SIST ISO 10381-5:2006
(Main)Soil quality -- Sampling -- Part 5: Guidance on the procedure for the investigation of urban and industrial sites with regard to soil contamination
Soil quality -- Sampling -- Part 5: Guidance on the procedure for the investigation of urban and industrial sites with regard to soil contamination
This part of ISO 10381 gives guidance on the procedure for the investigation of urban and industrial sites, where either it is known that soil contamination is present, or the presence of soil contamination is suspected. It is also applicable where there is a need to establish the contamination status of the site, or there is a need to establish the environmental quality of the site for other purposes. This part of ISO 10381 includes guidance on the collection of information that is necessary for risk assessment and/or the development of remedial action plans (e.g. whether remediation is required and suggestions as to how this might be best achieved). However, it only provides guidance on the information required in general. It is emphasized that specific remediation methods may need additional information. This part of ISO 10381 is also applicable to sites where no soil contamination is expected, but the soil quality is to be determined (e.g. to make sure that there is no contamination present). Although the sites considered in this document have been defined as urban and industrial sites, the guidance contained in this part of ISO 10381 is equally applicable to any site where the degree and extent of contamination needs to be established.
Qualité du sol -- Échantillonnage -- Partie 5: Lignes directrices pour la procédure d'investigation des sols pollués en sites urbains et industriels
L'ISO 10381-5:2005 donne des lignes directrices pour la procédure d'investigation de sites urbains et industriels sur lesquels une pollution est avérée ou suspectée. L'ISO 10381-5:2005 s'applique également lorsqu'il est nécessaire de définir l'état de pollution du site ou d'évaluer la qualité environnementale du site à d'autres fins.
L'ISO 10381-5:2005 comporte des lignes directrices sur la collecte des informations nécessaires à l'évaluation des risques et/ou à l'élaboration de plans d'actions correctives (par exemple nécessité éventuelle d'une dépollution et suggestions relatives à la meilleure méthode pour y parvenir). Toutefois, elle ne fournit des indications que sur les informations nécessaires au plan général. Il est à noter que certaines méthodes de dépollution spécifiques peuvent nécessiter l'obtention d'informations supplémentaires.
L'ISO 10381-5:2005 est également applicable aux sites sur lesquels aucune pollution du sol n'est suspectée, mais pour lesquels la qualité du sol doit être déterminée (par exemple pour vérifier l'absence de toute pollution).
Kakovost tal – Vzorčenje – 5. del: Navodilo za postopek preiskave onesnaženosti tal urbanih in industrijskih območij
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10381-5
First edition
2005-10-01
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 5:
Guidance on the procedure for the
investigation of urban and industrial sites
with regard to soil contamination
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 5: Lignes directrices pour la procédure d'investigation des sols
pollués en sites urbains et industriels
Reference number
ISO 10381-5:2005(E)
©
ISO 2005
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 10381-5:2005(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2005
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 10381-5:2005(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references. 2
3 Terms and definitions. 2
4 Objectives. 2
4.1 General. 2
4.2 Definitions of objectives . 2
5 General strategy of site investigation. 3
5.1 General. 3
5.2 Scope of preliminary investigation. 5
5.3 Scope of exploratory investigation. 5
5.4 Scope of main site investigation. 6
6 Preliminary investigation . 6
6.1 Introduction . 6
6.2 Information on past and present use. 7
6.3 Information on geology, pedology, hydrology and hydrogeology. 7
6.4 Methodology. 8
6.5 Development of the conceptual model. 9
6.6 Reporting the preliminary investigation and the conceptual model . 12
7 Design of intrusive investigations . 14
7.1 Introduction . 14
7.2 General aspects of field work. 14
7.3 Overall design aspects. 15
7.4 Sampling patterns and spacing for sampling soils . 16
7.5 Analytical and testing strategies. 21
8 Exploratory investigation. 23
8.1 General. 23
8.2 Sampling strategy. 24
8.3 Interpretation of the exploratory investigation. 25
8.4 Reporting the exploratory investigation. 27
8.5 Determination of the need for a main site investigation. 28
9 Main site investigation . 28
9.1 General. 28
9.2 Objectives and scope. 29
9.3 Investigation design . 30
9.4 Sampling strategy. 30
9.5 Evaluation of the main site investigation. 31
9.6 Reporting. 32
Annex A (informative) Objectives of soil sampling . 34
Bibliography . 35
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ISO 10381-5:2005(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/IEC 10381-5 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 2,
Sampling.
ISO/IEC 10381 consists of the following parts, under the general title Soil quality — Sampling:
⎯ Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes,
⎯ Part 2: Guidance on sampling techniques,
⎯ Part 3: Guidance on safety,
⎯ Part 4: Guidance on the procedure for investigation of natural, near-natural and cultivated sites,
⎯ Part 5: Guidance on the procedure for the investigation of urban and industrial sites with regard to soil
contamination,
⎯ Part 6: Guidance on the collection, handling and storage of soil for the assessment of aerobic microbial
processes in the laboratory,
⎯ Part 7: Guidance on sampling of soil gas,
⎯ Part 8: Guidance on sampling of stockpiles.
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ISO 10381-5:2005(E)
Introduction
This part of ISO 10381 is one of a group of standards dealing with various aspects of site investigation and
sampling. It should be used in conjunction with the other parts of ISO 10381 (see Foreword).
Whilst serious cases of soil contamination mostly occur at urban and industrial sites, serious contamination of
agricultural land can also occur (for example, due to pesticides usage, long-term irrigation and application of
organic wastes). In such cases, a combination of the methodologies of ISO 10381-4 and ISO 10381-5 may be
appropriate. When the objective of an investigation is related to plant growth, reference should be made to
ISO 10381-4.
The general terminology used is in accordance with that established in ISO/TC 190 “Soil quality” and more
particularly with the terminology given in ISO 11074.
The investigation of ground water, soil gas and surface water falls outside the scope of (this part of)
ISO 10381. For more information on ground water and surface water sampling, see ISO 5667. Information on
the sampling of soil gas is provided in ISO 10381-7.
© ISO 2005 – All rights reserved v
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10381-5:2005(E)
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 5:
Guidance on the procedure for the investigation of urban
and industrial sites with regard to soil contamination
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10381 gives guidance on the procedure for the investigation of urban and industrial sites,
where either it is known that soil contamination is present, or the presence of soil contamination is suspected.
It is also applicable where there is a need to establish the contamination status of the site, or there is a need
to establish the environmental quality of the site for other purposes.
This part of ISO 10381 includes guidance on the collection of information that is necessary for risk
assessment and/or the development of remedial action plans (e.g. whether remediation is required and
suggestions as to how this might be best achieved). However, it only provides guidance on the information
required in general. It is emphasized that specific remediation methods may need additional information.
This part of ISO 10381 is also applicable to sites where no soil contamination is expected, but the soil quality
is to be determined (e.g. to make sure that there is no contamination present).
Although the sites considered in this document have been defined as urban and industrial sites, the guidance
contained in this part of ISO 10381 is equally applicable to any site where the degree and extent of
contamination needs to be established.
