SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2000

Preparation of steel substrates before application of paint and related products - Tests for the assessment of surface cleanliness - Part 4: Guidance on the estimation of the probability of condensation prior to paint application (ISO 8502-4:1993)

This standard gives guidance on the estimation of the probability of condensation on a surface to be painted.

Vorbereitung von Stahloberflächen vor dem Auftragen von Beschichtungsstoffen - Prüfungen zum Beurteilen der Oberflächenreinheit - Teil 4: Anleitung zum Abschätzen der Wahrscheinlichkeit von Taubildung vor dem Beschichten (ISO 8502-4:1993)

Diese Internationale Norm entha(lt eine Anleitung zum Abscha(tzen der Wahrscheinlichkeit von Taubildung auf einer zu beschichtenden Oberfla(che. Die Anleitung kann verwendet werden um festzustellen, ob die Bedingungen auf der Baustelle fu(r das Beschichten geeignet sind oder nicht.

Préparation des subjectiles d'acier avant application de peintures et de produits assimilés - Essais pour apprécier la propeté d'une surface - Partie 4: Principes directeurs pour l'estimation de la probabilité de condensation avant application de peinture (ISO 8502-4:1993)

Priprava jeklenih podlag pred nanašanjem barvnih in sorodnih premazov - Preskusi ugotavljanja čistoče podlage - 4. del: Navodilo za oceno verjetnosti kondenzacije pred nanašanjem (ISO 8502-4:1993)

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 31-Mar-2000
• Withdrawal Date: 11-Apr-2017
• ICS: 25.220.10 - Surface preparation
• ICS: 87.020 - Paint coating processes
• Technical Committee: IBLP - Paints and varnishes
• Current Stage: 9900 - Withdrawal (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 10-Apr-2017
• Due Date: 03-May-2017
• Completion Date: 12-Apr-2017
• Ref Project: EN ISO 8502-4:1999 - Preparation of steel substrates before application of paint and related products - Tests for the assessment of surface cleanliness - Part 4: Guidance on the estimation of the probability of condensation prior to paint application (ISO 8502-4:1993)

Relations

• Replaced By: SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2017 - Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products - Tests for the assessment of surface cleanliness - Part 4: Guidance on the estimation of the probability of condensation prior to paint application (ISO 8502-4:2017)
• Effective Date: 08-Jun-2022
• Replaced By: SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2017 - Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products - Tests for the assessment of surface cleanliness - Part 4: Guidance on the estimation of the probability of condensation prior to paint application (ISO 8502-4:2017)
• Effective Date: 01-May-2017

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2000
01-april-2000
3ULSUDYDMHNOHQLKSRGODJSUHGQDQDãDQMHPEDUYQLKLQVRURGQLKSUHPD]RY
3UHVNXVLXJRWDYOMDQMDþLVWRþHSRGODJHGHO1DYRGLOR]DRFHQRYHUMHWQRVWL
NRQGHQ]DFLMHSUHGQDQDãDQMHP,62
Preparation of steel substrates before application of paint and related products - Tests
for the assessment of surface cleanliness - Part 4: Guidance on the estimation of the
probability of condensation prior to paint application (ISO 8502-4:1993)
Vorbereitung von Stahloberflächen vor dem Auftragen von Beschichtungsstoffen -
Prüfungen zum Beurteilen der Oberflächenreinheit - Teil 4: Anleitung zum Abschätzen
der Wahrscheinlichkeit von Taubildung vor dem Beschichten (ISO 8502-4:1993)
Préparation des subjectiles d'acier avant application de peintures et de produits
assimilés - Essais pour apprécier la propeté d'une surface - Partie 4: Principes directeurs
pour l'estimation de la probabilité de condensation avant application de peinture (ISO
8502-4:1993)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 8502-4:1999
ICS:
25.220.10 Priprava površine Surface preparation
87.020 Postopki za nanašanje Paint coating processes
barvnih premazov
SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2000 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2000

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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2000

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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2000

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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2000

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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2000

