SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
(Main)Corrosion of metals and alloys - Stress corrosion testing - Part 6: Preparation and use of precracked specimens for tests under constant load or constant displacement (ISO 7539-6:2018, Corrected version 2018-11)
Corrosion of metals and alloys - Stress corrosion testing - Part 6: Preparation and use of precracked specimens for tests under constant load or constant displacement (ISO 7539-6:2018, Corrected version 2018-11)
This document specifies procedures for designing, preparing and using precracked specimens for
investigating susceptibility to stress corrosion. It gives recommendations for the design, preparation
and use of precracked specimens for investigating susceptibility to stress corrosion. Recommendations
concerning notched specimens are given in Annex A.
The term “metal” as used in this document includes alloys.
Because of the need to confine plasticity at the crack tip, precracked specimens are not suitable for the
evaluation of thin products, such as sheet or wire, and are generally used for thicker products including
plate bar and forgings. They can also be used for parts joined by welding.
Precracked specimens can be loaded with equipment for application of a constant load or can
incorporate a device to produce a constant displacement at the loading points. Tests conducted under
increasing displacement or increasing load are dealt with in ISO 7539-9.
A particular advantage of precracked specimens is that they allow data to be acquired, from which
critical defect sizes, above which stress corrosion cracking can occur, can be estimated for components
of known geometry subjected to known stresses. They also enable rates of stress corrosion crack
propagation to be determined. The latter data can be taken into account when monitoring parts
containing defects during service.
Korrosion der Metalle und Legierungen - Prüfung der Spannungsrisskorrosion - Teil 6: Vorbereitung und Anwendung von angerissenen Proben für die Prüfung unter konstanter Last oder konstanter Auslegung (ISO 7539-6:2018)
Corrosion des métaux et alliages - Essais de corrosion sous contrainte - Partie 6: Préparation et utilisation des éprouvettes préfissurées pour essais sous charge constante ou sous déplacement constant (ISO 7539-6:2018, Version corrigée 2018-11)
Le présent document spécifie les procédures de conception, de préparation et d'utilisation d'éprouvettes préfissurées servant à évaluer la sensibilité à la corrosion sous contrainte. Il donne des recommandations pour la conception, la préparation et l'utilisation d'éprouvettes préfissurées pour évaluer la sensibilité à la corrosion sous contrainte. Des recommandations relatives aux éprouvettes entaillées sont données dans l'Annexe A.
Pour les besoins du présent document, le terme « métal » inclut également les alliages.
Comme il est nécessaire de confiner la déformation plastique en fond de fissure, les éprouvettes préfissurées ne se prêtent pas à l'évaluation des produits minces tels que les tôles minces et les fils, et sont généralement utilisées pour des produits plus épais tels que les tôles en barres et les pièces forgées. Elles peuvent aussi être utilisées pour des pièces assemblées par soudage.
Les éprouvettes préfissurées peuvent être soumises à une contrainte à l'aide d'appareils exerçant une charge constante ou comprenant un dispositif qui engendre un déplacement constant des points d'application de la charge. Les essais sous déplacement croissant ou sous charge croissante sont traités dans l'ISO 7539‑9.
Les éprouvettes préfissurées présentent l'avantage de permettre l'acquisition de données dont on peut déduire les tailles critiques de défaut au-delà desquelles une fissuration par corrosion sous contrainte peut se produire au niveau de pièces de géométrie connue soumises à des efforts connus. Ces éprouvettes permettent également de déterminer la vitesse de propagation des fissures de corrosion sous contrainte. Ces dernières données peuvent être prises en compte dans le cadre de la surveillance en service de pièces comportant des défauts.
Korozija kovin in zlitin - Preskušanje napetostne korozije - 6. del: Priprava in uporaba preskušancev z umetno razpoko za preskuse pri konstantni obremenitvi ali konstantni deformaciji (ISO 7539-6:2018, popravljena različica 2018-11)
Ta dokument določa postopke za načrtovanje, pripravo in uporabo preskušancev z umetno razpoko za ugotavljanje dovzetnosti za napetostno korozijo. Podaja priporočila za načrtovanje, pripravo in uporabo preskušancev z umetno razpoko za ugotavljanje dovzetnosti za napetostno korozijo. Priporočila za zarezane vzorce so podana v dodatku A.
Izraz »kovina«, kot se uporablja v tem dokumentu, vključuje zlitine.
Zaradi omejitve plastičnosti pri vrhu razpoke preskušanci z umetno razpoko niso primerni za ocenjevanje tankih izdelkov, kot je pločevina ali žice, in se v splošnem uporabljajo za debelejše izdelke, vključno s palicami plošč in kovanimi izdelki. Uporabljajo se lahko tudi za dele, spojene z varjenjem.
Preskušanci z umetno razpoko so lahko naloženi z opremo za uporabo stalne obremenitve oziroma lahko vključujejo napravo, ki zagotavlja stalen premik na točkah obremenitve. Preskusi, izvedeni ob povečanem premiku ali povečani obremenitvi, so obravnavani v standardu ISO 7539-9.
Posebna prednost preskušancev z umetno razpoko je v tem, da omogočajo pridobivanje podatkov, na podlagi katerih je mogoče oceniti ključne velikosti okvar, nad katerimi lahko pride do pokanja zaradi napetostne korozije, za sestavne dele z znano geometrijo, ki so podvrženi znanim obremenitvam. Omogočajo tudi ugotavljanje hitrosti širjenja razpok zaradi napetostne korozije. Te podatke je mogoče upoštevati pri spremljanju delov, ki vsebujejo okvare, med obratovanjem.
General Information
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Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
01-december-2018
Nadomešča:
SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2011
Korozija kovin in zlitin - Preskušanje napetostne korozije - 6. del: Priprava in
uporaba preskušancev z umetno razpoko za preskuse pri konstantni obremenitvi
ali konstantni deformaciji (ISO 7539-6:2018, popravljena različica 2018-11)
Corrosion of metals and alloys - Stress corrosion testing - Part 6: Preparation and use of
precracked specimens for tests under constant load or constant displacement (ISO 7539
-6:2018, Corrected version 2018-11)
Korrosion der Metalle und Legierungen - Prüfung der Spannungsrisskorrosion - Teil 6:
Vorbereitung und Anwendung von angerissenen Proben für die Prüfung unter konstanter
Last oder konstanter Auslegung (ISO 7539-6:2018)
Corrosion des métaux et alliages - Essais de corrosion sous contrainte - Partie 6:
Préparation et utilisation des éprouvettes préfissurées pour essais sous charge
constante ou sous déplacement constant (ISO 7539-6:2018, Version corrigée 2018-11)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 7539-6:2018
ICS:
77.060 Korozija kovin Corrosion of metals
SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018 de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
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SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
EN ISO 7539-6
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
September 2018
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 77.060 Supersedes EN ISO 7539-6:2011
English Version
Corrosion of metals and alloys - Stress corrosion testing -
Part 6: Preparation and use of precracked specimens for
tests under constant load or constant displacement (ISO
7539-6:2018, Corrected version 2018-11)
Corrosion des métaux et alliages - Essais de corrosion Korrosion der Metalle und Legierungen - Prüfung der
sous contrainte - Partie 6: Préparation et utilisation des Spannungsrisskorrosion - Teil 6: Vorbereitung und
éprouvettes préfissurées pour essais sous charge Anwendung von angerissenen Proben für die Prüfung
constante ou sous déplacement constant (ISO 7539- unter konstanter Last oder konstanter Auslegung (ISO
6:2018, Version corrigée 2018-11) 7539-6:2018)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 27 August 2018.
