SIST EN 60695-8-1:2008
Fire hazard testing -- Part 8-1: Heat release - General guidance
Fire hazard testing -- Part 8-1: Heat release - General guidance
This part of IEC 60695 provides guidance on the measurement and interpretation of heat release from electrotechnical products and materials from which they are constructed. Heat release data can be used as part of fire hazard assessment and in fire safety engineering, as described in the future IEC 60695-1-10 1 and the future IEC 60695-1-11 2 . This basic safety publication is intended for use by technical committees in the preparation of standards in accordance with the principles laid down in IEC Guide 104 and ISO/IEC Guide 51. One of the responsibilities of a technical committee is, wherever applicable, to make use of basic safety publications in the preparation of its publications. The requirements, test methods or test conditions of this basic safety publication will not apply unless specifically referred to or included in the relevant publications.
Prüfungen zur Beurteilung der Brandgefahr - Teil 8 -1: Wärmefreisetzung - Allgemeiner Leitfaden
Essais relatifs aux risques du feu -- Partie 8-1: Dégagement de chaleur - Guide général
La CEI 60695-8-1 fournit les lignes directrices sur la mesure et l'interprétation du dégagement de chaleur des produits électrotechniques et des matériaux à partir desquels ils sont fabriqués. Il est possible d'utiliser les résultats de dégagement de chaleur pour évaluer les risques dus au feu et pour la mise au point technique de la sécurité vis-à-vis du feu, comme décrit dans la future CEI 60695-1-10 et dans la CEI 60695-1-11. Cette publication fondamentale de sécurité est destinée à être utilisée par les comités d'études pour l'établissement de leurs normes conformément aux principes exposés dans le Guide 104 de la CEI et dans le Guide ISO/CEI 51. Les principales modifications par rapport à l'édition antérieure sont indiquées ci-dessous: - modifications rédactionnelles dans toute la publication; - termes et définitions révisés; - nouveau texte sur la bombe calorimétrique; - Tableau 1a révisé; - nouvel Article 5- Paramètres utilisés pour indiquer les résultats de dégagement de chaleur et introduction de l'essai au feu à échelle intermédiaire.
Preskušanje požarne ogroženosti - 8-1. del: Oddajanje toplote - Splošno navodilo (IEC 60695-8-1:2008)
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 60695-8-1:2008
01-september-2008
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 60695-8-1:2002
Preskušanje požarne ogroženosti - 8-1. del: Oddajanje toplote - Splošno navodilo
(IEC 60695-8-1:2008)
Fire hazard testing - Part 8-1: Heat release - General guidance
Prüfungen zur Beurteilung der Brandgefahr - Teil 8-1: Wärmefreisetzung - Allgemeiner
Leitfaden
Essais relatifs aux risques du feu - Partie 8-1: Dégagement de chaleur - Guide général
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 60695-8-1:2008
ICS:
13.220.40 Sposobnost vžiga in Ignitability and burning
obnašanje materialov in behaviour of materials and
proizvodov pri gorenju products
29.020 Elektrotehnika na splošno Electrical engineering in
general
SIST EN 60695-8-1:2008 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN 60695-8-1:2008
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SIST EN 60695-8-1:2008
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 60695-8-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
June 2008
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 13.220.40; 29.020 Supersedes EN 60695-8-1:2001
English version
Fire hazard testing -
Part 8-1: Heat release -
General guidance
(IEC 60695-8-1:2008)
Essais relatifs aux risques du feu - Prüfungen zur Beurteilung der
Partie 8-1: Dégagement de chaleur - Brandgefahr -
Guide général Teil 8-1: Wärmefreisetzung -
(CEI 60695-8-1:2008) Allgemeiner Leitfaden
(IEC 60695-8-1:2008)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2008-05-01. CENELEC members are bound to comply
with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard
the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on
application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified
to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B - 1050 Brussels
© 2008 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.