NOTE 1 Contamination is defined as a result of human influences; however, the methods described for investigation
are also applicable where there are naturally high concentrations of potentially harmful substances.
NOTE 2 A number of different objectives for soil sampling are listed in Annex A, along with references to the relevant
parts of ISO 10381.
NOTE 3 Although the general part of the information for the risk assessment and/or the development of remedial action
plans is gathered by applying this part of ISO 10381, this document does not give guidance on the decisions and actions
that follow from a site investigation, for example, risk assessment and decisions about the requirements for remediation
(if any).
NOTE 4 This part of ISO 10381 deals only with the investigation of the ground. It is important to recognize that on old
urban and industrial sites, there may be derelict buildings and/or industrial plants awaiting demolition, dismantling or
refurbishment. Failure to investigate these buildings before demolition may put the safety of workers at risk or lead to the
spread of contamination on and around the site. The investigation of derelict buildings or remnant foundations falls outside
the scope of this part of ISO 10381.
NOTE 5 In many situations there is a close relation between the contamination of the soil, ground water, soil gas and
— to a lesser extent — surface water.
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ISO 10381-5:2005(E)
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 11074, Soil quality — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purpose of this part of ISO 10381, the terms and definitions of ISO 11074 apply.
4 Objectives
4.1 General
This guidance provides a framework for the various stages and phases that can be taken in the investigation
of land. The resulting determination of the contamination status can then lead to risk assessment and where
necessary facilitate the selection and application of appropriate remedial actions. Guidance on data and
information requirements for particular purposes is provided in a number of International Standards including
ISO 15175, ISO 15176, ISO 15799, and ISO 15800.
4.2 Definitions of objectives
The reasons for an investigation and hence the objectives can vary widely but are generally:
⎯ to identify and assess the risks to those using the site, and in the event of redevelopment, to subsequent
users and occupiers of the site;
⎯ to identify and assess the risks presented to the environment including adjacent land, surface and
groundwater, ecosystems and public health;
⎯ to identify and assess the risks which may be presented to workers who may be involved in investigation,
remediation, redevelopment or maintenance of the site;
⎯ to identify and assess the potential for adverse effects on building materials;
so that decisions can be made about the importance of the risks and whether it is necessary to take any form
of action to deal with them.
From the principal objectives of the investigation, a number of subsidiary objectives can be derived. These
may include the following:
a) determine if any immediate action is required to protect exposed receptors;
b) identify compounds that are, or may be, present that may represent a risk to one or more actual or
potential receptors;
c) identify receptors (e.g. human, ecosystems, groundwater) that are or may in the future be at risk;
d) identify pathways by which particular receptors may be exposed to the contaminants;
e) provide the data and other information to use in a risk assessment;
f) provide information to aid the design of protective or remedial measures;
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ISO 10381-5:2005(E)
g) enable characterization of contaminated materials to ensure safe and suitable handling and disposal;
h) provide reference data against which the achievement of remediation performance can be judged;
i) enable judgements to be made about the likely impact of continued use of the site on soil quality;
j) provide information to assess the risk of (legal) environmental liabilities and the effect on the value of the
property.
These generalized objectives will be formulated into specific requirements depending upon the purpose of the
investigation.
EXAMPLE A site investigation prior to the purchase of a site for the construction of domestic dwellings could have
one or more of the following objectives:
⎯ establish the history of the site and the potential for the presence of contamination;
⎯ establish the nature, extent and distribution of (expected) contamination within the site boundaries;
⎯ identify the potential for migration of contamination beyond the site boundaries including surface and ground water
(this may indicate there are potential legal environmental liabilities);
⎯ identify any immediate dangers to public health, safety, and the environment;
⎯ identify constraints in relation to a proposed development (human and environmental risks) and any remedial works
necessary and provide data from which to develop cost estimates;
⎯ provide information to facilitate the formulation of a full interpretative report with conclusions, recommendations and
budget costing for remedial actions.
5 General strategy of site investigation
5.1 General
Determination of the extent of a contaminated area and particularly the assessment of human and
environmental risks caused by contamination can be complex. Because of this complexity, the process of
identifying, quantifying and evaluating the risks associated with contaminated land should be an iterative
process with several stages of investigation (each with specific objectives to be achieved), in order to obtain
sufficient relevant data to characterize the potential risks, pathways and receptors of concern. The objectives
should be reconsidered at each stage, and the requirements for further investigation reviewed as the
investigatory and assessment processes are developed.
The principal phases are
⎯ preliminary investigation (see 5.2),
⎯ exploratory investigation (see 5.3, 7 and 8), and
⎯ main site investigation (see 5.4, 7 and 9).
The relationship between these phases is illustrated in Figure 1.
Supplementary investigations may be required subsequent to the main site investigation in order to provide
information relevant to the selection of remedial methods, or design remediation of construction works.
Following completion of any of these investigations, a report giving its results should be prepared.
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ISO 10381-5:2005(E)
Figure 1 — Flow-chart of phases of site investigation
4 © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
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ISO 10381-5:2005(E)
The strategy for the investigation (whether preliminary, exploratory or main site) will be determined by the
objectives. For example, the different requirements of site investigations for the purpose of selling,
determining whether contamination is present as suspected, or redevelopment will influence the spacing of
sample locations and the number of samples analysed, and hence the cost of the investigation.
Before embarking on any phase or stage of investigation, it is important to set data quality objectives in terms
of the type, quantity and quality (e.g. analytical quality) of the data and other information that is to be collected.
These data quality objectives will depend in part on the nature of the decisions to be made on the basis of the
investigation, and the confidence required in those decisions. Failure to set data quality objectives at the
outset can lead to considerable waste of money, if, for example, the data collected are not suitable or
sufficient for a reliable risk assessment, or leave too many uncertainties about the “conceptual model”
developed for the site (see 6.5 for the definition of the conceptual model).
When deciding on the strategy, consideration should be given to the applicability and use of onsite analysis
and/or in-situ measurement techniques. This part of ISO 10381 does not provide any specific guidance on
these topics.
5.2 Scope of preliminary investigation
The preliminary investigation comprises a desk study and site reconnaissance (walk-over survey, site
inspection). It is carried out using historical records and other sources to obtain information on the past and
present usage of the site together with information about local soil properties, geology, pedology,
hydrogeology and environmental setting.
From this preliminary investigation, the possibility of contamination can be deduced, and hypotheses can be
formulated on the nature, location and distribution of the contamination.
These hypotheses form part of the overall conceptual model of the site that should be developed,
encompassing not only the contamination aspects but also the geology, pedology, hydrogeology, geotechnical
properties and the environmental setting. The current and planned site uses are also important aspects of the
conceptual model.
The preliminary investigation should provide sufficient information
⎯ for initial conclusions about potential risks to actual or potential human and other receptors, and
⎯ to determine whether there is a need for further action.
The amount and type of information required will depend on the objectives of the investigation. The amount of
work required will vary with the age of the site, the complexity of its historic usage, and the complexity of the
underlying geology, etc.