This European Standard was corrected and reissued by the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre on 19 December 2018.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIO N
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUN G
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2018 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 7539-6:2018 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
EN ISO 7539-6:2018 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
2
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SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
EN ISO 7539-6:2018 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 7539-6:2018) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 156
"Corrosion of metals and alloys" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 262 “Metallic and
other inorganic coatings, including for corrosion protection and corrosion testing of metals and alloys”
the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2019, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by March 2019.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 7539-6:2011.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 7539-6:2018, Corrected version 2018-11 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 7539-
6:2018 without any modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
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SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 7539-6
Fourth edition
2018-08
Corrected version
2018-11
Corrosion of metals and alloys —
Stress corrosion testing —
Part 6:
Preparation and use of precracked
specimens for tests under constant
load or constant displacement
Corrosion des métaux et alliages — Essais de corrosion sous
contrainte —
Partie 6: Préparation et utilisation des éprouvettes préfissurées pour
essais sous charge constante ou sous déplacement constant
Reference number
ISO 7539-6:2018(E)
©
ISO 2018
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SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
ISO 7539-6:2018(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2018
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
ISO 7539-6:2018(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 4
5 Specimens . 5
5.1 General . 5
5.2 Specimen design . 7
5.3 Stress intensity factor considerations . .17
5.4 Specimen preparation .23
5.5 Specimen identification .25
6 Initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks .25
7 Procedure.27
7.1 General .27
7.2 Environmental considerations .27
7.3 Environmental chamber .28
7.4 Environmental control and monitoring .29
7.5 Determination of K by crack arrest .29
ISCC
7.6 Determination of K by crack initiation .32
ISCC
7.7 Measurement of crack velocity .34
8 Test report .35
Annex A (informative) Use of notched specimens for stress corrosion tests .36
Annex B (informative) Determination of crack growth velocity.39
Bibliography .40
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
ISO 7539-6:2018(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 156, Corrosion of metals and alloys, in
collaboration with the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom).
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 7539-6:2011), which has been technically
revised to revise Figure 14.
This corrected version of ISO 7539-6:2018 incorporates the following corrections:
— in Figure 2, the symbol “^” has been corrected to “≥” in two places.
A list of all parts in the ISO 7539 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
iv © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 7539-6:2018(E)
Corrosion of metals and alloys — Stress corrosion
testing —
Part 6:
Preparation and use of precracked specimens for tests
under constant load or constant displacement
1 Scope
This document specifies procedures for designing, preparing and using precracked specimens for
investigating susceptibility to stress corrosion. It gives recommendations for the design, preparation
and use of precracked specimens for investigating susceptibility to stress corrosion. Recommendations
concerning notched specimens are given in Annex A.
The term “metal” as used in this document includes alloys.
Because of the need to confine plasticity at the crack tip, precracked specimens are not suitable for the
evaluation of thin products, such as sheet or wire, and are generally used for thicker products including
plate bar and forgings. They can also be used for parts joined by welding.
Precracked specimens can be loaded with equipment for application of a constant load or can
incorporate a device to produce a constant displacement at the loading points. Tests conducted under
increasing displacement or increasing load are dealt with in ISO 7539-9.
A particular advantage of precracked specimens is that they allow data to be acquired, from which
critical defect sizes, above which stress corrosion cracking can occur, can be estimated for components
of known geometry subjected to known stresses. They also enable rates of stress corrosion crack
propagation to be determined. The latter data can be taken into account when monitoring parts
containing defects during service.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 7539-1, Corrosion of metals and alloys — Stress corrosion testing — Part 1: General guidance on testing
procedures
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 7539-1 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved 1
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SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
ISO 7539-6:2018(E)
3.1
crack length
a
distance from the crack tip to either the mouth of the notch or the loading point axis, depending on the
specimen geometry
3.2
specimen width
W
distance from the back face to either the face containing the notch or the loading plane, depending on
the specimen geometry
3.3
specimen thickness
B
side-to-side dimension of the specimen being tested
3.4
reduced thickness at side grooves
B
n
minimum side-to-side dimension between the notches in side-grooved specimens
3.5
specimen half-height
H
50 % of the distance between both sides of the specimen measured parallel to the direction of load (3.6)
application for compact tension, double cantilever beam and modified wedge-opening-loaded test pieces
3.6
load
P
force, which, when applied to the specimen, is considered positive if its direction is such as to cause the
crack faces to move apart
3.7
deflection at loading point axis
V
LL
crack opening displacement produced at the loading line during the application of load (3.6) to a
constant displacement specimen
3.8
deflection away from the loading line
V
0
crack opening displacement produced at a location remote from the loading plane, e.g. at knife edges
located at the notch mouth, during the application of load (3.6) to a constant displacement specimen
3.9
modulus of elasticity
E
ratio of stress to strain without deviation in proportionality of the stress and strain (Hooke’s law)
2 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
ISO 7539-6:2018(E)
3.10
stress intensity factor
K
I
function of applied load (3.6), crack length (3.1) and specimen geometry having dimensions of
stress × √length which uniquely define the elastic-stress field intensification at the tip of a crack
subjected to opening mode displacements (mode I)
Note 1 to entry: It has been found that stress intensity factors, calculated assuming that specimens respond
purely elastically, correlate with the behaviour of real cracked bodies, provided that the size of the zone of
plasticity at the crack tip is small compared to the crack length and the length of the uncracked ligament. In this
document, mode I is assumed and the subscript I is implied everywhere.