Ref. No. EN 60695-8-1:2008 E
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SIST EN 60695-8-1:2008
EN 60695-8-1:2008 - 2 -
Foreword
The text of document 89/856/FDIS, future edition 2 of IEC 60695-8-1, prepared by IEC TC 89, Fire
hazard testing, was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and was approved by CENELEC as
EN 60695-8-1 on 2008-05-01.
This European Standard supersedes EN 60695-8-1:2001.
The main changes with respect to EN 60695-8-1:2001 are listed below:
– editorial changes throughout;
– revised terms and definitions;
– new text concerning bomb calorimetry;
– revised Table 1a;
– new Clause 5 – Parameters used to report heat release data;
– introduction of intermediate scale fire test.
This standard is to be used in conjunction with IEC/TR 60695-8-2.
The following dates were fixed:
– latest date by which the EN has to be implemented
at national level by publication of an identical
(dop) 2009-02-01
national standard or by endorsement
– latest date by which the national standards conflicting
(dow) 2011-05-01
with the EN have to be withdrawn
Annex ZA has been added by CENELEC.
__________
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 60695-8-1:2008 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standards indicated:
IEC 60695-4 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60695-4:2006 (not modified).
IEC 60836 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60836:2005 (not modified).
IEC 61099 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61099:1992 (not modified).
IEC 60867 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60867:1994 (not modified).
IEC 60296 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60296:2004 (not modified).
__________
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SIST EN 60695-8-1:2008
- 3 - EN 60695-8-1:2008
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE When an international publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD
applies.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
1)
- - Reaction to fire tests for building products - EN 13823 -
Building products excluding floorings exposed
to the thermal attack by a single burning item
IEC 60695 Series Fire hazard testing EN 60695 Series
1)
IEC/TR 60695-8-2 - Fire hazard testing - - -
Part 8-2: Heat release - Summary and
relevance of test methods
IEC Guide 104 1997 The preparation of safety publications - -
and the use of basic safety publications and
group safety publications
ISO/IEC Guide 51 1999 Safety aspects - Guidelines for their inclusion - -
in standards
1) 2)
ISO 1716 - Reaction to fire tests for building products - EN ISO 1716 2002
Determination of the heat of combustion
ISO 13943 2000 Fire safety - Vocabulary EN ISO 13943 2000
1)
Undated reference.
2)
Valid edition at date of issue.
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SIST EN 60695-8-1:2008
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SIST EN 60695-8-1:2008
IEC 60695-8-1
Edition 2.0 2008-03
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
BASIC SAFETY PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE DE SÉCURITÉ
Fire hazard testing –
Part 8-1: Heat release – General guidance
Essais relatifs aux risques du feu –
Partie 8-1: Dégagement de chaleur – Guide général
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
T
CODE PRIX
ICS 13.220.40; 29.020 ISBN 2-8318-9646-0
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SIST EN 60695-8-1:2008
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CONTENTS
FOREWORD.4
INTRODUCTION.6
1 Scope.7
2 Normative references.7
3 Terms and definitions .7
4 Principles of determining heat release.10
4.1 Complete combustion measured by the oxygen bomb calorimeter (ISO 1716) .10
4.2 Incomplete combustion .11
4.2.1 Measurement techniques .11
4.2.2 Heat release by oxygen consumption .11
4.2.3 Heat release by carbon dioxide generation .12
4.2.4 Heat release by increase of gas temperature.12
5 Parameters used to report heat release data.14
5.1 Heat of combustion (gross and net) .14
5.2 Heat release rate.14
5.3 Heat release.15
5.4 Heat release rate per unit area.15
5.5 Total heat release.16
5.6 Peak heat release rate.16
5.7 Time to peak heat release rate .16
5.8 Effective heat of combustion.16
5.8.1 Measurement and calculation.16
5.8.2 Examples.17
5.9 FIGRA index.18
5.10 ARHE and MARHE .19
6 Considerations for the selection of test methods .21
6.1 Ignition sources .21