It should be remembered that the contamination on a site may be more complex than initially indicated (for
example, by current usage) and adequate information on the history of the site should always be obtained in
the preliminary investigation.
5.3 Scope of exploratory investigation
The exploratory investigation involves an onsite investigation, including collecting samples of soil or fill,
surface water, groundwater, and soil gas, where appropriate, and the subsequent analysis or testing of the
collected samples. The data and information produced are then assessed to determine if the hypotheses from
the preliminary investigation are correct, and, where appropriate, to test other aspects of the conceptual model.
It is therefore mainly a qualitative investigation rather than quantitative, typically only a few samples will be
analysed.
In some cases where the hypotheses are indicated as being correct, no further investigation may need to be
carried out.
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ISO 10381-5:2005(E)
However, it may become apparent as a result of the exploratory site investigation, for example, that the
contamination pattern is more complex, or concentrations of contamination are higher than anticipated, and
may have already caused or in the future may cause a hazard. In this situation, the information obtained may
be inadequate to make decisions with a satisfactory degree of confidence, and it will be necessary to carry out
a main site investigation to produce sufficient information to enable a full risk assessment to be carried out,
the need for protective or remedial measures to be determined, and in due course and possibly following
further stages of investigation, to select, design and apply protective or remedial measures.
5.4 Scope of main site investigation
The main site investigation serves for the quantitative determination of the amount and spatial distribution of
contaminants, their mobile and mobilisable fractions and possibilities of spreading in the environment. This
includes possible future development of the contamination situation.
It requires the collection and analysis of soil or fill, surface water, ground water, and soil gas samples in order
to obtain the information necessary to enable a full assessment of the risks presented by the contamination to
humans and other potential receptors, and also to enable appropriate containment or remediation actions to
be identified (sometimes), together with an initial estimate of costs. The analysis of samples can be supported
by model calculations and investigation techniques without sampling. Detailed design of protective or remedial
works may require further stages of investigation.
The amount and nature of the information required from the main site investigation (or any particular stage of
it) will vary depending on the nature of the site, and the objectives of the investigation. The implications of the
decisions on what actions should be implemented on a site will vary from site to site. Additionally, the amount
and quality of the information required will also vary according to the requirements of the decision making
processes (e.g. the risk assessment, decisions regarding the need for and type of remedial actions). All
parties involved in the decision making process should be kept fully informed as information is produced to
ensure that the information is sufficient for the purpose intended.
After completion of the interpretation of the information generated, including any risk assessment, it should be
possible to determine whether protective or remedial measures are required and to make generalizations
about the type of measures that might be appropriate.
6 Preliminary investigation
6.1 Introduction
The preliminary investigation serves for gaining knowledge of relevant information, its accuracy and
plausibility, and to consider uncertainties and knowledge gaps and their relevance regarding the aim of
investigation.
The preliminary investigation consists of:
⎯ a desk study in which information on the history and other relevant aspects of the site is collected and
critically reviewed;
⎯ a site reconnaissance (site inspection, walk-over survey);
⎯ development of a conceptual model of the site, in particular
1) formulation of hypotheses on the possible type(s) and amount of contamination,
2) migration pathways (on- and off-site), and spatial and temporal distribution; together with
3) hypotheses regarding other aspects of the site, such as the hydrogeology;
6 © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
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ISO 10381-5:2005(E)
⎯ drawing conclusions with regard to the need for and scope of further investigations;
⎯ identification of any need for immediate actions to protect humans or the environment (e.g. fencing,
removal of superficial deposits).
The objectives of the preliminary investigation should be set out formally before the investigation is started to
ensure that the scope (e.g. sources of information searched) is appropriate.
In most cases, it should be possible to make a preliminary assessment of (potential) risks to humans and
other receptors.
The information gathered should also enable
a) the design of subsequent stages or phases of intrusive investigation so as to minimize the risks of further
spread of contamination or creation of new migration pathways (e.g. boreholes and trial pits), and
b) the adoption of appropriately safe methods of working during intrusive investigation (see ISO 10381-3).
The minimum information that should be collected in the preliminary investigation is set out in 6.2 and 6.3 and
the procedures on how the information may be obtained are provided in 6.4. Guidance on reporting the results
of the preliminary investigation is provided in 6.6.
6.2 Information on past and present use
The rapid growth of urban areas has resulted both in the absorption of areas which were formerly rural and in
the change of use of existing urban land. Contamination within urban areas is therefore frequently the result of
some historic industrial process that has occurred on the site, or nearby, and information to be collected for
both urban and industrial sites is very similar.
Data gathered on historic and contemporaneous use of a site should, so far as is possible, provide information
on the following (subject to any agreed limitations within the objectives):
⎯ any development, building or other activity that has taken place on the site and its immediate
surroundings;
⎯ any specific actions that were taken in the past, and (description of the chemical composition of) any
materials that were used, in connection with industrial, building or other activities on the site;
⎯ industrial or other activities which hav
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 10381-5:2006
01-september-2006
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Soil quality -- Sampling -- Part 5: Guidance on the procedure for the investigation of
urban and industrial sites with regard to soil contamination
Qualité du sol -- Échantillonnage -- Partie 5: Lignes directrices pour la procédure
d'investigation des sols pollués en sites urbains et industriels
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 10381-5:2005
ICS:
13.080.05 Preiskava tal na splošno Examination of soils in
general
SIST ISO 10381-5:2006 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST ISO 10381-5:2006
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SIST ISO 10381-5:2006
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10381-5
First edition
2005-10-01
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 5:
Guidance on the procedure for the
investigation of urban and industrial sites
with regard to soil contamination
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 5: Lignes directrices pour la procédure d'investigation des sols
pollués en sites urbains et industriels
Reference number
ISO 10381-5:2005(E)
©
ISO 2005
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST ISO 10381-5:2006
ISO 10381-5:2005(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2005
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST ISO 10381-5:2006
ISO 10381-5:2005(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references. 2
3 Terms and definitions. 2
4 Objectives. 2
4.1 General. 2
4.2 Definitions of objectives . 2
5 General strategy of site investigation. 3
5.1 General. 3
5.2 Scope of preliminary investigation. 5
5.3 Scope of exploratory investigation. 5
5.4 Scope of main site investigation. 6
6 Preliminary investigation . 6
6.1 Introduction . 6
6.2 Information on past and present use. 7
6.3 Information on geology, pedology, hydrology and hydrogeology. 7
6.4 Methodology. 8
6.5 Development of the conceptual model. 9
6.6 Reporting the preliminary investigation and the conceptual model . 12
7 Design of intrusive investigations . 14
7.1 Introduction . 14
7.2 General aspects of field work. 14
7.3 Overall design aspects. 15
7.4 Sampling patterns and spacing for sampling soils . 16
7.5 Analytical and testing strategies. 21
8 Exploratory investigation. 23
8.1 General. 23
8.2 Sampling strategy. 24
8.3 Interpretation of the exploratory investigation. 25
8.4 Reporting the exploratory investigation. 27
8.5 Determination of the need for a main site investigation. 28
9 Main site investigation . 28
9.1 General. 28
9.2 Objectives and scope. 29
9.3 Investigation design . 30
9.4 Sampling strategy. 30
9.5 Evaluation of the main site investigation. 31
9.6 Reporting. 32
Annex A (informative) Objectives of soil sampling . 34
Bibliography . 35
© ISO 2005 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST ISO 10381-5:2006
ISO 10381-5:2005(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/IEC 10381-5 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 2,
Sampling.