3.11
initial stress intensity factor
K
Ii
stress intensity applied at the commencement of the stress corrosion test
3.12
plane strain fracture toughness
K
Ic
critical value of K at which the first significant environmentally independent extension of the crack
I
occurs under the influence of rising stress intensity under conditions of high resistance to plastic
deformation
3.13
provisional value of K
Ic
K
Q
K = K when the validity criteria for plane strain predominance are satisfied
Q Ic
3.14
threshold stress intensity factor for susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking
K
ISCC
stress intensity factor (3.10) above which stress corrosion cracking will initiate and grow for the
specified test conditions under conditions of high resistance to plastic deformation, i.e. under plane
strain predominant conditions
3.15
provisional value of K
ISCC
K
QSCC
K = K when the validity criteria for plane strain predominance are satisfied
QSCC ISCC
3.16
maximum stress intensity factor
K in fatigue
max
highest algebraic value of the stress intensity factor (3.10) in a cycle, corresponding to the maximum
load (3.6)
3.17
0,2 % proof stress
R
p0,2
stress which is applied to produce a plastic strain of 0,2 % during a tensile test
3.18
applied stress
σ
stress resulting from the application of load (3.6) to the specimen
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SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
ISO 7539-6:2018(E)
3.19
stress intensity factor coefficient
Y
factor derived from the stress analysis for a particular specimen geometry which relates the stress
intensity factor (3.10) for a given crack length (3.1) to the load (3.6) and specimen dimensions
3.20
load ratio in fatigue loading
R
algebraic ratio of minimum to maximum load (3.6) in a cycle:
P K
min min
R==
P K
max max
3.21
crack velocity
instantaneous rate of stress corrosion crack propagation measured by a continuous crack monitoring
technique
3.22
average crack velocity
average rate of crack propagation calculated by dividing the change in crack length (3.1) due to stress
corrosion by the test duration
3.23
specimen orientation
fracture plane of the specimen identified in terms of firstly the direction of stressing and secondly
the direction of crack growth expressed with respect to three reference axes identified by the letters
X, Y and Z
Note 1 to entry: Where X, Y and Z are defined as follows:
X is coincident with the direction of grain flow (longitudinal axis);
Z is coincident with the main working force used during manufacture of the material (short-
transverse axis);
Y is normal to the X and Z axes.
4 Principle
4.1 The use of precracked specimens acknowledges the difficulty of ensuring that crack-like defects
introduced during either manufacture or subsequent service are totally absent from structures.
Furthermore, the presence of such defects can cause a susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking which in
some materials (e.g. titanium) may not be evident from tests under constant load on smooth specimens.
The principles of linear elastic fracture mechanics can be used to quantify the stress situation existing at
the crack tip in a precracked specimen or structure in terms of the plane strain-stress intensity.
4.2 The test involves subjecting a specimen in which a crack has been developed by fatigue from a
machined notch to either a constant load or displacement at the loading points during exposure
to a chemically aggressive environment. The objective is to quantify the conditions under which
environmentally assisted crack extension can occur in terms of the threshold stress intensity for stress
corrosion cracking, K , and the kinetics of crack propagation.
ISCC
4.3 The empirical data can be used for design or life prediction purposes, in order to ensure either that
the stresses within large structures are insufficient to promote the initiation of environmentally assisted
cracking, whatever pre-existing defects may be present, or that the amount of crack growth which would
occur within the design life or inspection periods can be tolerated without the risk of unstable failure.
4 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
ISO 7539-6:2018(E)
4.4 Stress corrosion cracking is influenced by both mechanical and electrochemical driving forces.
The latter can vary with crack depth, opening or shape because of variations in crack-tip chemistry and
electrode potential and may not be uniquely described by the fracture-mechanics stress intensity factor.
4.5 The mechanical driving force includes both applied and residual stresses. The possible influence of
the latter shall be considered in both laboratory testing and the application to more complex geometries.
Gradients in residual stress in a specimen may result in non-uniform crack growth along the crack front.
5 Specimens
5.1 General
5.1.1 A wide range of standard specimen geometries of the type used in fracture toughness tests may
be applied. The particular type of specimen used will be dependent upon the form, the strength and the
susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking of the material to be tested and also on the objective of the test.
5.1.2 A basic requirement is that the dimensions be sufficient to maintain predominantly triaxial (plane
strain) conditions in which plastic deformation is limited to the vicinity of the crack tip. Experience with
fracture toughness testing has shown that, for a valid K measurement, both the crack length, a, and the
Ic
thickness, B, shall not be less than:
2
K
Ic
25,
R
p02,
and that, where possible, larger specimens where both a and B are at least:
2
K
Ic
4
R
p,02
shall be used to ensure adequate constraint.
From the point of view of fracture mechanics, a minimum thickness from which an invariant value of
K is obtained cannot be specified at this time. The presence of an aggressive environment during
ISCC
stress corrosion may reduce the extent of plasticity associated with fracture and hence the specimen
dimensions needed to limit plastic deformation. However, in order to minimize the risk of inadequate
constraint, it is recommended that similar criteria to those used during fracture toughness testing also
be used regarding specimen dimensions, i.e. both a and B shall be not less than:
2
K
I
25,
R
p02,
and preferably should be not less than:
2
K
I
4
R
p,02
where K is the stress intensity to be applied during testing.
I
The threshold stress intensity value eventually determined should be substituted for K in the first of
I
these expressions as a test for its validity.
5.1.3 If the specimens are to be used for the determination of K , the initial specimen size should
ISCC
be based on an estimate of the K of the material (in the first instance, it is better to over-estimate
ISCC
the K value and therefore use a larger specimen than may eventually be found necessary). Where
ISCC
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SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
ISO 7539-6:2018(E)
the service application involves the use of material of insufficient thickness to satisfy the conditions for
validity, it is permissible to test specimens of similar thickness, provided that it is clearly stated that
the threshold intensity value obtained, K , is of relevance only to that specific application. Where
QSCC
determining stress corrosion crack growth behaviour as a function of stress intensity is required, the
specimen size shall be based on an estimate of the highest stress intensity at which crack growth rates
are to be measured.
5.1.4 Two basic types of specimen can be used:
a) those intended for testing under constant displacement, which are invariably self-loaded by means
of built-in loading bolts;
b) those intended for testing under constant load, for which an external means of load application is
required.
5.1.5 Constant displacement specimens, being self-loaded, have the advantage of economy in use
since no external stressing equipment is required. Their compact dimensions also facilitate exposure
to operating service environments. They can be used for the determination of K by the initiation of
ISCC
stress corrosion cracks from the fatigue precrack, in which case a series of specimens must be used to
pinpoint the threshold value, or by the arrest of a propagating crack since, under constant displacement
testing conditions, the stress intensity decreases progressively as crack propagation occurs. In this case,
a single specimen will suffice in principle, but, in practice, the use of several specimens (not less than
three) is often recommended, taking into account the disadvantages described in 5.1.6.
5.1.6 The disadvantages of constant displacement specimens are as follows:
a) applied loads can only be measured indirectly by displacement changes;
b) oxide formation or corrosion products can either wedge open the crack surfaces, thus changing
the applied displacement and load, or can block the crack mouth, thus preventing the ingress of
corrodent and impairing the accuracy of crack length measurements by electrical resistance
methods;
c) crack branching, blunting or growth out of plane can invalidate crack arrest data;
d) crack arrest must be defined by crack growth below some arbitrary rate, which can be difficult to
measure accurately;
e) elastic relaxation of the loading system during crack growth can cause increased displacement and
higher loads than expected;
f) plastic relaxation due to time-dependent processes within the specimen can cause lower loads than
expected;
g) it is sometimes impossible to introduce the test environment prior to application of the load, which
can retard crack initiation during subsequent testing.