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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2000
INTERNATIONAL
ISO
STANDARD
8502-4
First edition
1993-04-01
Preparation of steel Substrates before
application of paint and related
products - Tests for the assessment of
surface cleanliness -
Part 4:
Guidance on the estimation of the probability
of condensation Prior to paint application
Preparation des subjectiles d’acier avant application de peintures et de
produits assimik - Essais pour apprhcier Ia propret6 d’une surface -
Partie 4: Principes directeurs pour I’estimation de Ia probabilite de
condensa tion avan t applica tion de pein ture
Reference number
ISO 8502-4: 1993(E)

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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2000
ISO 8502-4: 1993(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
federation of national Standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work
of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Esch member body interested in a subject for
which a technical committee has been established has the right to be re-
presented on that committee. International organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take patt in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission
(1 EC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are
circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting
a vote.
International Standard ISO 8502-4 was prepared by Technical Committee
lSO/TC 35, Paints and varnishes, Sub-Committee SC 12, Preparation of
steel Substrates before application of paints and related products.
ISO 8502 consists of the following Parts, under the general title Prep-
aration of steel Substrates before application of paint and related
products - Tests for the assessment of surface cleanliness:
- Part 1: Field test for soluble iron corrosion products
[Technical Report]
- Part 2: Laboratory determination of chloride on cleaned surfaces
Part 3: Assessment of dust on s teel surfaces prepared for painting
(pressure-sensitive tape me thod)
- Part 4: Guidance on the estimation of the probability of
condensa tion Prior to pain t applica tion
- Part 5: Measurement of chloride on steel surfaces prepared for
pain ting - Ion detector tube method
- Part 6: Sampling of soluble impurities on surfaces to be painted -
Bresle method
0 ISO 1993
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or
by any means, electronie or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without per-
mission in writing from the publisher.
International Organkation for Standardkation
Case Postale 56 l CH-l 211 Geneve 20 l Switzerland
Printed in Switzerland
ii

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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2000
ISO 8502=4:1993(E)
- Part 7: Analysis of soluble impurities on surfaces to be painted -
Analysis methods for field use for oil and grease
- Part 8: Analysis of soluble impurities on surfaces to be painted -
Analysis methods for field use for moisture
Users should note that the titles to future Parts 5 to 8 are working titles
only and that, while it is at present planned to publish all the Parts listed
above, one or more may nevertheless be deleted from the work pro-
gramme before publication, which may, in turn, lead to renumbering of the
remaining Parts.
Annex A of this part of ISO 8502 is for information only.
. . .
Ill

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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2000
ISO 8502-4:1993(E)
llntroduction
The Performance of protective coatings of paint and related products ap-
plied to steel is significantly affected by the state of the steel surface im-
mediately Prior to painting. The principal factors that are known to
influence this Performance are:
a) the presence of rust and mill scale;
b) the presence of surface contaminants, including salts, dust, oils and
g reases;
the surface Profile.
c)
International Standards ISO 8501, ISO 8502 and ISO 8503 have been
prepared to provide methods of assessing these factors, while ISO 8504
provides guidance on the preparation methods that are available for
cleaning steel Substrates, indicating the capabilities of each in attaining
specified levels of cleanliness.
- within the capability of the cieaning procedure specifiec.
S referred to above deal varith the foiiswin~
The fou r International Sta ndard
steel S
aspects sf preparation 0% ubstrates:
- Visuai assessment of surface cieanliness:
ISO 8501
Tests for the assessment OP surface cIeaniiness:
ISO 8502 -
ISO 8503 - Surface roughness characteristics of biast-cieaned steeE
Substrates;
- Surface preparation methods.
ISO 8504
Esch of these International Standards is in turn divided into separate Parts.
Some paints (but not all) require dry surfaces when being applied to steel
structures. Thin films of condensed water on steel surfaces are mostly
iv

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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2000
ISO 8502=4:1993(E)
invisible. It is therefore important to have a method by which the proba-
bility of condensation tan be estimated Prior to the application of paint.