ISO/IEC 10381 consists of the following parts, under the general title Soil quality — Sampling:
⎯ Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes,
⎯ Part 2: Guidance on sampling techniques,
⎯ Part 3: Guidance on safety,
⎯ Part 4: Guidance on the procedure for investigation of natural, near-natural and cultivated sites,
⎯ Part 5: Guidance on the procedure for the investigation of urban and industrial sites with regard to soil
contamination,
⎯ Part 6: Guidance on the collection, handling and storage of soil for the assessment of aerobic microbial
processes in the laboratory,
⎯ Part 7: Guidance on sampling of soil gas,
⎯ Part 8: Guidance on sampling of stockpiles.
iv © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
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SIST ISO 10381-5:2006
ISO 10381-5:2005(E)
Introduction
This part of ISO 10381 is one of a group of standards dealing with various aspects of site investigation and
sampling. It should be used in conjunction with the other parts of ISO 10381 (see Foreword).
Whilst serious cases of soil contamination mostly occur at urban and industrial sites, serious contamination of
agricultural land can also occur (for example, due to pesticides usage, long-term irrigation and application of
organic wastes). In such cases, a combination of the methodologies of ISO 10381-4 and ISO 10381-5 may be
appropriate. When the objective of an investigation is related to plant growth, reference should be made to
ISO 10381-4.
The general terminology used is in accordance with that established in ISO/TC 190 “Soil quality” and more
particularly with the terminology given in ISO 11074.
The investigation of ground water, soil gas and surface water falls outside the scope of (this part of)
ISO 10381. For more information on ground water and surface water sampling, see ISO 5667. Information on
the sampling of soil gas is provided in ISO 10381-7.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10381-5:2005(E)
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 5:
Guidance on the procedure for the investigation of urban
and industrial sites with regard to soil contamination
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10381 gives guidance on the procedure for the investigation of urban and industrial sites,
where either it is known that soil contamination is present, or the presence of soil contamination is suspected.
It is also applicable where there is a need to establish the contamination status of the site, or there is a need
to establish the environmental quality of the site for other purposes.
This part of ISO 10381 includes guidance on the collection of information that is necessary for risk
assessment and/or the development of remedial action plans (e.g. whether remediation is required and
suggestions as to how this might be best achieved). However, it only provides guidance on the information
required in general. It is emphasized that specific remediation methods may need additional information.
This part of ISO 10381 is also applicable to sites where no soil contamination is expected, but the soil quality
is to be determined (e.g. to make sure that there is no contamination present).
Although the sites considered in this document have been defined as urban and industrial sites, the guidance
contained in this part of ISO 10381 is equally applicable to any site where the degree and extent of
contamination needs to be established.
NOTE 1 Contamination is defined as a result of human influences; however, the methods described for investigation
are also applicable where there are naturally high concentrations of potentially harmful substances.
NOTE 2 A number of different objectives for soil sampling are listed in Annex A, along with references to the relevant
parts of ISO 10381.
NOTE 3 Although the general part of the information for the risk assessment and/or the development of remedial action
plans is gathered by applying this part of ISO 10381, this document does not give guidance on the decisions and actions
that follow from a site investigation, for example, risk assessment and decisions about the requirements for remediation
(if any).
NOTE 4 This part of ISO 10381 deals only with the investigation of the ground. It is important to recognize that on old
urban and industrial sites, there may be derelict buildings and/or industrial plants awaiting demolition, dismantling or
refurbishment. Failure to investigate these buildings before demolition may put the safety of workers at risk or lead to the
spread of contamination on and around the site. The investigation of derelict buildings or remnant foundations falls outside
the scope of this part of ISO 10381.
NOTE 5 In many situations there is a close relation between the contamination of the soil, ground water, soil gas and
— to a lesser extent — surface water.
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2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 11074, Soil quality — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purpose of this part of ISO 10381, the terms and definitions of ISO 11074 apply.
4 Objectives
4.1 General
This guidance provides a framework for the various stages and phases that can be taken in the investigation
of land. The resulting determination of the contamination status can then lead to risk assessment and where
necessary facilitate the selection and application of appropriate remedial actions. Guidance on data and
information requirements for particular purposes is provided in a number of International Standards including
ISO 15175, ISO 15176, ISO 15799, and ISO 15800.
4.2 Definitions of objectives
The reasons for an investigation and hence the objectives can vary widely but are generally:
⎯ to identify and assess the risks to those using the site, and in the event of redevelopment, to subsequent
users and occupiers of the site;
⎯ to identify and assess the risks presented to the environment including adjacent land, surface and
groundwater, ecosystems and public health;
⎯ to identify and assess the risks which may be presented to workers who may be involved in investigation,
remediation, redevelopment or maintenance of the site;
⎯ to identify and assess the potential for adverse effects on building materials;
so that decisions can be made about the importance of the risks and whether it is necessary to take any form
of action to deal with them.
From the principal objectives of the investigation, a number of subsidiary objectives can be derived. These
may include the following:
a) determine if any immediate action is required to protect exposed receptors;
b) identify compounds that are, or may be, present that may represent a risk to one or more actual or
potential receptors;
c) identify receptors (e.g. human, ecosystems, groundwater) that are or may in the future be at risk;
d) identify pathways by which particular receptors may be exposed to the contaminants;
e) provide the data and other information to use in a risk assessment;
f) provide information to aid the design of protective or remedial measures;
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g) enable characterization of contaminated materials to ensure safe and suitable handling and disposal;
h) provide reference data against which the achievement of remediation performance can be judged;
i) enable judgements to be made about the likely impact of continued use of the site on soil quality;
j) provide information to assess the risk of (legal) environmental liabilities and the effect on the value of the
property.
These generalized objectives will be formulated into specific requirements depending upon the purpose of the
investigation.
EXAMPLE A site investigation prior to the purchase of a site for the construction of domestic dwellings could have
one or more of the following objectives:
⎯ establish the history of the site and the potential for the presence of contamination;
⎯ establish the nature, extent and distribution of (expected) contamination within the site boundaries;
⎯ identify the potential for migration of contamination beyond the site boundaries including surface and ground water
(this may indicate there are potential legal environmental liabilities);
⎯ identify any immediate dangers to public health, safety, and the environment;
⎯ identify constraints in relation to a proposed development (human and environmental risks) and any remedial works
necessary and provide data from which to develop cost estimates;
⎯ provide information to facilitate the formulation of a full interpretative report with conclusions, recommendations and
budget costing for remedial actions.
