SIST EN 1536:2011
(Main)Execution of special geotechnical work - Bored piles
Execution of special geotechnical work - Bored piles
This European Standard establishes general principles for the construction of piles
- which are formed in the ground by excavation and
- which contain a structural member to transfer loads and or limit deformations.
It covers
- piles with circular shape and
- piles with barrette shape, provided the section is concreted in a single operation
Ausführung von Arbeiten im Spezialtiefbau - Bohrpfähle
1.1 Diese Europäische Norm enthält allgemeine Grundlagen für die Herstellung von Bohrpfählen
(siehe 3.2), die durch Bodenaushub hergestellt werden, und die ein tragendes Bauglied darstellen, um
Einwirkungen zu übertragen und/oder Verformungen zu begrenzen.
1.2 Diese Europäische Norm gilt für Bohrpfähle mit kreisförmigem Querschnitt (siehe Bild 1) und für
Bohrpfähle, die als Schlitzwandelemente (siehe 1.3 und 3.3) ausgebildet sind, unter der Voraussetzung, dass
der Querschnitt in einem Arbeitsgang betoniert wird.
ANMERKUNG In dieser Norm wird der Begriff „Pfahl" für Pfähle mit kreisrundem Querschnitt und der Begriff
-Schlitzwandelement" für Pfähle mit anderen Formen gebraucht. In beiden Fällen handelt es sich um Bohrpfähle.
Legende
D Schaftdurchmesser
Legende
L Wandlänge
W Wanddicke
A Querschnittsfläche des Schaftes
Bild 1 — Zylindrischer Bohrpfahl Bild 2 — Beispiele für Schlitzwandelemente
(Barrette) und Abmessungen
1.3 Die behandelten Querschnittsformen eines Schlitzwandelementes sind rechteckig, T- oder L-förmig
oder ähnlich (siehe Bild 2).
1.4 Diese Europäische Norm gilt für Bohrpfähle mit:
- konstantem Querschnitt (gleichbleibenden Schaftabmessungen);
- teleskopartig veränderlichen Schaftabmessungen;
- ausgehobener Fußaufweitung; oder
- ausgehobener Schaftaufweitung
(siehe Bild 3).
ANMERKUNG Die Gestalt des Pfahlfußes oder einer Fußaufweitung hängt von dem für den Aushub benutzten
Werkzeug ab.
Exécution des travaux géotechniques spéciaux - Pieux forés
La présente norme européenne définit les principes généraux pour l'exécution de pieux forés (voir 3.2) :
NOTE 1 La présente norme couvre les pieux ou barrettes qui sont exécutés en place et qui sont des éléments
structurels permettant de transférer des actions et/ou de limiter des déformations.
NOTE 2 La présente norme s'applique aux pieux de section circulaire (voir Figures 1 et A.1 a)) et aux barrettes (voir
3.3) de section rectangulaire, en T ou en L ou de tout autre section similaire (voir Figure 2), bétonnés en une seule
opération.
NOTE 3 Dans la présente norme, le terme « pieux » est utilisé pour les structures à section circulaire et le terme
« barrette » pour les autres formes. Dans les deux cas, il s’agit de pieux forés.
Izvedba posebnih geotehničnih del - Uvrtani piloti
Ta evropski standard vzpostavlja splošna načela za izvedbo uvrtanih pilotov (glej točko 3.2).