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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2000
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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2000
ISO 8502-4: 1993(E)
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
Preparation of steel Substrates before application of
-Tests for the assessment
paint and related products
of surface cleanliness -
Part 4:
Guidance on the estimation of the probability of
condensation Prior to paint application
3 Probability of condensation
1 Scope
This International Standard gives guidance on the es-
timation of the probability of condensation on a sur-
face to be painted. lt may be used to establish
The relative humidity of the air and the steel surface
whether conditions at the job site are suitable for
temperature are the basis for the estimation of the
painting or not.
probability of condensation, but there is no simple rule
to employ. The Situation is complex because there are
a multitude of factors which have an influence on the
condensation and evaporation of moisture, such as
- heat conductance of the structure;
2 Normative references
- solar radiation on the surface;
The following Standards contain provisions which,
through reference in this text, constitute provisions
- flow of ambient air around the structure;
of this part of ISO 8502. At the time of publication, the
editions indicated were valid. All Standards are subject
- contamination by hygroscopic substances on the
to revision, and Parties to agreements based on this
surface.
part of ISO 8502 are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the
These factors sometimes provoke wetting or prevent
Standards indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO
drying locally on the surface, e.g. where the surface
maintain registers of currently valid International
temperature remains low or tends to fall due to heat
Standards.
losses or where the air becomes quickly saturated
due to reduced Ventilation. Naturally, the same factors
ISO 4677-1: 1985, Atmospheres for conditioning and
sometimes have the opposite effect. Therefore any
testing - Determination of relative humidity -
test results should be interpreted with the greatest
Part 1: Aspira ted ps ychrometer me thod.
care.
ISO 4677-2: 1985, Atmospheres for conditioning and
Unless otherwise agreed, the steel surface tempera-
testing - Determination of relative humidity -
ture generally should be at least 3 “C above the dew-
Part 2: Whirling psychrometer method.
Point when paints are used.
ISO 8601: 1988, Data elements and interchange for-
NOTE 1 For paints that are tolerant to moisture on the
mats - Information in terchange - Represen ta tion surface, a temperature differente less than 3 “C may be
acceptable.
of dates and times.
1

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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2000
ISO 8502=4:1993(E)
b) For air humidity measurements, any of the follow-
Other temperature differentes may be specified by
the paint manufacturer, or agreed by the interested ing instruments:
Parties.
1) Aspirated psychrometers and whirling (Sling)
If the differente between the surface temperature
hygrometers, including tables for calculation of
and the dew-Point is below or will fall below the re-
humidity (sec ISO 4677-1 and ISO 46772, re-
quired and/or agreed minimum, the probability of
spectively), accurate to + 3 % RH.
-
condensation should be considered as being “high”.
NOTE 3 The aspirated psychrometer is the refer-
If the differente is above and will remain above the
ence instrument type according to the World
required and/or agreed minimum, the probability of
Meteorological Organization (WMO).
condensation should be considered as being “10~“.
2) Digital electronie hygrometers based on meas-
It is important to judge whether a temperature drop,
urement of capacitance Change of polymer
sufficient to Cause condensation, is likely to occur
films, accurate to + 3 % RH and capable of
during the critical period Table 1 may be used to help
operating at any relative humidity in the range
with this determination.
0 % RH to 100 % RH and at any temperature
in the range -40 “C to +80 “C.
If the relative humidity is
85 % or higher, then painting
should be judged critical
y as the dew-Point is a max-
3) Digital electronie hygrometers based on meas-
imum of 2,5 “C away.
uring the resistance Change in a salt bridge,
accurate to zt: 2 % RH and capable of operating
If the relative humidity is high (92 % or dew-Point
at any relative humidity in the range 0 % RH to
1,3 “C away), painting should only be considered if
97 % RH and at any temperature in the range
conditions tan be co:lfidently expected to remain
0 “C to 70 “C.
static or improve during the application and drying
period.
c) For surface temperature measurements, digital
electronie thermometers, accurate to + 0,5 “C.
NOTE 2 This period is usually approximately 6 h. -
NOTE 4 Magnetit surface thermometers may be used
If the relative humidity is apparently satisfactory (for
provided they have the required accuracy and are left an the
example 80 % or dew-Point 3,4 “C away), the en-
surface for sufficient time to resch the surface temperalure.
vironmental conditions over an appropriate time pe-
riod ahead, often about 6 h, should still be considered
in Order to ascertain that dew conditions vbdi nob oc-
Cu-,
q
:zaicuia-/“e j-h5 f-&w-psin*~, ~b++ji~~ 6s a pJ~ijf-$yy&y
T’he foiiowing instruments should be used, aithough
f;;(-Jjo;~ f--J! &he; k/q-J-&iß p~~.xs~~~ at the ,,;;,; jI.2yi-*.
instruments other than those described may be used
Thepe aße t&\es 3% c/-jar-//s frort y&jicki +‘- I ! ! Cf
provided they have an equivaient or greater accuracy. perature.
dew-Point tan be determined. Their pararnete-s ZWJ
air te’mperature and relative humidity SLC!.: a tabie !z
a) For air temperature measurements, mercury ther-
mometers or digital electronie thermometers, ac- given in annex A. Commerciai de\~~-poi~t ealculatcrs
curate to + O,5 ‘C. 0% sufficient accuracy may also be used.
-
Tabie 1 - Temperature drop needed for condensatisn to function sf the relative h
Relative humidity, %
NOTE - The figures are mean values for air temperatures from 0 “C to 35 “C. For a given air temperature, more accurate
figures tan be obtained from annex A.
I