5 General strategy of site investigation
5.1 General
Determination of the extent of a contaminated area and particularly the assessment of human and
environmental risks caused by contamination can be complex. Because of this complexity, the process of
identifying, quantifying and evaluating the risks associated with contaminated land should be an iterative
process with several stages of investigation (each with specific objectives to be achieved), in order to obtain
sufficient relevant data to characterize the potential risks, pathways and receptors of concern. The objectives
should be reconsidered at each stage, and the requirements for further investigation reviewed as the
investigatory and assessment processes are developed.
The principal phases are
⎯ preliminary investigation (see 5.2),
⎯ exploratory investigation (see 5.3, 7 and 8), and
⎯ main site investigation (see 5.4, 7 and 9).
The relationship between these phases is illustrated in Figure 1.
Supplementary investigations may be required subsequent to the main site investigation in order to provide
information relevant to the selection of remedial methods, or design remediation of construction works.
Following completion of any of these investigations, a report giving its results should be prepared.
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Figure 1 — Flow-chart of phases of site investigation
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The strategy for the investigation (whether preliminary, exploratory or main site) will be determined by the
objectives. For example, the different requirements of site investigations for the purpose of selling,
determining whether contamination is present as suspected, or redevelopment will influence the spacing of
sample locations and the number of samples analysed, and hence the cost of the investigation.
Before embarking on any phase or stage of investigation, it is important to set data quality objectives in terms
of the type, quantity and quality (e.g. analytical quality) of the data and other information that is to be collected.
These data quality objectives will depend in part on the nature of the decisions to be made on the basis of the
investigation, and the confidence required in those decisions. Failure to set data quality objectives at the
outset can lead to considerable waste of money, if, for example, the data collected are not suitable or
sufficient for a reliable risk assessment, or leave too many uncertainties about the “conceptual model”
developed for the site (see 6.5 for the definition of the conceptual model).
When deciding on the strategy, consideration should be given to the applicability and use of onsite analysis
and/or in-situ measurement techniques. This part of ISO 10381 does not provide any specific guidance on
these topics.
5.2 Scope of preliminary investigation
The preliminary investigation comprises a desk study and site reconnaissance (walk-over survey, site
inspection). It is carried out using historical records and other sources to obtain information on the past and
present usage of the site together with information about local soil properties, geology, pedology,
hydrogeology and environmental setting.
From this preliminary investigation, the possibility of contamination can be deduced, and hypotheses can be
formulated on the nature, location and distribution of the contamination.
These hypotheses form part of the overall conceptual model of the site that should be developed,
encompassing not only the contamination aspects but also the geology, pedology, hydrogeology, geotechnical
properties and the environmental setting. The current and planned site uses are also important aspects of the
conceptual model.
The preliminary investigation should provide sufficient information
⎯ for initial conclusions about potential risks to actual or potential human and other receptors, and
⎯ to determine whether there is a need for further action.
The amount and type of information required will depend on the objectives of the investigation. The amount of
work required will vary with the age of the site, the complexity of its historic usage, and the complexity of the
underlying geology, etc.
It should be remembered that the contamination on a site may be more complex than initially indicated (for
example, by current usage) and adequate information on the history of the site should always be obtained in
the preliminary investigation.
5.3 Scope of exploratory investigation
The exploratory investigation involves an onsite investigation, including collecting samples of soil or fill,
surface water, groundwater, and soil gas, where appropriate, and the subsequent analysis or testing of the
collected samples. The data and information produced are then assessed to determine if the hypotheses from
the preliminary investigation are correct, and, where appropriate, to test other aspects of the conceptual model.
It is therefore mainly a qualitative investigation rather than quantitative, typically only a few samples will be
analysed.
In some cases where the hypotheses are indicated as being correct, no further investigation may need to be
carried out.
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However, it may become apparent as a result of the exploratory site investigation, for example, that the
contamination pattern is more complex, or concentrations of contamination are higher than anticipated, and
may have already caused or in the future may cause a hazard. In this situation, the information obtained may
be inadequate to make decisions with a satisfactory degree of confidence, and it will be necessary to carry out
a main site investigation to produce sufficient information to enable a full risk assessment to be carried out,
the need for protective or remedial measures to be determined, and in due course and possibly following
further stages of investigation, to select, design and apply protective or remedial measures.
5.4 Scope of main site investigation
The main site investigation serves for the quantitative determination of the amount and spatial distribution of
contaminants, their mobile and mobilisable fractions and possibilities of spreading in the environment. This
includes possible future development of the contamination situation.
It requires the collection and analysis of soil or fill, surface water, ground water, and soil gas samples in order
to obtain the information necessary to enable a full assessment of the risks presented by the contamination to
humans and other potential receptors, and also to enable appropriate containment or remediation actions to
be identified (sometimes), together with an initial estimate of costs. The analysis of samples can be supported
by model calculations and investigation techniques without sampling. Detailed design of protective or remedial
works may require further stages of investigation.
The amount and nature of the information required from the main site investigation (or any particular stage of
it) will vary depending on the nature of the site, and the objectives of the investigation. The implications of the
decisions on what actions should be implemented on a site will vary from site to site. Additionally, the amount
and quality of the information required will also vary according to the requirements of the decision making
processes (e.g. the risk assessment, decisions regarding the need for and type of remedial actions). All
parties involved in the decision making process should be kept fully informed as information is produced to
ensure that the information is sufficient for the purpose intended.
After completion of the interpretation of the information generated, including any risk assessment, it should be
possible to determine whether protective or remedial measures are required and to make generalizations
about the type of measures that might be appropriate.
6 Preliminary investigation
6.1 Introduction
The preliminary investigation serves for gaining knowledge of relevant information, its accuracy and
plausibility, and to consider uncertainties and knowledge gaps and their relevance regarding the aim of
investigation.
The preliminary investigation consists of:
⎯ a desk study in which information on the history and other relevant aspects of the site is collected and
critically reviewed;
⎯ a site reconnaissance (site inspection, walk-over survey);
⎯ development of a conceptual model of the site, in particular
1) formulation of hypotheses on the possible type(s) and amount of contamination,
2) migration pathways (on- and off-site), and spatial and temporal distribution; together with
3) hypotheses regarding other aspects of the site, such as the hydrogeology;
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⎯ drawing conclusions with regard to the need for and scope of further investigations;
⎯ identification of any need for immediate actions to protect humans or the environment (e.g. fencing,
removal of superficial deposits).
The objectives of the preliminary investigation should be set out formally before the investigation is started to
ensure that the scope (e.g. sources of information searched) is appropriate.
In most cases, it should be possible to make a preliminary assessment of (potential) risks to humans and
other receptors.
The information gathered should also enable
a) the design of subsequent stages or phases of intrusive investigation so as to minimize the risks of further
spread of contamination or creation of new migration pathways (e.g. boreholes and trial pits), and
b) the adoption of appropriately safe methods of working during intrusive investigation (see ISO 10381-3).