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Ausführung von Arbeiten im Spezialtiefbau - BohrpfähleExécution des travaux géotechniques spéciaux - Pieux forésExecution of special geotechnical work - Bored piles93.020Zemeljska dela. Izkopavanja. Gradnja temeljev. Dela pod zemljoEarthworks. Excavations. Foundation construction. Underground worksICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 1536:2010SIST EN 1536:2011en,de01-februar-2011SIST EN 1536:2011SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN 1536:2011
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 1536
September 2010 ICS 93.020 Supersedes EN 1536:1999English Version
Execution of special geotechnical work - Bored piles
Exécution des travaux géotechniques spéciaux - Pieux forés
Ausführung von Arbeiten im Spezialtiefbau - Bohrpfähle This European Standard was approved by CEN on 2 July 2010.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 1536:2010: ESIST EN 1536:2011
EN 1536:2010 (E)
2 Contents Page Foreword .41 Scope .52 Normative references . 103 Terms and definitions . 114 Information needed for the execution of the work . 164.1 General . 164.2 Special features . 165 Geotechnical investigation . 175.1 General . 175.2 Specific requirements . 186 Materials and products . 196.1 Constituents . 196.1.1 General . 196.1.2 Bentonite . 196.1.3 Polymers . 196.1.4 Cement . 196.1.5 Aggregates . 206.1.6 Water . 216.1.7 Additions . 216.1.8 Admixtures . 216.2 Support fluids . 216.2.1 Bentonite suspensions . 216.2.2 Polymer solutions . 226.3 Concrete . 236.3.1 General . 236.3.2 Aggregates . 236.3.3 Cement contents . 236.3.4 Water/cement ratio. 236.3.5 Admixtures . 246.3.6 Fresh concrete . 246.3.7 Production of concrete . 256.3.8 Sampling and testing on site . 256.4 Grout . 266.5 Reinforcement . 266.6 Additional inserted products . 277 Considerations related to design . 277.1 General . 277.2 Piles forming a wall . 287.3 Excavation . 287.4 Precast concrete elements . 297.5 Reinforcement . 297.5.1 General . 297.5.2 Longitudinal reinforcement . 297.5.3 Transverse reinforcement . 307.6 Steel tubes and profile elements . 317.7 Minimum and nominal cover . 318 Execution . 328.1 Construction tolerances . 328.1.1 Geometrical tolerances . 32SIST EN 1536:2011
EN 1536:2010 (E) 3 8.1.2 Installation tolerances for reinforcement cage . 338.1.3 Tolerances for trimming . 338.2 Excavation . 348.2.1 General . 348.2.2 Methods and tools . 358.2.3 Excavations supported by casings . 368.2.4 Excavations supported by fluids . 388.2.5 Boring with continuous flight augers . 388.2.6 Unsupported excavation . 398.2.7 Enlargements . 398.3 Reinforcement . 408.3.1 General . 408.3.2 Joints . 408.3.3 Bending of reinforcement . 408.3.4 Assembly of cages . 408.3.5 Spacers . 418.3.6 Installation . 418.4 Concreting and trimming . 428.4.1 General . 428.4.2 Concreting in dry conditions. 438.4.3 Concreting in submerged conditions . 438.4.4 Extraction of casings . 458.4.5 Permanent casings or linings . 468.4.6 Concreting of continuous flight auger piles . 468.4.7 Prepacked piles . 468.4.8 Loss of immersion of tremie pipe or casing . 478.4.9 Precast concrete elements and steel tubes or profiles . 478.4.10 External grouting of bored piles . 488.4.11 Trimming . 488.5 Pile walls. 499 Supervision, testing and monitoring . 499.1 Construction controls . 499.2 Bored pile testing . 509.2.1 General . 509.2.2 Pile load tests . 519.2.3 Integrity tests . 5110 Records . 5211 Special Requirements . 55Annex A (informative)
Glossary. 57Annex B (informative)
Examples for details and frequencies for monitoring and testing . 65Annex C (informative)
Sample records . 70Annex D (informative)
Obligation of the provisions . 77Bibliography . 82
SIST EN 1536:2011
EN 1536:2010 (E)
4 Foreword This document (EN 1536:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 288 “Execution of special geotechnical works”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by March 2011. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 1536:1999. The general scope of TC 288 is the standardisation of the execution procedures for geotechnical works (including testing and control methods) and of the required material properties. WG15 has been charged to revise EN 1536:1999, with the subject area of bored piles, including barrettes, but not "micro piles" of diameter less than 0,3 m. The design, planning and execution of bored piles call for experience and knowledge in this specialised field. The execution phase requires skilled and qualified personnel and the present standard cannot replace the expertise of specialist contractor. The document has been prepared to complement EN 1997-1, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design
Part 1: General rules and EN 1997-2, Eurocode 7
Geotechnical design
Part 2: Ground investigation and testing. Clause 7 "Considerations related to design" of this European Standard expands on design only where necessary (e.g. the detailing of reinforcement), but provides full coverage of the construction and supervision requirements. This standard contains additional requirements on concrete complementing the respective provisions of EN 206-1 and of EN 13670. The three standards are not yet fully accorded. It is anticipated that during future revisions several provisions now contained in EN 1536:2010, e.g. in 6.1, 6.3, 8.3 and 8.4 could be transferred to EN 206-1 and EN 13670. The document has been revised by a working group comprising delegates from eleven European countries and the comments from ten European countries have been received and taken into account. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
SIST EN 1536:2011
EN 1536:2010 (E) 5 1 Scope 1.1 This European Standard establishes general principles for the execution of bored piles (see 3.2).
NOTE 1 This standard covers piles or barrettes which are formed in the ground by excavation and are structural members used to transfer actions and/or limit deformations.
NOTE 2 This standard covers piles with circular cross-section (see Figures 1 and A.1a)) and barrettes (see 3.3) with rectangular, T or L or any other similar cross-section (see Figure 2) concreted in a single operation.
NOTE 3 In the standard the term pile is used for circular cross-section structure and the term barrette for other shapes. Both are bored piles.