5.1.7 Constant load specimens have the advantage that stress parameters can be quantified with
confidence. Since crack growth results in increasing crack opening, there is less likelihood that oxide
films will either block the crack or wedge it open. Crack length m
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
01-december-2018
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2011
Korozija kovin in zlitin - Preskušanje napetostne korozije - 6. del: Priprava in
uporaba preskušancev z umetno razpoko za preskuse pri konstantni obremenitvi
ali konstantni deformaciji (ISO 7539-6:2018)
Corrosion of metals and alloys - Stress corrosion testing - Part 6: Preparation and use of
precracked specimens for tests under constant load or constant displacement (ISO 7539
-6:2018)
Korrosion der Metalle und Legierungen - Prüfung der Spannungsrisskorrosion - Teil 6:
Vorbereitung und Anwendung von angerissenen Proben für die Prüfung unter konstanter
Last oder konstanter Auslegung (ISO 7539-6:2018)
Corrosion des métaux et alliages - Essais de corrosion sous contrainte - Partie 6:
Préparation et utilisation des éprouvettes préfissurées pour essais sous charge
constante ou sous déplacement constant (ISO 7539-6:2018)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 7539-6:2018
ICS:
77.060 Korozija kovin Corrosion of metals
SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018 de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
EN ISO 7539-6
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
September 2018
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 77.060 Supersedes EN ISO 7539-6:2011
English Version
Corrosion of metals and alloys - Stress corrosion testing -
Part 6: Preparation and use of precracked specimens for
tests under constant load or constant displacement (ISO
7539-6:2018)
Corrosion des métaux et alliages - Essais de corrosion Korrosion der Metalle und Legierungen - Prüfung der
sous contrainte - Partie 6: Préparation et utilisation des Spannungsrisskorrosion - Teil 6: Vorbereitung und
éprouvettes préfissurées pour essais sous charge Anwendung von angerissenen Proben für die Prüfung
constante ou sous déplacement constant (ISO 7539- unter konstanter Last oder konstanter Auslegung (ISO
6:2018) 7539-6:2018)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 27 August 2018.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2018 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 7539-6:2018 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
EN ISO 7539-6:2018 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
2
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
EN ISO 7539-6:2018 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 7539-6:2018) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 156
"Corrosion of metals and alloys" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 262 “Metallic and
other inorganic coatings, including for corrosion protection and corrosion testing of metals and alloys”
the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2019, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by March 2019.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 7539-6:2011.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 7539-6:2018 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 7539-6:2018 without any
modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 7539-6
Fourth edition
2018-08
Corrected version
2018-11
Corrosion of metals and alloys —
Stress corrosion testing —
Part 6:
Preparation and use of precracked
specimens for tests under constant
load or constant displacement
Corrosion des métaux et alliages — Essais de corrosion sous
contrainte —
Partie 6: Préparation et utilisation des éprouvettes préfissurées pour
essais sous charge constante ou sous déplacement constant
Reference number
ISO 7539-6:2018(E)
©
ISO 2018
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
ISO 7539-6:2018(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2018
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
ISO 7539-6:2018(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 4
5 Specimens . 5
5.1 General . 5
5.2 Specimen design . 7
5.3 Stress intensity factor considerations . .17
5.4 Specimen preparation .23
5.5 Specimen identification .25
6 Initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks .25
7 Procedure.27
7.1 General .27
7.2 Environmental considerations .27
7.3 Environmental chamber .28
7.4 Environmental control and monitoring .29
7.5 Determination of K by crack arrest .29
ISCC
7.6 Determination of K by crack initiation .32
ISCC
7.7 Measurement of crack velocity .34
8 Test report .35
Annex A (informative) Use of notched specimens for stress corrosion tests .36
Annex B (informative) Determination of crack growth velocity.39
Bibliography .40
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
ISO 7539-6:2018(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 156, Corrosion of metals and alloys, in
collaboration with the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom).
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 7539-6:2011), which has been technically
revised to revise Figure 14.
This corrected version of ISO 7539-6:2018 incorporates the following corrections:
— in Figure 2, the symbol “^” has been corrected to “≥” in two places.
A list of all parts in the ISO 7539 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
iv © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 7539-6:2018(E)
Corrosion of metals and alloys — Stress corrosion
testing —
Part 6:
Preparation and use of precracked specimens for tests
under constant load or constant displacement
1 Scope
This document specifies procedures for designing, preparing and using precracked specimens for
investigating susceptibility to stress corrosion. It gives recommendations for the design, preparation
and use of precracked specimens for investigating susceptibility to stress corrosion. Recommendations
concerning notched specimens are given in Annex A.
The term “metal” as used in this document includes alloys.
Because of the need to confine plasticity at the crack tip, precracked specimens are not suitable for the
evaluation of thin products, such as sheet or wire, and are generally used for thicker products including
plate bar and forgings. They can also be used for parts joined by welding.
Precracked specimens can be loaded with equipment for application of a constant load or can
incorporate a device to produce a constant displacement at the loading points. Tests conducted under
increasing displacement or increasing load are dealt with in ISO 7539-9.
A particular advantage of precracked specimens is that they allow data to be acquired, from which
critical defect sizes, above which stress corrosion cracking can occur, can be estimated for components
of known geometry subjected to known stresses. They also enable rates of stress corrosion crack
propagation to be determined. The latter data can be taken into account when monitoring parts
containing defects during service.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 7539-1, Corrosion of metals and alloys — Stress corrosion testing — Part 1: General guidance on testing
procedures
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 7539-1 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved 1
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SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
ISO 7539-6:2018(E)
3.1
crack length
a
distance from the crack tip to either the mouth of the notch or the loading point axis, depending on the
specimen geometry
3.2
specimen width
W
distance from the back face to either the face containing the notch or the loading plane, depending on
the specimen geometry
3.3
specimen thickness
B
side-to-side dimension of the specimen being tested
3.4
reduced thickness at side grooves
B
n
minimum side-to-side dimension between the notches in side-grooved specimens
3.5
specimen half-height
H
50 % of the distance between both sides of the specimen measured parallel to the direction of load (3.6)
application for compact tension, double cantilever beam and modified wedge-opening-loaded test pieces
3.6
load
P
force, which, when applied to the specimen, is considered positive if its direction is such as to cause the
crack faces to move apart
3.7
deflection at loading point axis
V
LL
crack opening displacement produced at the loading line during the application of load (3.6) to a
constant displacement specimen
3.8
deflection away from the loading line
V
0
crack opening displacement produced at a location remote from the loading plane, e.g. at knife edges
located at the notch mouth, during the application of load (3.6) to a constant displacement specimen
3.9
modulus of elasticity
E
ratio of stress to strain without deviation in proportionality of the stress and strain (Hooke’s law)
2 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
ISO 7539-6:2018(E)
3.10
stress intensity factor
K
I
function of applied load (3.6), crack length (3.1) and specimen geometry having dimensions of
stress × √length which uniquely define the elastic-stress field intensification at the tip of a crack
subjected to opening mode displacements (mode I)
Note 1 to entry: It has been found that stress intensity factors, calculated assuming that specimens respond
purely elastically, correlate with the behaviour of real cracked bodies, provided that the size of the zone of
plasticity at the crack tip is small compared to the crack length and the length of the uncracked ligament. In this
document, mode I is assumed and the subscript I is implied everywhere.