T
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 10381-5
Première édition
2005-10-01
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 5:
Lignes directrices pour la procédure
d'investigation des sols pollués en sites
urbains et industriels
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 5: Guidance on the procedure for the investigation of urban and
industrial sites with regard to soil contamination
Numéro de référence
ISO 10381-5:2005(F)
©
ISO 2005
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ISO 10381-5:2005(F)
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ISO 10381-5:2005(F)
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos. iv
Introduction . v
1 Domaine d'application. 1
2 Références normatives. 2
3 Termes et définitions. 2
4 Objectifs. 2
4.1 Généralités. 2
4.2 Définition des objectifs . 2
5 Stratégie générale d’investigation du site . 3
5.1 Généralités. 3
5.2 Domaine d’application de l’investigation préliminaire . 5
5.3 Domaine d’application de l’investigation exploratoire . 6
5.4 Domaine d’application de l’investigation approfondie du site . 6
6 Investigation préliminaire . 6
6.1 Introduction . 6
6.2 Informations sur l’usage passé et présent du site. 7
6.3 Informations sur la géologie, la pédologie, l’hydrologie et l’hydrogéologie. 8
6.4 Méthodologie. 8
6.5 Élaboration d’un modèle conceptuel. 10
6.6 Rapport de l’investigation préliminaire et du modèle conceptuel. 13
7 Conception des investigations intrusives . 14
7.1 Introduction . 14
7.2 Aspects généraux du travail sur le terrain. 14
7.3 Aspects de la conception globale. 15
7.4 Schémas d’échantillonnage et espacement des prélèvements de sol . 17
7.5 Stratégies des analyses et des essais. 22
8 Investigation exploratoire . 24
8.1 Généralités. 24
8.2 Stratégie d’échantillonnage. 25
8.3 Interprétation de l’investigation exploratoire . 27
8.4 Rapport de l’investigation exploratoire. 29
8.5 Détermination de la nécessité d’une investigation approfondie du site . 29
9 Investigation approfondie du site . 30
9.1 Généralités. 30
9.2 Objectifs et domaine d’application . 30
9.3 Conception de l’investigation. 31
9.4 Stratégie d’échantillonnage. 32
9.5 Interprétation de l’investigation approfondie du site. 33
9.6 Rapport. 33
Annexe A (informative) Objectifs de l’échantillonnage du sol . 35
Bibliographie . 36
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ISO 10381-5:2005(F)
Avant-propos
L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d’organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l’ISO). L’élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée
aux comités techniques de l’ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du
comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l’ISO participent également aux travaux. L’ISO collabore étroitement avec
la Commission électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI,
Partie 2.
La tâche principale des comités techniques est d’élaborer les Normes internationales. Les projets de Normes
internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour vote. Leur
publication comme Normes internationales requiert l’approbation de 75 % au moins des comités membres
votants.
L’attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l’objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne
pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
L’ISO 10381-5 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 190, Qualité du sol, sous-comité SC 2,
Échantillonnage.
L’ISO 10381 comprend les parties suivantes, présentées sous le titre général Qualité du sol —
Échantillonnage:
⎯ Partie 1: Lignes directrices pour l’établissement des programmes d’échantillonnage
⎯ Partie 2: Lignes directrices pour les techniques d’échantillonnage
⎯ Partie 3: Lignes directrices relatives à la sécurité
⎯ Partie 4: Lignes directrices pour les procédures d’investigation des sites naturels, quasi naturels et
cultivés
⎯ Partie 5: Lignes directrices pour la procédure d’investigation des sols pollués en sites urbains et
industriels
⎯ Partie 6: Lignes directrices pour la collecte, la manipulation et la conservation de sols destinés à une
étude en laboratoire des processus microbiens aérobies
⎯ Partie 7: Lignes directrices pour l’échantillonnage des gaz du sol
⎯ Partie 8: Lignes directrices pour l’échantillonnage des matériaux en tas
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ISO 10381-5:2005(F)
Introduction
La présente partie de l’ISO 10381 fait partie d’une série de normes relatives aux différents aspects de
l’investigation et de l’échantillonnage des sites. Il convient que la présente norme soit utilisée conjointement
avec les autres parties de l’ISO 10381 (voir Avant-propos).
Si les cas graves de pollution des sols se produisent principalement sur les sites urbains et industriels, les
terrains agricoles peuvent également subir une pollution grave (par exemple suite à l’emploi de pesticides, à
une irrigation prolongée et à l’épandage de déchets organiques). Dans ce cas, il peut être judicieux de
combiner les méthodologies de l’ISO 10381-4 et de l’ISO 10381-5. Lorsque l’objectif de l’investigation est lié à
la croissance des plantes, il convient de se référer à l’ISO 10381-4.
La terminologie générale utilisée est conforme à celle établie par l’ISO/TC 190 «Qualité du sol» et, plus
précisément, à la terminologie présentée dans l’ISO 11074.
L’investigation des eaux souterraines, des gaz du sol et des eaux de surface n’entre pas dans le domaine
d’application (de la présente partie) de l’ISO 10381. Pour plus d’informations sur l’échantillonnage des eaux
souterraines et des eaux de surface, voir l’ISO 5667. L’ISO 10381-7 fournit quant à elle des informations
relatives à l’échantillonnage des gaz du sol.
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NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 10381-5:2005(F)
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 5:
Lignes directrices pour la procédure d'investigation des sols
pollués en sites urbains et industriels
1 Domaine d'application
La présente partie de l’ISO 10381 donne des lignes directrices pour la procédure d’investigation de sites
urbains et industriels sur lesquels une pollution est avérée ou suspectée. Elle s’applique également lorsqu’il
est nécessaire de définir l’état de pollution du site ou d’évaluer la qualité environnementale du site à d’autres
fins.
La présente partie de l’ISO 10381 comporte des lignes directrices sur la collecte des informations nécessaires
à l’évaluation des risques et/ou à l’élaboration de plans d’actions correctives (par exemple nécessité
éventuelle d’une dépollution et suggestions relatives à la meilleure méthode pour y parvenir). Toutefois, elle
ne fournit des indications que sur les informations nécessaires au plan général. Il est à noter que certaines
méthodes de dépollution spécifiques peuvent nécessiter l’obtention d’informations supplémentaires.
La présente partie de l’ISO 10381 est également applicable aux sites sur lesquels aucune pollution du sol
n’est suspectée, mais pour lesquels la qualité du sol doit être déterminée (par exemple pour vérifier l’absence
de toute pollution).
Les sites en question ont été définis comme des sites urbains et industriels, mais les lignes directrices
fournies par la présente partie de l'ISO 10381 sont également applicables à tout autre site sur lequel il est
nécessaire d’établir le degré et l’étendue de la pollution.
NOTE 1 La pollution est définie comme le résultat d’activités humaines; toutefois, les méthodes d’investigation décrites
sont également applicables en cas de concentrations naturellement fortes en substances potentiellement dangereuses.