6.2 Type of test specimen.21
6.3 Choice of conditions .21
6.4 Test apparatus .21
6.4.1 Small-scale fire test apparatus .21
6.4.2 Intermediate and large-scale fire test apparatus .22
6.4.3 Comparison between small-scale and intermediate/large-scale fire
test methods.22
7 Relevance of heat release data.22
7.1 Contribution to fire hazard.22
7.2 Secondary ignition and flame spread.22
7.3 Determination of self-propagating fire thresholds .22
7.4 Probability of reaching flash-over .23
7.5 Smoke and toxic gas production .23
7.6 The role of heat release testing in research and development .23
Bibliography .24
Figure 1 – Heat release rate (HRR) curve.15
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60695-8-1 © IEC:2008 – 3 –
Figure 2 – Heat release (HR) curve .15
Figure 3 – Heat release rate (HRR*) per unit area curve .16
Figure 4 – Mass loss curve.17
Figure 5 – FIGRA curve derived from Figure 1.18
Figure 6 – Illustrative HRR curve .19
Figure 7 – FIGRA curve derived from Figure 6.19
Figure 8 – ARHE curve derived from Figure 1.20
Figure 9 – ARHE curve derived from Figure 6.20
Table 1 – Heat of combustion.13
-1
Table 1a – Relationship between heat of combustion expressed in units of kJ·g of fuel
-1
burned and kJ·g of oxygen consumed for a variety of fuels .13
-1
Table 1b – Relationship between heat of combustion expressed in units of kJ·g of fuel
-1
burned and kJ·g of oxygen consumed for a variety of insulating liquids .14
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SIST EN 60695-8-1:2008
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INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
FIRE HAZARD TESTING –
Part 8-1: Heat release –
General guidance
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 60695-8-1 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 89: Fire
hazard testing.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition, published in 2001 and constitutes a
technical revision.
The main changes with respect to the first edition are listed below:
− editorial changes throughout;
− revised terms and definitions;
− new text concerning bomb calorimetry;
− revised Table 1a;
− new Clause 5 – Parameters used to report heat release data;
− introduction of intermediate scale fire test.
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SIST EN 60695-8-1:2008
60695-8-1 © IEC:2008 – 5 –
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
89/856/FDIS 89/863/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This standard is to be used in conjunction with IEC 60695-8-2.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
It has the status of a basic safety publication in accordance with IEC Guide 104 and ISO/IEC
Guide 51.
A list of all the parts in the IEC 60695 series, under the general title Fire hazard testing, can be
found on the IEC website.
Part 8 consists of the following parts:
Part 8-1: Heat release – General guidance
Part 8-2: Heat release – Summary of test methods
Part 8-3: Heat release – Heat release of insulating liquids used in electrotechnical products
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the
maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
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SIST EN 60695-8-1:2008
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INTRODUCTION
In the design of any electrotechnical product, the risk of fire and the potential hazards
associated with fire need to be considered. In this respect the objective of component, circuit
and equipment design as well as the choice of materials is to reduce to acceptable levels the
potential risks of fire even in the event of foreseeable abnormal use, malfunction or failure. The
)
1
future IEC 60695-1-10 [1] , together with its companion the future IEC 60695-1-11 [2] provide
guidance on how this is to be accomplished.
The primary aims are as follows:
1) to prevent ignition caused by an electrically energized component part, and
2) in the event of ignition, to confine any resulting fire within the bounds of the enclosure of
the electrotechnical product.
Secondary aims include the minimization of any flame spread beyond the product’s enclosure
and the minimization of harmful effects of fire effluents including heat, smoke and toxic or
corrosive combustion products.
Fires involving electrotechnical products can also be initiated from external non-electrical
sources. Considerations of this nature are dealt with in the overall risk assessment.