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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2000
ISO 8502=4:1993(E)
5.3 Using the instrument described in 4 c), measure a) a reference to this part of ISO 8502 (i.e.
the steel surface temperature. Take at least one ISO 8502-4);
temperature measurement for every IO m* of the
surface and adopt the lowest measured temperature b) the date of carrying out the measurements (in-
in calculating the dew Point. cluding the day and hour), expressed in accord-
ante with ISO 8601;
NOTE 5 When selecting locations for temperature
measurements, any Variation in the thickness of the steel
c) a description of the instruments used;
and the effect of shade should be considered.
d) the calculated dew-Point;
5.4 Estimate the minimum surface temperature e) the measured steel surface temperature;
(above the dew-Point) that is needed to avoid
condensation under the prevailing environmental con- f) the differente b etween the steel surface tem-
ditions. perature and the dew-po int;
g) the minimum temperature differente needed to
avoid condensation;
6 Test report
h) an estimate of the probability of condensation as
The test report should include the following: being “high” or “10~“.
3

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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2000
ISO 8502=4:1993(E)
*
i -3 i ‘.-* ., $-
r-h u- iö “C, ?
‘i ‘-\ e-g
‘sc J L k‘. . : ! ‘L l. ; d y .“.d ,

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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2000
OS0 8502=4:1993[E)
Annex A
(informative)
Table for determination of dew-Point
The following table gives the dew-Point temperature td as a function of the air temperature t and the relative hu-
midity! 4.
The following instructions are given for the use of the table:
- Enter the table at values of relative humidity which straddle the actual (measured) value.
- Enter the table at values of air temperature which straddle the actual (measured) value.
- Identify the corresponding four intersection values of dew-Point temperature, make a linear interpolation in two
Steps and round off to 0,l “C.
The values given in the table are computed from the following equation which is valid for t 2 0 “C.
(234,175 + t)( In 0,Ol + In 4) + 17,080 85t
td = 234,175 x
234,175 x 17,080 85 -(234,175 +t)( In 0,Ol +In 4)
NOTE 6 As tan be seen from the equation, ld is a comparatively simple function of two variables, t and 4. This function
therefore lends itself to calculations by use of an ordinary scientific programmable calculator. Such a calculator, including its
Programme, tan be regarded as being equivalent to the table. lt is superior to the table in that it presents without interpolation
a direct reading of the dew-Point temperature. In addition a small pocket-type calculator is usually easier to manipulate on site
than a comprehensive table covering several A4-format pages. To make sure that the calculator is properly programmed, put
in any tabulated pair of t- and &values and compare the result with the corresponding value of td in the table.