NOTE 2 Différents objectifs relatifs à l’investigation de la qualité du sol sont répertoriés à l’Annexe A, avec des
références aux différentes parties de l’ISO 10381 concernées.
NOTE 3 Bien que la plus grande partie des informations relatives à l’évaluation des risques et/ou à l’élaboration de
plans d’actions correctives soit collectée par application de la présente partie de l'ISO 10381, celle-ci ne fournit aucune
ligne directrice sur les décisions et actions consécutives à l’investigation d’un site, par exemple évaluation des risques et
décisions sur la nécessité d’une dépollution (le cas échéant).
NOTE 4 La présente partie de l’ISO 10381 traite uniquement de l’investigation du sol. Il est important de savoir que les
anciens sites urbains et industriels peuvent comporter des bâtiments à l’abandon et/ou des installations industrielles en
attente de démolition, démantèlement ou rénovation. Leur non prise en compte dans l’investigation peut mettre les
ouvriers en danger ou conduire à la propagation de la pollution sur et autour du site. L’investigation de bâtiments à
l’abandon ou des restes des fondations n’entre pas dans le domaine d’application de la présente partie de l’ISO 10381.
NOTE 5 Dans de nombreuses situations, il existe une relation étroite entre la pollution du sol, des eaux souterraines,
des gaz du sol et, dans une moindre mesure, des eaux de surface.
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ISO 10381-5:2005(F)
2 Références normatives
Les documents de référence suivants sont indispensables pour l’application du présent document. Pour les
références datées, seule l’édition citée s’applique. Pour les références non datées, la dernière édition du
document de référence s’applique (y compris les éventuels amendements).
ISO 11074, Qualité du sol — Vocabulaire
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins de cette partie de l’ISO 10381, les termes et définitions donnés dans l’ISO 11074
s’appliquent.
4 Objectifs
4.1 Généralités
Les présentes lignes directrices fournissent un cadre pour les différentes étapes et phases à prendre en
compte lors de l’investigation de terrains. La détermination de l’état de pollution qui en résulte peut alors
permettre l’évaluation des risques et, si nécessaire, faciliter la sélection et l’application des actions correctives
appropriées. Les lignes directrices relatives aux données et aux informations associées à des objectifs
particuliers sont détaillées dans un certain nombre de Normes internationales, notamment l’ISO 15175,
l’ISO 15176, l’ISO 15799 et l’ISO 15800.
4.2 Définition des objectifs
Les motifs d’une investigation, et donc ses objectifs, peuvent être très variés, mais ils sont généralement les
suivants:
⎯ identifier et évaluer les risques auxquels sont exposés les utilisateurs du site et, en cas de
réaménagement du terrain, les utilisateurs et occupants ultérieurs;
⎯ identifier et évaluer les risques pour l’environnement, notamment les terrains adjacents, les eaux
souterraines et de surface, les écosystèmes et la santé publique;
⎯ identifier et évaluer les risques éventuels auxquels sont exposées les personnes susceptibles de
participer à l’investigation, à la dépollution, au réaménagement ou à la maintenance du site;
⎯ identifier et évaluer le potentiel d’effets indésirables sur les matériaux de construction.
Ces objectifs permettent la prise de décisions en fonction de l’importance des risques ainsi que l’évaluation de
la nécessité éventuelle de mettre en place des mesures pour y remédier.
À partir des objectifs principaux de l’investigation, divers objectifs secondaires peuvent être définis,
notamment:
a) déterminer si une intervention immédiate est nécessaire pour protéger les récepteurs exposés;
b) identifier les composés qui sont ou peuvent être présents et qui sont susceptibles de représenter un
risque pour un ou plusieurs récepteurs réels ou potentiels;
c) identifier les récepteurs (par exemple personnes, écosystèmes, eaux souterraines) qui sont exposés à un
risque ou qui sont susceptibles de l’être dans le futur;
d) identifier les voies par lesquelles des récepteurs particuliers peuvent être exposés aux contaminants;
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e) fournir les données et les autres informations devant être utilisées dans le cadre d’une évaluation des
risques;
f) fournir des informations facilitant la mise en place de mesures de protection ou de dépollution;
g) permettre la caractérisation des matériaux pollués en vue d’une manipulation et d’une élimination
adéquates et sûres;
h) fournir des données de référence permettant d’évaluer les résultats d’une action de dépollution;
i) permettre une évaluation de l’effet de la poursuite du mode d’utilisation actuel du site sur la qualité du sol;
j) fournir des informations permettant d’évaluer le risque d’engagement des responsabilités (légales) en
matière d’environnement et les effets sur la valeur du terrain.
Ces objectifs généraux seront formulés sous forme d’exigences spécifiques en fonction de l’objet de
l’investigation.
EXEMPLE Une investigation préalable à l’achat d’un terrain pour la construction d’habitations peut être associée à
un ou plusieurs des objectifs suivants:
⎯ établir l’historique du site et évaluer la présence potentielle de pollution;
⎯ déterminer la nature, l’étendue et la répartition de la pollution (suspectée) dans les limites du site;
⎯ identifier le potentiel de migration de la pollution au-delà des limites du site, y compris vers les eaux de surface et les
eaux souterraines (ceci peut impliquer des responsabilités légales en matière d’environnement);
⎯ identifier tout risque immédiat pour la santé publique, la sécurité et l’environnement;
⎯ identifier les contraintes liées à un aménagement proposé (risques pour les personnes et l’environnement), ainsi que
toutes les mesures correctives nécessaires, et fournir des données permettant d’établir une estimation des coûts;
⎯ fournir des informations facilitant la rédaction d’un rapport d’interprétation complet, avec conclusions,
recommandations et estimation des coûts des actions correctives.
5 Stratégie générale d’investigation du site
5.1 Généralités
La détermination de l’étendue d’une zone polluée, et notamment l’évaluation des risques pour les personnes
et l’environnement résultant de la pollution, peut être une opération complexe. En raison de cette complexité,
il convient que le processus d’identification, de quantification et d’évaluation des risques associés aux terrains
pollués soit un processus itératif comportant plusieurs étapes d’investigation (chacune visant des objectifs
particuliers) et permettant d’obtenir suffisamment de données pertinentes pour définir les risques potentiels,
les voies de migration et les récepteurs concernés. Il convient de reconsidérer les objectifs à chaque étape et
d’examiner la justification d’une investigation complémentaire au fur et à mesure de l’avancement des
processus d’investigation et d’évaluation.
Les principales phases sont les suivantes:
⎯ Investigation préliminaire (voir 5.2),
⎯ Investigation exploratoire (voir 5.3, 7 et 8), et
⎯ Investigation approfondie du site (voir 5.4, 7 et 9)
La relation entre ces phases est illustrée à la Figure 1.
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Figure 1 — Diagramme des phases d’investigation du site
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Des investigations complémentaires peuvent se révéler nécessaires à la suite de l’investigation approfondie
du site, afin d’obtenir des informations pertinentes pour la sélection des méthodes de dépollution ou pour
définir une méthode de dépollution des constructions.