Fires are responsible for creating hazards to life and property as a result of the generation of
heat (thermal hazard), toxic and/or corrosive compounds and obscuration of vision due to
smoke. Fire risk increases as the heat released increases, possibly leading to a flash-over fire.
One of the most important measurements in fire testing is the measurement of heat release,
and it is used as an important factor in the determination of fire hazard; it is also used as one
of the parameters in fire safety engineering calculations.
The measurement and use of heat release data, together with other fire test data, can be used
to reduce the likelihood of (or the effects of) fire, even in the event of foreseeable abnormal
use, malfunction or failure of electrotechnical products.
When a material is heated by some external source, fire effluent can be generated and can
form a mixture with air, which can ignite and initiate a fire. The heat released in the process is
carried away by the fire effluent-air mixture, radiatively lost or transferred back to the solid
material, to generate further pyrolysis products, thus continuing the process.
Heat may also be transferred to other nearby products, which may burn, and then release
additional heat and fire effluent.
The rate at which thermal energy is released in a fire is defined as the heat release rate. Heat
release rate is important because of its influence on flame spread and on the initiation of
secondary fires. Other characteristics are also important, such as ignitability, flame spread and
the side-effects of the fire (see the IEC 60695 series of standards).
___________
1)
Figures in square brackets refer to the bibliography.
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SIST EN 60695-8-1:2008
60695-8-1 © IEC:2008 – 7 –
FIRE HAZARD TESTING –
Part 8-1: Heat release –
General guidance
1 Scope
This part of IEC 60695 provides guidance on the measurement and interpretation of heat
release from electrotechnical products and materials from which they are constructed.
Heat release data can be used as part of fire hazard assessment and in fire safety engineering,
as described in the future IEC 60695-1-10 [1] and the future IEC 60695-1-11[2].
This basic safety publication is intended for use by technical committees in the preparation of
standards in accordance with the principles laid down in IEC Guide 104 and ISO/IEC Guide 51.
One of the responsibilities of a technical committee is, wherever applicable, to make use of
basic safety publications in the preparation of its publications. The requirements, test methods
or test conditions of this basic safety publication will not apply unless specifically referred to or
included in the relevant publications.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For
dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of
the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60695 (all parts), Fire hazard testing
IEC/TS 60695-8-2, Fire hazard testing – Part 8-2: Heat release – Summary and relevance of
test methods.
IEC Guide 104:1997, The preparation of safety publications and the use of basic safety
publications and group safety publications.
ISO 1716, Reaction to fire tests for building products – Determination of the heat of
combustion.
ISO/IEC Guide 51:1999, Safety aspects – Guidelines for their inclusion in standards.
ISO/IEC 13943:2000, Fire safety – Vocabulary
EN 13823, Reaction to fire tests for building products – Building products, excluding floorings,
exposed to thermal attack by a single burning item.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following definitions apply.
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SIST EN 60695-8-1:2008
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3.1
combustion
exothermic reaction of a substance with an oxidizer
NOTE Combustion generally emits effluent accompanied by flames and/or visible light.
[ISO/IEC 13943: 2000, definition 23]
3.2
combustion products
solid, liquid and gaseous material resulting from combustion
NOTE Combustion products may include fire effluent, ash, char, clinker and/or soot.
3.3
complete combustion
combustion in which all the combustion products are fully oxidized
NOTE 1 This means that, when the oxidizing agent is oxygen, all carbon is converted to carbon dioxide and all
hydrogen is converted to water.
NOTE 2 If elements other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are involved in the combustion process then it may
not be possible to uniquely define complete combustion.
3.4
controlled fire
fire which has been deliberately arranged to provide useful effects and which is controlled in its
extent in time and space
[ISO/IEC 13943:2000, definition 40, modified]
3.5
effective heat of combustion
heat released from a burning test specimen in a given time interval divided by the mass lost
from the test specimen in the same time period
NOTE 1 The value is the same as the net heat of combustion if the entire test specimen is converted to volatile
combustion products and if all the combustion products are fully oxidized.