3.11
initial stress intensity factor
K
Ii
stress intensity applied at the commencement of the stress corrosion test
3.12
plane strain fracture toughness
K
Ic
critical value of K at which the first significant environmentally independent extension of the crack
I
occurs under the influence of rising stress intensity under conditions of high resistance to plastic
deformation
3.13
provisional value of K
Ic
K
Q
K = K when the validity criteria for plane strain predominance are satisfied
Q Ic
3.14
threshold stress intensity factor for susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking
K
ISCC
stress intensity factor (3.10) above which stress corrosion cracking will initiate and grow for the
specified test conditions under conditions of high resistance to plastic deformation, i.e. under plane
strain predominant conditions
3.15
provisional value of K
ISCC
K
QSCC
K = K when the validity criteria for plane strain predominance are satisfied
QSCC ISCC
3.16
maximum stress intensity factor
K in fatigue
max
highest algebraic value of the stress intensity factor (3.10) in a cycle, corresponding to the maximum
load (3.6)
3.17
0,2 % proof stress
R
p0,2
stress which is applied to produce a plastic strain of 0,2 % during a tensile test
3.18
applied stress
σ
stress resulting from the application of load (3.6) to the specimen
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
ISO 7539-6:2018(E)
3.19
stress intensity factor coefficient
Y
factor derived from the stress analysis for a particular specimen geometry which relates the stress
intensity factor (3.10) for a given crack length (3.1) to the load (3.6) and specimen dimensions
3.20
load ratio in fatigue loading
R
algebraic ratio of minimum to maximum load (3.6) in a cycle:
P K
min min
R==
P K
max max
3.21
crack velocity
instantaneous rate of stress corrosion crack propagation measured by a continuous crack monitoring
technique
3.22
average crack velocity
average rate of crack propagation calculated by dividing the change in crack length (3.1) due to stress
corrosion by the test duration
3.23
specimen orientation
fracture plane of the specimen identified in terms of firstly the direction of stressing and secondly
the direction of crack growth expressed with respect to three reference axes identified by the letters
X, Y and Z
Note 1 to entry: Where X, Y and Z are defined as follows:
X is coincident with the direction of grain flow (longitudinal axis);
Z is coincident with the main working force used during manufacture of the material (short-
transverse axis);
Y is normal to the X and Z axes.
4 Principle
4.1 The use of precracked specimens acknowledges the difficulty of ensuring that crack-like defects
introduced during either manufacture or subsequent service are totally absent from structures.
Furthermore, the presence of such defects can cause a susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking which in
some materials (e.g. titanium) may not be evident from tests under constant load on smooth specimens.
The principles of linear elastic fracture mechanics can be used to quantify the stress situation existing at
the crack tip in a precracked specimen or structure in terms of the plane strain-stress intensity.
4.2 The test involves subjecting a specimen in which a crack has been developed by fatigue from a
machined notch to either a constant load or displacement at the loading points during exposure
to a chemically aggressive environment. The objective is to quantify the conditions under which
environmentally assisted crack extension can occur in terms of the threshold stress intensity for stress
corrosion cracking, K , and the kinetics of crack propagation.
ISCC
4.3 The empirical data can be used for design or life prediction purposes, in order to ensure either that
the stresses within large structures are insufficient to promote the initiation of environmentally assisted
cracking, whatever pre-existing defects may be present, or that the amount of crack growth which would
occur within the design life or inspection periods can be tolerated without the risk of unstable failure.
4 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 14 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
ISO 7539-6:2018(E)
4.4 Stress corrosion cracking is influenced by both mechanical and electrochemical driving forces.
The latter can vary with crack depth, opening or shape because of variations in crack-tip chemistry and
electrode potential and may not be uniquely described by the fracture-mechanics stress intensity factor.
4.5 The mechanical driving force includes both applied and residual stresses. The possible influence of
the latter shall be considered in both laboratory testing and the application to more complex geometries.
Gradients in residual stress in a specimen may result in non-uniform crack growth along the crack front.
5 Specimens
5.1 General
5.1.1 A wide range of standard specimen geometries of the type used in fracture toughness tests may
be applied. The particular type of specimen used will be dependent upon the form, the strength and the
susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking of the material to be tested and also on the objective of the test.
5.1.2 A basic requirement is that the dimensions be sufficient to maintain predominantly triaxial (plane
strain) conditions in which plastic deformation is limited to the vicinity of the crack tip. Experience with
fracture toughness testing has shown that, for a valid K measurement, both the crack length, a, and the
Ic
thickness, B, shall not be less than:
2
K
Ic
25,
R
p02,
and that, where possible, larger specimens where both a and B are at least:
2
K
Ic
4
R
p,02
shall be used to ensure adequate constraint.
From the point of view of fracture mechanics, a minimum thickness from which an invariant value of
K is obtained cannot be specified at this time. The presence of an aggressive environment during
ISCC
stress corrosion may reduce the extent of plasticity associated with fracture and hence the specimen
dimensions needed to limit plastic deformation. However, in order to minimize the risk of inadequate
constraint, it is recommended that similar criteria to those used during fracture toughness testing also
be used regarding specimen dimensions, i.e. both a and B shall be not less than:
2
K
I
25,
R
p02,
and preferably should be not less than:
2
K
I
4
R
p,02
where K is the stress intensity to be applied during testing.
I
The threshold stress intensity value eventually determined should be substituted for K in the first of
I
these expressions as a test for its validity.
5.1.3 If the specimens are to be used for the determination of K , the initial specimen size should
ISCC
be based on an estimate of the K of the material (in the first instance, it is better to over-estimate
ISCC
the K value and therefore use a larger specimen than may eventually be found necessary). Where
ISCC
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved 5
---------------------- Page: 15 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 7539-6:2018
ISO 7539-6:2018(E)
the service application involves the use of material of insufficient thickness to satisfy the conditions for
validity, it is permissible to test specimens of similar thickness, provided that it is clearly stated that
the threshold intensity value obtained, K , is of relevance only to that specific application. Where
QSCC
determining stress corrosion crack growth behaviour as a function of stress intensity is required, the
specimen size shall be based on an estimate of the highest stress intensity at which crack growth rates
are to be measured.
5.1.4 Two basic types of specimen can be used:
a) those intended for testing under constant displacement, which are invariably self-loaded by means
of built-in loading bolts;
b) those intended for testing under constant load, for which an external means of load application is
required.