Key Key D Shaft diameter L Barrette length
W Barrette thickness
A Cross-sectional area of the shaft Figure 1 — Bored pile with circular cross-section
Figure 2 — Bored pile with non circular cross-section (barrettes)
1.2
This European Standard applies to bored piles (see Figure 3) with: uniform cross-section (straight shaft); telescopically changing shaft dimensions;
excavated base enlargements; or excavated shaft enlargements. NOTE
The shape of a pile base and of an enlargement depends on the tool used for the excavation. SIST EN 1536:2011
EN 1536:2010 (E)
6
Key Key
D
Shaft diameter n
Rake
DB Base enlargement diameter
DE Shaft enlargement diameter
Figure 3 — Examples for straight shaft piles and piles with shaft and base enlargement Figure 4 — Definition of the rake1.3
This European Standard applies (see Note) to:
bored piles with a depth to width ratio ≥ 5; piles (see Figures 1 and 3) with a shaft diameter 0,3 m ≤ D ≤ 3,0 m; barrettes (see Figure 2) with the least dimension Wi ≥ 0,4 m, a ratio LBiB / Wi between its largest and its least dimensions ≤ 6 and a cross-sectional area A ≤ 15 m²; piles with circular precast elements used as structural member (see Figure 7) with a least dimension DP ≥ 0,3 m; barrettes with rectangular precast elements used as structural member with a least dimension WP ≥ 0,3 m.
NOTE The standard covers a large range of diameters. For small diameter bored piles less than 450 mm, the general specification can be adapted to cater for the lack of space (e.g. minimum bars number and spacing). 1.4
This European Standard applies to piles with the following rake (see Figure 4): n ≥ 4 (Θ ≥ 76°); n ≥ 3 (Θ ≥ 72°) for permanently cased piles.
1.5 This European Standard applies to bored piles with the following dimensions of the shaft or base enlargements (see Figure 3): a) base enlargements: 1) in non-cohesive ground: DB / D ≤ 2; 2) in cohesive ground: DB / D ≤ 3; b) shaft enlargements in any ground: DE / D ≤ 2; SIST EN 1536:2011
EN 1536:2010 (E) 7 c) slope of the enlargement in non-cohesive ground m ≥ 3; 1) in non-cohesive ground: m ≥ 3; 2) in cohesive ground: m ≥ 1,5; d) base enlargements area of barrettes: A ≤ 15 m²; 1.6
The provisions of this European Standard apply to: single bored piles; bored pile groups (see Figure 5); walls formed by piles (see Figure 6).
Key D Shaft diameter ai
Centre to centre spacing of the piles Figure 5 — Examples of pile groups SIST EN 1536:2011
EN 1536:2010 (E)
8
a < D p primary piles s secondary piles a) Secant pile wall
a ≅ D b) Contiguous pile wall
a > D c) Widely spaced pile wall
Key a
Centre to centre spacing of the piles
D
Shaft diameter
1
Lagging Figure 6 — Examples of pile walls 1.7
The bored piles which are the subject of this European Standard can be excavated by continuous or discontinuous methods using support methods for stabilizing the excavation walls where required. 1.8
This European Standard applies only to construction methods that allow the designed cross-sections to be produced. 1.9
The provisions apply to bored piles (see Figure 7) constructed of: unreinforced (plain) concrete; reinforced concrete; concrete reinforced by means of special reinforcement such as steel tubes, steel sections or steel fibres; precast concrete (including prestressed concrete) elements or steel tubes where the annular gap between the element or tube and the ground is filled by concrete, cement or cement-bentonite grout. SIST EN 1536:2011
EN 1536:2010 (E) 9
a) Use of plain concrete b) Use of concrete with bar reinforcement c) Use of special reinforcement
(steel section or tube)
d) Use of precast concrete element as main or supplementary structural membere) Use of steel tube as main or supplementary structural member Key 1
Precast concrete element 2
Grout 3
Temporary casing (extracted) 4
Uncased excavation 5
Unreinforced or reinforced concrete or cement grout D
Shaft diameter Figure 7 — Examples of bored piles with circular cross-section 1.10
Micropiles, mixed-in-place columns, columns constructed by jet grouting, ground improvement for piling, mixed-in-place pile bases and diaphragm walls are not covered by this European Standard. SIST EN 1536:2011
EN 1536:2010 (E)
10 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 197-1:2000, Cement
Part 1: Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements EN 206-1:2000, Concrete — Part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformity EN 791, Drill rigs
Safety EN 934-2, Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout — Part 2: Concrete admixtures
Definitions, requirements, conformity, marking and labelling EN 996, Piling equipment
Safety requirements
EN 1008, Mixing water for concrete
Specification for sampling, testing and assessing the suitability of water, including water recovered from processes in the concrete industry, as mixing water for concrete EN 1990, Eurocode
Basis of structural design
EN 1991 (all parts), Eurocode 1: Actions on structures EN 1992 (all parts), Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures EN 1993 (all parts), Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures EN 1994 (all parts), Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures EN 1997-1, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design
Part 1: General rules
EN 1997-2, Eurocode 7
Geotechnical design
Part 2: Ground investigation and testing EN 1998 (all parts), Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance EN 10025-2, Hot rolled products of structural steels
Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for non-alloy structural steels EN 10080, Steel for the reinforcement of concrete
Weldable reinforcing steel
General
EN 10210 (all parts), Hot finished structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain steels
EN 10219 (all parts), Cold formed welded structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain steels EN 10248 (all parts), Hot rolled sheet piling of non alloy steels
EN 10249 (all parts), Cold formed sheet piling of non alloy steels
EN 12620, Aggregates for concrete
EN 12794, Precast concrete products
Foundation piles EN 13670, Execution of concrete structures ISO/DIS 22477-1, Geotechnical investigation and testing
Testing of geotechnical structures
Part 1: Pile load test by static axially loaded compression SIST EN 1536:2011
EN 1536:2010 (E) 11 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
NOTE 1 The following definitions are used for the construction of bored piles covered by this European Standard. Additional explanations of piling terms are listed in Annex A.