-1
NOTE 2 The typical units are kJ·g .
3.6
fire
process of combustion characterized by the emission of heat and fire effluent accompanied by
smoke, and/or flame, and/or glowing
3.7
fire effluent
totality of gases and/or aerosols (including suspended particles) created by combustion or
pyrolysis
[ISO/IEC 13943:2000, definition 45]
3.8
fire hazard
physical object or condition with a potential for an undesirable consequence from fire
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60695-8-1 © IEC:2008 – 9 –
3.9
fire safety engineering
application of engineering methods based on scientific principles to the development or
assessment of designs in the built environment through the analysis of specific fire scenarios
or through the quantification of risk for a group of fire scenarios
3.10
fire test
procedure designed to measure or assess either fire behaviour or the response of a test
specimen to one or more aspects of fire
3.11
flash-over
transition to a state of total surface involvement in a fire of combustible materials within an
enclosure
[ISO/IEC 13943: 2000, definition 77]
3.12
gross heat of combustion
heat of combustion of a substance when the combustion is complete and any produced water
is entirely condensed under specified conditions
[ISO/IEC 13943: 2000, definition 86.2]
3.13
heat of combustion
thermal energy produced by combustion of unit mass of a given substance
-1
NOTE The typical units are kJ·g .
See also 3.3, 3.5, 3.12 and 3.18.
3.14
heat release
thermal energy produced by combustion
NOTE The typical units are joules.
3.15
heat release rate
rate of thermal energy production generated by combustion
NOTE The typical units are watts.
3.16
intermediate-scale fire test
fire test performed on a test specimen of medium dimensions
NOTE This definition usually applies to a fire test performed on a test specimen of which the maximum dimension
is between 1 m and 3 m.
3.17
large-scale fire test
fire test, which cannot be carried out in a typical laboratory chamber, performed on a test
specimen of large dimensions
NOTE This definition usually applies to a fire test performed on a test specimen of which the maximum dimension
is greater than 3 m.
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3.18
net heat of combustion
heat of combustion when any water produced is considered to be in the gaseous state
NOTE The net heat of combustion is always smaller than the gross heat of combustion because the heat released
by the condensation of the water vapour is not included.
3.19
oxidation
chemical reaction in which the proportion of oxygen or other electronegative element in a
substance is increased
NOTE In chemistry, the term has the broader meaning of a process which involves the loss of an electron or
electrons from an atom, molecule or ion.
3.20
oxidizing agent
substance capable of causing oxidation
NOTE Combustion is an oxidation.
3.21
oxygen consumption principle
proportional relationship between the mass of oxygen consumed during combustion and the
heat released
-1
NOTE A value of 13,1 kJ·g is commonly used.
3.22
pyrolysis
chemical decomposition of a substance by the action of heat
NOTE 1 The term is often used to refer to a stage of fire before flaming combustion has occurred.
NOTE 2 In fire science no assumption is made about the presence or absence of oxygen.
3.23
small-scale fire test
fire test performed on a test specimen of small dimensions
NOTE This definition usually applies to a fire test performed on a test specimen of which the maximum dimension
is less than 1 m.
3.24
test specimen
item subjected to a procedure of assessment or measurement
NOTE In a fire test the item may be a material, product, component, element of construction, or any combination
of these. It may also be a sensor which is used to simulate the behaviour of a product.
3.25
uncontrolled fire
fire which spreads uncontrolled in time and space
4 Principles of determining heat release
4.1 Complete combustion measured by the oxygen bomb calorimeter (ISO 1716)
The most important device for measuring heats of combustion is the adiabatic constant volume
bomb calorimeter. The “bomb” is a central vessel which is sufficiently strong to withstand high
pressures so that its internal volume remains constant. The bomb is immersed in a stirred
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