5.1.5 Constant displacement specimens, being self-loaded, have the advantage of economy in use
since no external stressing equipment is required. Their compact dimensions also facilitate exposure
to operating service environments. They can be used for the determination of K by the initiation of
ISCC
stress corrosion cracks from the fatigue precrack, in which case a series of specimens must be used to
pinpoint the threshold value, or by the arrest of a propagating crack since, under constant displacement
testing conditions, the stress intensity decreases progressively as crack propagation occurs. In this case,
a single specimen will suffice in principle, but, in practice, the use of several specimens (not less than
three) is often recommended, taking into account the disadvantages described in 5.1.6.
5.1.6 The disadvantages of constant displacement specimens are as follows:
a) applied loads can only be measured indirectly by displacement changes;
b) oxide formation or corrosion products can either wedge open the crack surfaces, thus changing
the applied displacement and load, or can block the crack mouth, thus preventing the ingress of
corrodent and impairing the accuracy of crack length measurements by electrical resistance
methods;
c) crack branching, blunting or growth out of plane can invalidate crack arrest data;
d) crack arrest must be defined by crack growth below some arbitrary rate, which can be difficult to
measure accurately;
e) elastic relaxation of the loading system during crack growth can cause increased displacement and
higher loads than expected;
f) plastic relaxation due to time-dependent processes within the specimen can cause lower loads than
expected;
g) it is sometimes impossible to introduce the test environment prior to application of the load, which
can retard crack initiation during subsequent testing.
5.1.7 Constant load specimens have the advantage that stress parameters can be quantified with
confidence. Since crack growth results in increasing crack opening, there is less likelihood that oxide
films will either block the crack or wedge it open. Crack length measurements can be readily made via
a number of continuous monitoring methods. A wide choice of constant load specimen geometries is
available to suit the form of the test material, the experimental facilities available and the objectives of
the test. This mea
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 7539-6:2017
01-december-2017
Korozija kovin in zlitin - Preskušanje napetostne korozije - 6. del: Priprava in
uporaba preskušancev z umetno razpoko za preskuse pri konstantni obremenitvi
ali konstantni deformaciji (ISO/DIS 7539-6:2017)
Corrosion of metals and alloys - Stress corrosion testing - Part 6: Preparation and use of
precracked specimens for tests under constant load or constant displacement (ISO/DIS
7539-6:2017)
Korrosion der Metalle und Legierungen - Prüfung der Spannungsrisskorrosion - Teil 6:
Vorbereitung und Anwendung von angerissenen Proben für die Prüfung unter konstanter
Kraft oder konstanter Verformung (ISO/DIS 7539-6:2017)
Corrosion des métaux et alliages - Essais de corrosion sous contrainte - Partie 6:
Préparation et utilisation des éprouvettes préfissurées pour essais sous charge
constante ou sous déplacement constant (ISO/DIS 7539-6:2017)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 7539-6
ICS:
77.060 Korozija kovin Corrosion of metals
oSIST prEN ISO 7539-6:2017 de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 7539-6:2017
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 7539-6:2017
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 7539-6
ISO/TC 156 Secretariat: SAC
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2017-10-11 2018-01-03
Corrosion of metals and alloys — Stress corrosion
testing —
Part 6:
Preparation and use of precracked specimens for tests
under constant load or constant displacement
Corrosion des métaux et alliages — Essais de corrosion sous contrainte —
Partie 6: Préparation et utilisation des éprouvettes préfissurées pour essais sous charge constante ou sous
déplacement constant
ICS: 77.060
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 7539-6:2017(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
©
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2017
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 7539-6:2017
ISO/DIS 7539-6:2017(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 7539-6 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 156, Corrosion of metals and alloys, in
collaboration with the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom).
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 7539-6:2011), of which it constitutes a revision
in relation to Figure 14.
ISO 7539 consists of the following parts, under the general title Corrosion of metals and alloys — Stress
corrosion testing:
Part 1: General guidance on testing procedures
Part 2: Preparation and use of bent-beam specimens
Part 3: Preparation and use of U-bend specimens
Part 4: Preparation and use of uniaxially loaded tension specimens
Part 5: Preparation and use of C-ring specimens
Part 6: Preparation and use of precracked specimens for tests under constant load or constant
displacement
Part 7: Method for slow strain rate testing
Part 8: Preparation and use of specimens to evaluate weldments
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Part 9: Preparation and use of pre-cracked specimens for tests under rising load or rising displacement
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Part 11: Guidelines for testing the resistance of metals and alloys to hydrogen embrittlement and
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© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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oSIST prEN ISO 7539-6:2017
ISO/DIS 7539-6:2017(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 7539-6 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 156, Corrosion of metals and alloys, in
collaboration with the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom).
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 7539-6:2011), of which it constitutes a revision
in relation to Figure 14.
ISO 7539 consists of the following parts, under the general title Corrosion of metals and alloys — Stress
corrosion testing:
Part 1: General guidance on testing procedures
Part 2: Preparation and use of bent-beam specimens
Part 3: Preparation and use of U-bend specimens
Part 4: Preparation and use of uniaxially loaded tension specimens
Part 5: Preparation and use of C-ring specimens
Part 6: Preparation and use of precracked specimens for tests under constant load or constant
displacement
Part 7: Method for slow strain rate testing
Part 8: Preparation and use of specimens to evaluate weldments
Part 9: Preparation and use of pre-cracked specimens for tests under rising load or rising displacement
Part 10: Testing of alloys using reverse U-bend test method
Part 11: Guidelines for testing the resistance of metals and alloys to hydrogen embrittlement and
hydrogen assisted cracking
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oSIST prEN ISO 7539-6:2017
ISO/DIS 7539-6:2017(E)
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oSIST prEN ISO 7539-6:2017
ISO/DIS 7539-6:2017(E)
Corrosion of metals and alloys — Stress corrosion testing —
Part 6:
Preparation and use of precracked specimens for tests under
constant load or constant displacement
1 Scope
1.1 This part of ISO 7539 covers procedures for designing, preparing and using precracked specimens for
investigating susceptibility to stress corrosion. It gives recommendations for the design, preparation and use
of precracked specimens for investigating susceptibility to stress corrosion. Recommendations concerning
notched specimens are given in Annex A.
The term “metal” as used in this part of ISO 7539 includes alloys.
1.2 Because of the need to confine plasticity at the crack tip, precracked specimens are not suitable for the
evaluation of thin products, such as sheet or wire, and are generally used for thicker products including plate
bar and forgings. They can also be used for parts joined by welding.
1.3 Precracked specimens can be loaded with equipment for application of a constant load or can incorporate
a device to produce a constant displacement at the loading points. Tests conducted under increasing
displacement or increasing load are dealt with in ISO 7539-9.
1.4 A particular advantage of precracked specimens is that they allow data to be acquired from which
critical defect sizes, above which stress corrosion cracking can occur, can be estimated for components of
known geometry subjected to known stresses. They also enable rates of stress corrosion crack propagation to
be determined. The latter data can be taken into account when monitoring parts containing defects during
service.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
ISO 7539-1, Corrosion of metals and alloys — Stress corrosion testing — Part 1: General guidance on testing
procedures
ISO 11782-2:1998, Corrosion of metals and alloys — Corrosion fatigue testing — Part 2: Crack propagation
testing using precracked specimens
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oSIST prEN ISO 7539-6:2017
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3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 7539-1 and the following apply.