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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2000
ISO 8502=4:1993(E)
Relative temperature,
humidity,
2 3 4 9
W)
1 - 49,l -48,5 - 47,9 -47,3 -46,6 -46,0 -45,4 -44,8 - 44,2
- 49,7
-43,0 -42,3 -41,7 -41,0 -40,3 - 39,7 - 39,0 -38,4 -37,7
2 -43,6
- 39,2 -38,5 - 37,8 -37,l -36,5 -35,8 -35,l -34,4 - 33,7
3 - 39,9
-36,4 -35,7 -35,0 -34,3 - 33,6 - 32,9 -32,2 -31,5 -30,8
4 -37,l
-34,2 -33,5 -32,8 - 32,l -31,3 -30,6 - 29,9 - 29,2 -28,5
5 - 34,9
-32,4 -31,6 - 30,9 - 30,2 - 29,4 - 28,7 -28,0 -27,2 -26,5
6 -33,l
7 -30,8 -30,l - 29,3 - 28,6 -27,8 - 27,l -26,3 -25,6 - 24,8
-31,5
-28,7 - 27,9 -27,l - 26,4 -25,6 - 24,9 - 24,l - 23,4
8 -30,2 - 29,4
-28,2 -27,4 -26,6 - 25,9 - 25,l - 24,3 -23,6 -22,8 - 22,l
9 - 28,9
-27,0 -26,3 -25,5 - 24,7 - 23,9 - 23,2 -22,4 -21,6 - 20,9
10 -27,8
11 -26,8 -26,0 -25,2 - 24,4 -23,7 - 22,9 - 22,l -21,3 -20,5 - 19,8
12 -25,l - 24,3 -23,5 -22,7 -21,9 -21,l -20,3 - 19,6 - 18,8
- 25,9
13 -25,0 - 24,2 -23,4 - 22,6 -21,8 -21,0 -20,2 - 19,4 - 18,6 -17,8
-22,6 -21,8 -21,0 - 20,2 - 19,4 - 18,6 - 17,8 - 17,0
14 -24,2 - 23,4
-21,8 -21,0 - 20,2 - 19,4 - 18,6 -17,8 - 17,0 - 16,l
15 - 23,4 -22,6
-21,9 -21,l - 20,2 - 19,4 - 18,6 - 17,8 - 17,0 - 16,2 - 15,4
16 -22,7
-21,2 -20,4 - 19,6 - 18,7 - 17,9 - 17,l - 16,3 -15,5 - 14,6
17 -22,0
- 19,7 - 18,9 - 18,l - 17,2 - 16,4 - 15,6 -14,8 - 14,0
18 -21,4 -20,5
- 19,l - 18,8 - 17,4 - 16,6 - 15,8 -15,0 - 14,l - 13,3
19 -20,8 - 19,9
- 16,0 - 15,2 - 14,3 -13,5 - 12,7
20 -20,2 - 19,3 -18,5 - 17,7 -16,8
- 15,4 - 14,6 - 13,7 - 12,9 - 12,1
21 - 19,6 - 18,8 - 17,9 - 17,l - 16,3
- 15,7 - 14,9 - 14,0 - 13,2 -12,3 -11,5
22 - 19,l - 18,2 - 17,4 - 16,5
- 15,2 - 14,3 - 13,5 -12,6 -11,8 - 10,9
23 - 18,6 - 17,7 -16,9 - 16,0
- 14,7 - 13,8 - 13,0 - 12,l -11,3 - 10,4
24 - 18,l - 17,2 - 16,4 -15,5
- 14,2 - 13,3 -12,5 - 11,6 - 10,8 - 9,9
25 - 17,6 - 16,7 - 15,9 - 15,0
-11,l - 10,3 - 9,4
26 -17,l - 16,3 -15,4 -14,5 - 13,7 - 12,8 -12,0
-11,5 - 10,6 - 9,8 - 8,9