Dès que l’une de ces investigations est terminée, il convient de préparer un rapport présentant les résultats
obtenus.
La stratégie d’investigation (préliminaire, exploratoire ou approfondie) est déterminée par les objectifs. Par
exemple, les différentes exigences des investigations du site dans le cadre d’une vente, d’une évaluation de
la pollution ou d’un réaménagement ont une incidence sur l’espacement des points de prélèvement ainsi que
sur le nombre d’échantillons analysés, et influencent donc le coût de l’investigation.
Avant de commencer toute phase ou étape d’investigation, il est important de définir des objectifs qualitatifs,
que ce soit pour le type, la quantité et la qualité (par exemple analytique) des données et autres informations
devant être collectées. Ces objectifs qualitatifs dépendent en partie de la nature des décisions devant être
prises dans le cadre de l’investigation et du degré de confiance devant être associé à ces décisions.
L’absence d’objectifs qualitatifs pour les données, définis dès le départ, peut entraîner d’importantes pertes
financières si, par exemple, les données collectées ne sont pas appropriées ou suffisantes pour réaliser une
évaluation fiable des risques, ou si elles laissent un trop grand nombre d’incertitudes par rapport au «modèle
conceptuel» élaboré pour le site (voir 6.5 pour la définition du modèle conceptuel).
Lors de la prise de décision relative à la stratégie, il convient de prendre en compte l’applicabilité et l’usage de
l’analyse sur site et/ou des techniques de mesurage in situ. La présente partie de l’ISO 10381 ne fournit
aucune ligne directrice spécifique portant sur ces sujets.
5.2 Domaine d’application de l’investigation préliminaire
Cette investigation préliminaire comprend une étude sur dossier, ainsi qu’une reconnaissance sur le site
(visite et inspection du site). Elle est réalisée à l’aide des dossiers historiques et des autres sources
d’informations relatives à l’usage passé et présent du site, ainsi qu’à l’aide d’informations relatives aux
propriétés locales du sol, à la géologie, à la pédologie, à l’hydrogéologie et aux paramètres environnementaux.
À partir de cette investigation préliminaire, on peut déduire la possibilité d’une pollution et formuler des
hypothèses sur la nature, l’emplacement et la répartition de cette pollution.
Ces hypothèses font partie du modèle conceptuel global du site qu’il convient d’élaborer en prenant en
compte non seulement les aspects de la pollution, mais également les propriétés géologiques, pédologiques,
hydrogéologiques et géotechniques, ainsi que les paramètres environnementaux. Les usages actuels et
prévus du site sont aussi des facteurs importants pour le modèle conceptuel.
Il convient que l’investigation préliminaire fournisse des informations suffisantes pour
⎯ établir des conclusions initiales sur les risques potentiels encourus par les personnes et autres
récepteurs exposés ou susceptibles d’être exposés, et
⎯ déterminer si d’autres mesures sont nécessaires.
La quantité et le type d’informations nécessaires dépendent des objectifs de l’investigation. La quantité de
travail requise varie en fonction de l’âge du site, de la complexité de l’historique de son usage et de la
complexité de la géologie sous-jacente, etc.
Il convient de garder à l’esprit que la pollution d’un site peut se révéler plus complexe que prévue (par
exemple du fait de l’usage actuel) et qu’il convient de toujours obtenir des informations appropriées sur
l’historique du site au cours de l’investigation préliminaire.
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5.3 Domaine d’application de l’investigation exploratoire
L'investigation exploratoire comprend une investigation sur site avec prélèvement d’échantillons du sol ou du
matériau de remblayage, des eaux de surface, des eaux souterraines et des gaz du sol, le cas échéant, suivie
d'une analyse ou d'une mise à l'essai des échantillons prélevés. Les données et les informations obtenues
sont ensuite évaluées afin de déterminer si les hypothèses de l’investigation préliminaire sont correctes et, si
nécessaire, de contrôler d’autres aspects du modèle conceptuel. Par conséquent, il s’agit d’une investigation
davantage qualitative que quantitative; généralement peu d’échantillons sont analysés.
Il arrive qu’aucune investigation complémentaire ne soit nécessaire lorsque les hypothèses sont confirmées.
Toutefois, le résultat de l’investigation exploratoire du site peut démontrer, par exemple, que la pollution est
plus complexe que prévu ou que les concentrations de la pollution sont supérieures aux valeurs escomptées
et qu’elles présentent ou sont susceptibles de présenter un danger. Dans ce cas, les informations obtenues
peuvent se révéler inadéquates pour prendre des décisions avec un degré de confiance satisfaisant, et une
investigation approfondie du site s’impose afin d’obtenir des informations suffisantes pour permettre
l’évaluation complète des risques, la détermination des besoins en mesures de protection ou de dépollution et
finalement (après d’autres étapes d’investigation), la sélection, la conception et l’application de mesures de
protection ou de dépollution.
5.4 Domaine d’application de l’investigation approfondie du site
L’investigation approfondie du site permet la détermination quantitative du volume et de la répartition spatiale
des contaminants, la détermination de leurs fractions mobiles et mobilisables, ainsi que des possibilités de
diffusion dans l’environnement. Elle tient compte de l’évolution future possible de la pollution.
Cette investigation exige le prélèvement et l’analyse d’échantillons du sol ou du matériau de remblayage, des
eaux de surface, des eaux souterraines et des gaz du sol en vue d’obtenir toutes les informations nécessaires
pour établir une évaluation complète des risques de la pollution pour les personnes et les autres récepteurs
potentiels, ainsi que pour identifier les mesures de confinement ou de dépollution et réaliser éventuellement
une première estimation des coûts. L’analyse des échantillons peut s’appuyer sur des calculs de modèles et
des techniques d’investigation sans échantillonnage. La conception détaillée des systèmes de protection ou
de dépollution peut nécessiter des étapes d’investigation complémentaires.
La quantité et la nature des informations devant être obtenues lors de l’investigation approfondie d’un site (ou
d’une quelconque étape de cette investigation) dépendent de la nature du site et des objectifs de
l’investigation. Les conséquences des décisions prises en matière d’actions varient d’un site à un autre. Par
ailleurs, la quantité et la qualité des informations requises sont également fonction des exigences du
processus de prise de décisions (par exemple évaluation des risques, décisions relatives au besoin et au type
d’actions correctives). Il convient que toutes les parties impliquées dans le processus de décision soient
tenues informées au fur et à mesure de l’obtention des données afin de garantir l’adéquation entre les
informations et le but recherché.
Une fois que les informations obtenues ont été interprétées, avec éventuellement une analyse des risques, il
convient de déterminer si des mesures de protection ou de dépollution sont nécessaires et de définir le type
de mesures susceptibles d’être appropriées.
6 Investigation préliminaire
6.1 Introduction
L’investigation préliminaire permet de mieux cerner quelles sont les informations pertinentes, de déterminer
leur précision et leur plausibilité, de prendre en compte les incertitudes et les lacunes liées à ces informations,
ainsi que leur pertinence par rapport à l’objectif de l’investigation.
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