3.1
crack length
a
effective crack length measured from the crack tip to either the mouth of the notch or the loading point axis,
depending on the specimen geometry
3.2
specimen width
W
effective width of the specimen measured from the back face to either the face containing the notch or the
loading plane, depending on the specimen geometry
3.3
specimen thickness
B
side-to-side dimension of the specimen being tested
3.4
reduced thickness at side grooves
B
n
minimum side-to-side dimension between the notches in side-grooved specimens
3.5
specimen half-height
H
50 % of the specimen height measured parallel to the direction of load application for compact tension, double
cantilever beam and modified wedge-opening-loaded test pieces
3.6
load
P
load which, when applied to the specimen, is considered positive if its direction is such as to cause the crack
faces to move apart
3.7
deflection at loading point axis
V
LL
crack opening displacement produced at the loading line during the application of load to a constant
displacement specimen
3.8
deflection away from the loading line
V
0
crack opening displacement produced at a location remote from the loading plane, e.g. at knife edges located
at the notch mouth, during the application of load to a constant displacement specimen
3.9
modulus of elasticity
E
elastic modulus (i.e. stress/strain) in tension
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3.10
3 Terms and definitions
stress intensity factor
K
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 7539-1 and the following apply.
I
function of applied load, crack length and specimen geometry having dimensions of stress length which
3.1
uniquely define the elastic-stress field intensification at the tip of a crack subjected to opening mode
crack length
displacements (mode I)
a
effective crack length measured from the crack tip to either the mouth of the notch or the loading point axis,
NOTE It has been found that stress intensity factors, calculated assuming that specimens respond purely elastically,
depending on the specimen geometry
correlate with the behaviour of real cracked bodies, provided that the size of the zone of plasticity at the crack tip is small
compared to the crack length and the length of the uncracked ligament. In this part of ISO 7539, mode I is assumed and
3.2
the subscript I is implied everywhere.
specimen width
W
3.11
effective width of the specimen measured from the back face to either the face containing the notch or the
initial stress intensity factor
loading plane, depending on the specimen geometry
K
Ii
stress intensity applied at the commencement of the stress corrosion test
3.3
specimen thickness
3.12
B
plane strain fracture toughness
side-to-side dimension of the specimen being tested
K
Ic
critical value of K at which the first significant environmentally independent extension of the crack occurs
I
3.4
under the influence of rising stress intensity under conditions of high resistance to plastic deformation
reduced thickness at side grooves
B
n
3.13
minimum side-to-side dimension between the notches in side-grooved specimens
provisional value of K
Ic
K
Q
3.5
K = K when the validity criteria for plane strain predominance are satisfied
specimen half-height Q Ic
H
3.14
50 % of the specimen height measured parallel to the direction of load application for compact tension, double
threshold stress intensity factor for susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking
cantilever beam and modified wedge-opening-loaded test pieces
K
ISCC
stress intensity factor above which stress corrosion cracking will initiate and grow for the specified test
3.6
conditions under conditions of high resistance to plastic deformation, i.e. under plane strain predominant
load
conditions
P
load which, when applied to the specimen, is considered positive if its direction is such as to cause the crack
3.15
faces to move apart
provisional value of K
ISCC
K
3.7
QSCC
deflection at loading point axis K = K when the validity criteria for plane strain predominance are satisfied
QSCC ISCC
V
LL
3.16
crack opening displacement produced at the loading line during the application of load to a constant
maximum stress intensity factor
displacement specimen
K in fatigue
max
highest algebraic value of the stress intensity factor in a cycle, corresponding to the maximum load
3.8
deflection away from the loading line
3.17
V
0
0,2 % proof stress
crack opening displacement produced at a location remote from the loading plane, e.g. at knife edges located
R
p0,2
at the notch mouth, during the application of load to a constant displacement specimen
stress which must be applied to produce a plastic strain of 0,2 % during a tensile test
3.9
3.18
modulus of elasticity
applied stress
E
elastic modulus (i.e. stress/strain) in tension
stress resulting from the application of load to the specimen
3.19
stress intensity factor coefficient
Y
factor derived from the stress analysis for a particular specimen geometry which relates the stress intensity
factor for a given crack length to the load and specimen dimensions
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3.20
load ratio in fatigue loading
R
algebraic ratio of minimum to maximum load in a cycle:
P K
min min
R
P K
max max
3.21
crack velocity
instantaneous rate of stress corrosion crack propagation measured by a continuous crack monitoring technique
3.22
average crack velocity
average rate of crack propagation calculated by dividing the change in crack length due to stress corrosion by
the test duration
3.23
specimen orientation
fracture plane of the specimen identified in terms of firstly the direction of stressing and secondly the direction
of crack growth expressed with respect to three reference axes identified by the letters X, Y and Z
NOTE
Z is coincident with the main working force used during manufacture of the material (short-transverse axis);
X is coincident with the direction of grain flow (longitudinal axis);
Y is normal to the X and Z axes.
4 Principle
4.1 The use of precracked specimens acknowledges the difficulty of ensuring that crack-like defects
introduced during either manufacture or subsequent service are totally absent from structures. Furthermore,
the presence of such defects can cause a susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking which in some materials
(e.g. titanium) may not be evident from tests under constant load on smooth specimens. The principles of
linear elastic fracture mechanics can be used to quantify the stress situation existing at the crack tip in a
precracked specimen or structure in terms of the plane strain-stress intensity.
4.2 The test involves subjecting a specimen in which a crack has been developed by fatigue from a
machined notch to either a constant load or displacement at the loading points during exposure to a chemically
aggressive environment. The objective is to quantify the conditions under which environmentally assisted
crack extension can occur in terms of the threshold stress intensity for stress corrosion cracking, K ,
ISCC
and the kinetics of crack propagation.
4.3 The empirical data can be used for design or life prediction purposes, in order to ensure either that the
stresses within large structures are insufficient to promote the initiation of environmentally assisted cracking,
whatever pre-existing defects may be present, or that the amount of crack growth which would occur within
the design life or inspection periods can be tolerated without the risk of unstable failure.
4.4 Stress corrosion cracking is influenced by both mechanical and electrochemical driving forces. The
latter can vary with crack depth, opening or shape because of variations in crack-tip chemistry and electrode
potential and may not be uniquely described by the fracture-mechanics stress intensity factor.
4.5 The mechanical driving force includes both applied and residual stresses. The possible influence of the
latter shall be considered in both laboratory testing and the application to more complex geometries. Gradients
in residual stress in a specimen may result in non-uniform crack growth along the crack front.
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3.20
5 Specimens
load ratio in fatigue loading
R
5.1 General
algebraic ratio of minimum to maximum load in a cycle:
5.1.1 A wide range of standard specimen geometries of the type used in fracture toughness tests may be
P K
min min
applied. The particular type of specimen used will be dependent upon the form, the strength and the
R
P K
max max susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking of the material to be tested and also on the objective of the test.