NOTE 2 In these definitions the term pile is used for circular cross-section structures and the term barrette for other shapes. Both are bored piles. 3.1
pile fr pieu de Pfahl slender structural member in the ground for the transfer of actions 3.2 bored pile fr pieu foré de Bohrpfahl pile or barrette formed with or without a pile casing by excavating or boring a hole in the ground and filling with plain or reinforced concrete 3.3 barrette fr barrette de Schlitzwandelement discrete length of diaphragm wall or a number of interconnecting lengths cast simultaneously (e.g. L-, T- or cruciform shapes) used to support vertical and/or lateral loads
3.4
continuous flight auger pile
CFA-pile fr pieu à la tarière continue creuse (CFA) de Schneckenbohrpfahl pile formed by means of a hollow stemmed continuous flight auger through the stem of which concrete or grout is pumped as the auger is extracted
NOTE See Figure A.4. 3.5
prepacked pile fr pieu ballasté injecté de Prepacked-Pfahl pile where the completed excavation is filled with coarse aggregate which is subsequently injected with grout from the bottom up 3.6
end bearing pile fr pieu travaillant en pointe de Spitzendruckpfahl bored pile transmitting actions to the ground mainly by compression on its base 3.7
friction pile fr pieu flottant de Reibungspfahl bored pile transmitting actions to the ground mainly by friction and adhesion between the lateral surface of the pile and the adjacent ground SIST EN 1536:2011
EN 1536:2010 (E)
12 3.8
pile base grouting fr injection sous la base de Pfahlfußverpressung pressure injection of grout below the base of an installed bored pile base in order to enhance performance under load 3.9 pile shaft grouting fr injection au niveau du fût de Pfahlmantelverpressung injection of grout carried out after bored pile concrete has set for the enhancement of skin friction accomplished by the use of grouting pipes which are installed down the shaft, normally placed with the bored pile reinforcement 3.10 working pile fr pieu de fondation de Bauwerkspfahl bored pile for the foundation of a structure or as part of a bored pile wall 3.11
raking pile fr pieu incliné de Schrägpfahl pile installed at an inclination related to the horizontal
NOTE See Figure 4. 3.12
shaft diameter fr diamètre du fût de Pfahlschaftdurchmesser diameter of the part of the pile between the pile head and the pile base: for piles constructed with casings: equal to the external diameter of the casing; for piles constructed without a casing: equal to the maximum diameter of the boring tool 3.13
enlarged base fr base élargie de Fußaufweitung base of a bored pile formed to have an area greater than that of its shaft
NOTE For bored piles, normally constructed by the use of special underreaming or belling-out tools (see Figure 3). 3.14 casting level fr niveau de bétonnage de Betonierhöhe upper level to which concrete is cast in a bored pile excavation
NOTE It is above the cut-off level by a margin depending on the execution procedure. 3.15
cut-off level (trimming) fr niveau d'arase (recépage) de planmäßige Pfahlkopfhöhe; Kapphöhe prescribed level to which a bored pile is trimmed before connecting it to the substructure SIST EN 1536:2011
EN 1536:2010 (E) 13 3.16
empty bore fr forage vide de Leerbohrung length of excavation from the working level to the cut-off level 3.17 temporary casing fr tubage de Verrohrung steel tube used to maintain stability of a pile excavation (e.g. in unstable ground) whi
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