on injuries, when assessed over a range of impact conditions
which are based on accident data.
It is intended that all of the methods and recommendations contained in ISO 13232 should be used in all basic
feasibility research. However, researchers should also consider variations in the specified conditions (for example,
rider size) when evaluating the overall feasibility of any protective device. In addition, researchers may wish to vary
or extend elements of the methodology in order to research issues which are of particular interest to them. In all
such cases which go beyond the basic research, if reference is to be made to ISO 13232, a clear explanation of
how the used procedures differ from the basic methodology should be provided.
ISO 13232 was prepared by ISO/TC 22/SC 22 at the request of the United Nations Economic Commission for
Europe Group for Road Vehicle General Safety (UN/ECE/TRANS/SCI/WP29/GRSG), based on original working
documents submitted by the International Motorcycle Manufacturers Association (IMMA), and comprising eight
interrelated parts.
This revision of ISO 13232 incorporates extensive technical amendments throughout all the parts, resulting from
extensive experience with the standard and the development of improved research methods.
In order to apply ISO 13232 properly, it is strongly recommended that all eight parts be used together, particularly if
the results are to be published.


viii © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13232-5:2005(E)

Motorcycles — Test and analysis procedures for research
evaluation of rider crash protective devices fitted to
motorcycles —
Part 5:
Injury indices and risk/benefit analysis
1 Scope
This part of ISO 13232 provides:
⎯ performance indices which can be correlated with human injuries;
⎯ formulae which relate injury indices to probable injury cost;
⎯ a consistent means of interpreting impact test results;
⎯ a means of relating the results obtained from film analysis and instrumentation of the dummy to injuries
sustained in accidents;
⎯ a means of assessing both the combined and relative effects of multiple injuries;
⎯ an objective means of quantifying injury cost using a single index;
⎯ a means of verifying the analysis; and
⎯ a means of doing risk/benefit analysis of protective devices fitted to motorcycles, based upon the population of
impact conditions identified in ISO 13232-2.
ISO 13232 specifies the minimum requirements for research into the feasibility of protective devices fitted to
motorcycles, which are intended to protect the rider in the event of a collision.
ISO 13232 is applicable to impact tests involving:
⎯ two-wheeled motorcycles;
⎯ the specified type of opposing vehicle;
⎯ either a stationary and a moving vehicle or two moving vehicles;
⎯ for any moving vehicle, a steady speed and straight-line motion immediately prior to impact;
⎯ one helmeted dummy in a normal seating position on an upright motorcycle;
⎯ the measurement of the potential for specified types of injury, by body region;
⎯ evaluation of the results of paired impact tests (i.e. comparisons between motorcycles fitted and not fitted with
the proposed devices).
ISO 13232 does not apply to testing for regulatory or legislative purposes.
© ISO 2005 – All rights reserved 1

---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO 13232-5:2005(E)
2 Normative references

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 13232-1, Motorcycles — Test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective devices

fitted to motorcycles — Part 1: Definitions, symbols and general considerations
ISO 13232-2, Motorcycles — Test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective devices
fitted to motorcycles — Part 2: Definition of impact conditions in relation to accident data
ISO 13232-4, Motorcycles — Test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective devices
fitted to motorcycles — Part 4: Variables to be measured, instrumentation, and measurement procedures
ISO 13232-7, Motorcycles — Test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective devices
fitted to motorcycles — Part 7: Standardized procedures for performing computer simulations of motorcycle impact
tests
ISO 13232-8, Motorcycles — Test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective devices
fitted to motorcycles — Part 8: Documentation and reports
AIS-90, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM), Des Plaines, IL, USA, The abbreviated
injury scale. 1990 revision
SAE J211, Instrumentation for impact tests, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA
SAE J885, Human tolerance to impact conditions as related to motor vehicle design, Warrendale, Pennsylvania,
USA
3 Definitions and abbreviations
The following terms are defined in ISO 13232-1. For the purposes of this part of ISO 13232, those definitions apply.
Additional definitions which could apply to this part of ISO 13232 are also listed in ISO 13232-1:
⎯ abbreviated injury scale (AIS);
⎯ abdomen maximum residual penetration (p );
A,max
⎯ ancillary costs (AC);
⎯ cost of fatality (CF);
⎯ entire impact sequence;
⎯ generalized acceleration model for brain injury tolerance (GAMBIT, G);
⎯ head injury criterion (HIC);
⎯ injury assessment function;
2 © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO 13232-5:2005(E)
⎯ injury assessment variable;
⎯ injury costs (IC);
⎯ injury index;
⎯ injury potential variable;
⎯ injury severity probability (ISP);
⎯ lower extremities (lE);
⎯ maximum PAIS;
⎯ medical costs (MDC);
⎯ normalized injury cost (IC );
norm
⎯ permanent partial incapacity (PPI);
⎯ primary impact period;
⎯ probability of fatality (PF);
⎯ probable AIS (PAIS);
⎯ secondary impact period;
⎯ total PAIS;
⎯ upper (or lower) sternum maximum normalized compression (C or Cl );
us,max,norm s,max,norm
⎯ upper (or lower) sternum maximum velocity-compression (VC or VCl );
us,max s,max
⎯ upper (or lower) sternum velocity (V or V ).
us ls
4 Requirements
4.1 Injury variables
4.1.1 Injury assessment variables
The following injury assessment variables shall be evaluated over the primary impact period and also over the
entire impact sequence using the calculations presented in 5.1 and the measurement methods given in 5.2.1 and
5.2.3.3 of ISO 13232-4:
⎯ head maximum GAMBIT (G );
max
⎯ head injury criterion (HIC);
⎯ head maximum resultant linear acceleration (a );
r,H,max
⎯ neck injury index (NII);
© ISO 2005 – All rights reserved 3

---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
ISO 13232-5:2005(E)
⎯ upper sternum maximum normalized compression (C );
us,max,norm
⎯ lower sternum maximum normalized compression (C );
ls,max,norm
⎯ upper sternum maximum velocity-compression (VC ) for V ≥ 3 m/s;
us,max us
⎯ lower sternum maximum velocity-compression (VC ) for V ≥ 3 m/s;
ls,max ls
⎯ abdomen maximum residual penetration (p ).
A,max
4.1.2 Injury potential variables
The following injury potential variables shall be determined by evaluating them using the methods described in
5.2.4.2 of ISO 13232-4. The variables shall be evaluated over the interval from 0,050 s before first MC/OV contact
until first helmet/OV contact, or until the helmet leaves the field of view, whichever occurs sooner, unless otherwise
stated. In order to calculate velocities, the results shall be differentiated according to 5.1.7 of this part of ISO 13232,
over this same time interval. The specific values listed below shall be identified from the velocity time histories:
⎯ helmet trajectory in initial longitudinal-vertical plane of MC travel (z versus x );
h h
⎯ helmet resultant velocity at first helmet/OV contact (V );
r,h,fc
⎯ helmet longitudinal velocity at first helmet/OV contact (V );
x,h,fc
⎯ helmet lateral velocity at first helmet/OV contact (V );
y,h,fc
⎯ helmet vertical velocity at first helmet/OV contact (V ).
z,h,fc
4.2 Lower extremity injuries
The following lower extremity injuries shall be evaluated, based on observations and measurements of the frangible
components, as described in
...