5.1.2 A basic requirement is that the dimensions be sufficient to maintain predominantly triaxial (plane
strain) conditions in which plastic deformation is limited to the vicinity of the crack tip. Experience with fracture
3.21
toughness testing has shown that, for a valid K measurement, both the crack length, a, and the thickness, B,
Ic
crack velocity
shall not be less than
instantaneous rate of stress corrosion crack propagation measured by a continuous crack monitoring technique
2
3.22 K
Ic
2,5
average crack velocity
R
p0,2
average rate of crack propagation calculated by dividing the change in crack length due to stress corrosion by
the test duration
and that, where possible, larger specimens where both a and B are at least
2
3.23
K
Ic
specimen orientation
4
R
fracture plane of the specimen identified in terms of firstly the direction of stressing and secondly the direction p0,2
of crack growth expressed with respect to three reference axes identified by the letters X, Y and Z
shall be used to ensure adequate constraint.
NOTE
From the point of view of fracture mechanics, a minimum thickness from which an invariant value of K is
ISCC
obtained cannot be specified at this time. The presence of an aggressive environment during stress corrosion
Z is coincident with the main working force used during manufacture of the material (short-transverse axis);
may reduce the extent of plasticity associated with fracture and hence the specimen dimensions needed to
limit plastic deformation. However, in order to minimize the risk of inadequate constraint, it is recommended
X is coincident with the direction of grain flow (longitudinal axis);
that similar criteria to those used during fracture toughness testing also be used regarding specimen
dimensions, i.e. both a and B shall be not less than
Y is normal to the X and Z axes.
2
K
I
2,5
4 Principle
R
p0,2
4.1 The use of precracked specimens acknowledges the difficulty of ensuring that crack-like defects
and preferably should be not less than
introduced during either manufacture or subsequent service are totally absent from structures. Furthermore,
the presence of such defects can cause a susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking which in some materials
2
K
(e.g. titanium) may not be evident from tests under constant load on smooth specimens. The principles of I
4
linear elastic fracture mechanics can be used to quantify the stress situation existing at the crack tip in a R
p0,2
precracked specimen or structure in terms of the plane strain-stress intensity.
where K is the stress intensity to be applied during testing.
I
4.2 The test involves subjecting a specimen in which a crack has been developed by fatigue from a
The threshold stress intensity value eventually determined should be substituted for K in the first of these
I
machined notch to either a constant load or displacement at the loading points during exposure to a chemically
expressions as a test for its validity.
aggressive environment. The objective is to quantify the conditions under which environmentally assisted
crack extension can occur in terms of the threshold stress intensity for stress corrosion cracking, K ,
ISCC
5.1.3 If the specimens are to be used for the determination of K , the initial specimen size should be
ISCC
and the kinetics of crack propagation.
based on an estimate of the K of the material (in the first instance, it is better to over-estimate the K
ISCC ISCC
value and therefore use a larger specimen than may eventually be found necessary). Where the service
4.3 The empirical data can be used for design or life prediction purposes, in order to ensure either that the
application involves the use of material of insufficient thickness to satisfy the conditions for validity, it is
stresses within large structures are insufficient to promote the initiation of environmentally assisted cracking,
permissible to test specimens of similar thickness, provided that it is clearly stated that the threshold intensity
whatever pre-existing defects may be present, or that the amount of crack growth which would occur within
value obtained, K , is of relevance only to that specific application. Where determining stress corrosion
QSCC
the design life or inspection periods can be tolerated without the risk of unstable failure.
crack growth behaviour as a function of stress intensity is required, the specimen size shall be based on an
estimate of the highest stress intensity at which crack growth rates are to be measured.
4.4 Stress corrosion cracking is influenced by both mechanical and electrochemical driving forces. The
latter can vary with crack depth, opening or shape because of variations in crack-tip chemistry and electrode
potential and may not be uniquely described by the fracture-mechanics stress intensity factor.
4.5 The mechanical driving force includes both applied and residual stresses. The possible influence of the
latter shall be considered in both laboratory testing and the application to more complex geometries. Gradients
in residual stress in a specimen may result in non-uniform crack growth along the crack front.
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5.1.4 Two basic types of specimen can be used:
a) those intended for testing under constant displacement, which are invariably self-loaded by means of
built-in loading bolts;
b) those intended for testing under constant load, for which an external means of load application is required.
5.1.5 Constant displacement specimens, being self-loaded, have the advantage of economy in use since no
external stressing equipment is required. Their compact dimensions also facilitate exposure to operating
service environments. They can be used for the determination of K by the initiation of stress corrosion
ISCC
cracks from the fatigue precrack, in which case a series of specimens must be used to pinpoint the threshold
value, or by the arrest of a propagating crack since, under constant displacement testing conditions, the stress
intensity decreases progressively as crack propagation occurs. In this case, a single specimen will suffice in
principle, but, in practice, the use of several specimens (not less than three) is often recommended, taking into
account the disadvantages described in 5.1.6.
5.1.6 The disadvantages of constant displacement specimens are as follows:
a) applied loads can only be measured indirectly by displacement changes;
b) oxide formation or corrosion products can either wedge open the crack surfaces, thus changing the
applied displacement and load, or can block the crack mouth, thus preventing the ingress of corrodent
and impairing the accuracy of crack length measurements by electrical resistance methods;
c) crack branching, blunting or growth out of plane can invalidate crack arrest data;
d) crack arrest must be defined by crack growth below some arbitrary rate which can be difficult to measure
accurately;
e) elastic relaxation of the loading system during crack growth can cause increased displacement and
higher loads than expected;
f) plastic relaxation due to time-dependent processes within the specimen can cause lower loads than
expected;
g) it is sometimes impossible to introduce the test environment prior to application of the load, which can
retard crack initiation during subsequent testing.
5.1.7 Constant load specimens have the advantage that stress parameters can be quantified with
confidence. Since crack growth results in increasing crack opening, there is less likelihood that oxide films will
either block the crack or wedge it open. Crack length measurements can be readily made via a number of
continuous monitoring methods. A wide choice of constant load specimen geometries is available to suit the
form of the test material, the experimental facilities available and the objectives of the test. This means that
crack growth can be studied under either bend or tension loading conditions. The specimens can be used for
either the determination of K by the initiation of a stress corrosion crack from a pre-existing fatigue crack
ISCC
using a series of specimens, or for measurements of crack growth rates. Constant load specimens can be
loaded during exposure to the test environment in order to avoid the risk of unnecessary incubation periods.
5.1.8 The principal disadvantage of constant load specimens is the expense and bulk associated with the
need for an external loading system. Bend specimens can be tested in relatively simple cantilever beam
equipment, but specimens subjected to tension loading require constant load creep rupture or similar testing
machines. In this case, the expense can be minimized by testing chains of specimens connected by loading
links which are designed to prevent unloading on the failure of specimens. The size of these loading syste
...
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