27 - 16,7 -15,8 - 14,9 - 14,l - 13,2 - 12,4
- 11,9 - 11,l - IO,2 - 9,3 - 8,5
28 - 16,2 - 15,4 -14,5 - 13,6 - 12,8
- 12,4 -11,5 - 10,6 - 9,8 - 8,9 - 8,0
29 -15,8 - 15,0 - 14,l - 13,2
- 11,9 -11,l - 10,2 - 9,3 - 8,5 - 7,6
30 - 15,4 -14,5 - 13,7 -12,8
- 10,7 - 9,8 - 8,9 - 8,0 - 7,2
31 - 15,0 - 14,2 - 13,3 - 12,4 -11,5
_ 8,s -
- 9,4 ?16 - 6,O
32 -14,6 - 13,8 - 12,9 - l2,O - 11,l - IO,3
- _-
- 9,2 8.1 - 7,2 - 6,4
33 - 14,3 -T3,4 -12,5 11,6 - ?0?7 - 9,9
-7-T
- - 5.8 - fj.^
- 10,4 - 8;s - l,.f
34 -13,9 l3,O - ?2,? - 11,3 - 9,s I L'
- - - - J,L
8,2 - 6,s - 5:a
35 13,6 -12,7 - 11,8 - 10,9 10,o - 9,J
7
- - 7.2 fl
- b ,u - 6;': - 5,2
36 - 1312 - 12,3 - '3 1 ;LT. 10,5 - 9,7 - 8,8
-f' v-
- 8,~:. - 6,s -_ 5,3
- L{2 - 4,g
37 -%2,9 - 12,0 - 1 l,l - 10,L - 9,3
7 ?
- g+j - - e;,L$
- e,:j - 4,s
38 - 1286 - 11,7 - 10,8 - 9,9 - 8,1 6 r / ._
-f'
-gfj -77 _ 6,g - (y-J
- 4,2
39 - 12,k - ll,3 - 10,4 - 8,G "1
"1 c:
-56 - d.,?
-7:; - u' , iJ
40 - 11,9 - 11,o - 10,l -912 - 8J - 6,U r
'1
-
- $,-j -7,: - a,3 .q.g - 3,s
41 - IJ,6 - 1 o,/ - 9,8 - 8,s - 6:s
- - 4,. ';
42 - l-I,3 10,4 - 9,5 - 8,6 -7,7 - 6,8 - 5,9 - 5,o - 3,2
- 7,% -- 2,9
43 - 11,o - 1OJ - 9,2 - 8,3 - 6,s - 5,6 - 4,7 - 3,E
44 - 10,7 - 908 - 8,9 - 8,0 - 7,i - 6,2 - 5,3 - 4,4 - 3,5 - 2,E
- 10,5 - 9,5 - 7,7 - 6,8 - 5,9 - 5,0 -4,1 - 3:2 - 2,3
45 - 8,6
- 10,2 - 9,3 - 8,4 - 7,4 - 6,J - 5,6 -4,7 - 3,8 - 2,9 - 2,0
46
- 9,9 - 9,0 -8,1 - 7,2 - 6,2 - 5,3 -4,4 - 3,5 - 2,6 - 1,7
47
- 9,6 - 8,7 - 7,8 - 6,0 - 5,l -4,l - 3,2 - 2,3 - 1,4
48 - 6,9
49 - 9,4 - 8,5 - 7,5 - 6,6 - 5,7 -4,8 - 3,9 - 2,9 - 2,0 - 1,l
50 -9,l - 8,2 - 7,3 - 6,4 - 5,4 -4,5 -3,6 - 2,7 - 1,8 - 0,8

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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2000
ISO 8502=4:1993(E)
7

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SIST EN ISO 8502-4:2000
ISO 8502=4:1993(E)
Relative humidity, temperature, t (“C)
12 '03 14 15
4 W)
-43,0 -42,4 -41,8 --41,2 -40,5 - 39,9 - 39,3 -38,7 - 38,l
1 -43,6
2 -36,4 -35,8 - 35,l - 34,5 - 33,8 -33,2 -3
...