SIST ISO 16000-34:2019
Indoor air - Part 34: Strategies for the measurement of airborne particles
Indoor air - Part 34: Strategies for the measurement of airborne particles
This document specifies the general strategies for determining the concentration of airborne particles
indoors and covers the size range from approximately 1 nm to 100 μm.
In addition, this document describes methods for identifying typical indoor particle sources and gives
general recommendations for obtaining a representative sample.
The main sources of indoor particulate matter are described in this document, together with indoor
particle dynamics. Various measurement methods are described, along with their advantages,
disadvantages and areas of application, as well as some general sampling recommendations.
Measurement strategies for determining airborne particles indoors are discussed, including reference
case studies with more specific sampling recommendations.
Additional documents in the ISO 16000 series will focus on each fraction of airborne particulate matter
and give specific recommendations for these measurements.
The determination of measurement uncertainty and minimum reporting requirements are also part of
this document.
This document does not apply to the determination of bioaerosols or the chemical characterization
of particles. For the measurement and assessment of dust composition, see the relevant part in the
ISO 16000 series.
This document does not apply to the measurement of airborne particles in vehicle passenger
compartments and public transport systems.
Air intérieur - Partie 34: Stratégie pour la mesure des particules en suspension
Le pr�sent document sp�cifie les strat�gies g�n�rales pour d�terminer la concentration de particules en suspension dans l'air int�rieur et couvre la gamme de taille allant approximativement de 1 nm � 100 �m.
En outre, le pr�sent document d�crit des m�thodes permettant d'identifier les sources int�rieures de particules types et fournit des recommandations g�n�rales pour obtenir un �chantillon repr�sentatif.
Le pr�sent document d�crit les principales sources de mati�re particulaire en environnement int�rieur ainsi que la dynamique des particules dans cet espace. Il d�crit diverses m�thodes de mesure, en pr�cisant leurs avantages, leurs inconv�nients et les champs d'application et en fournissant quelques recommandations g�n�rales concernant l'�chantillonnage. Il traite des strat�gies de mesurage pour d�terminer les particules en suspension dans l'air int�rieur, y compris des �tudes de cas de r�f�rence avec des recommandations plus sp�cifiques concernant l'�chantillonnage.
D'autres documents de la s�rie de normes ISO 16000 seront ax�s sur chaque fraction de la mati�re particulaire en suspension dans l'air et fourniront des recommandations sp�cifiques pour ces mesurages.
La d�termination de l'incertitude de mesure et les exigences minimales concernant la consignation dans le rapport font �galement partie du pr�sent document.
Le pr�sent document ne s'applique pas � la d�termination des bioa�rosols ni de la caract�risation chimique des particules. Pour le mesurage et l'�valuation de la composition des poussi�res, voir la partie pertinente dans la s�rie de normes ISO 16000.
Le pr�sent document ne s'applique pas au mesurage des particules en suspension dans l'air pr�sentes dans les compartiments passagers des v�hicules et dans les syst�mes de transport public.
Notranji zrak - 34. del: Strategija merjenja lebdečih delcev
Ta dokument določa splošne strategije za določevanje koncentracije lebdečih delcev v zaprtih prostorih in zajema razpon velikosti od približno 1 nm do 100 μm.
Ta dokument poleg tega opisuje metode za prepoznavanje tipičnih virov delcev v zaprtih prostorih in podaja splošna priporočila za pridobivanje reprezentativnega vzorca.
Glavni viri trdnih delcev v zaprtih prostorih so opisani v tem dokumentu, skupaj z dinamiko
delcev v zaprtih prostorih. Različne merilne metode so opisane skupaj z njihovimi prednostmi,
slabostmi in področji uporabe ter nekaj splošnimi priporočili za vzorčenje.
Obravnavane so strategije merjenja za določevanje lebdečih delcev v zaprtih prostorih, vključno z referenčnimi študijami primerov s podrobnejšimi priporočili za vzorčenje.
Dodatni dokumenti v skupini ISO 16000 bodo osredotočeni na vsak delež lebdečih trdnih delcev in določali podrobna priporočila za te meritve.
Ta dokument zajema tudi ugotavljanje merilne negotovosti in minimalne zahteve glede poročanja.
Ta dokument se ne uporablja za določevanje bioaerosolov ali kemijsko karakterizacijo
delcev. Za meritev in oceno sestave prahu glej ustrezni del
skupine standardov ISO 16000.
Ta dokument se ne uporablja za meritev lebdečih delcev v potniških oddelkih vozil in sistemih javnega prevoza.
General Information
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16000-34
First edition
2018-08
Indoor air —
Part 34:
Strategies for the measurement of
airborne particles
Air intérieur —
Partie 34: Stratégie pour la mesure des particules en suspension
Reference number
ISO 16000-34:2018(E)
©
ISO 2018
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 16000-34:2018(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2018
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 16000-34:2018(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Origin, properties and health implications of airborne particles.4
4.1 Origin and properties . 4
4.2 Health implications . 4
5 Sources of indoor particulate matter and particle dynamics indoors .6
5.1 General . 6
5.2 Sources of indoor particulate matter . 6
5.2.1 Typical indoor sources . 6
5.2.2 Influence of the premises . 7
5.2.3 Particle size range generated by typical sources . 7
5.3 Particle dynamics indoors . 8
5.3.1 Major particle sinks . 8
5.3.2 Variations of the particle spectrum . 8
5.3.3 Effect of air conditioning . 9
5.3.4 Conditions of room use . 9
6 Measurement methods for airborne particles indoors . 9
6.1 General . 9
6.2 Established method description .10
6.2.1 General.10
6.2.2 Cyclone .13
6.2.3 Impactors (impactor – cascade impactor – LPI – MOI) .13
6.2.4 Differential mobility analyser (DMA) .14
6.2.5 Aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) . .15
6.2.6 Aerosol mass monitor (AMM) .15
6.2.7 Oscillating microbalance (OMB) .16
6.2.8 Beta radiation attenuation (BRA) monitor .17
6.2.9 Microscopy (OM – SEM – TEM) .18
6.2.10 Light scattering aerosol spectrometer (LSAS) .18
6.2.11 Time-of-flight spectrometer (TOF-AS) .19
6.2.12 Condensation particle counter (CPC – UF CPC – CPC with SES – CPC
photometric mode) .20
6.2.13 Faraday cup aerosol electrometer (FCAE) .21
6.2.14 Fast response aerosol spectrometer (FRAS) .21
6.2.15 Low pressure impactor with electric detection (LPI+E) .22
7 General sampling recommendations .22
7.1 Instrumentation and sampling system .22
7.2 Measurement location .23
7.3 Measurement time and duration .23
7.4 Estimated concentration scale (minimum and maximum accuracy) .23
7.5 Background concentration .24
7.6 Impact of outdoor air quality .24
7.7 Impact of room conditions .25
7.8 Impact of the measurement itself .25
8 Measurement strategy for determining airborne particles indoors .26
8.1 General .26
8.2 Preliminary work — Definition of the measurement objective and list of basic
information .26
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ISO 16000-34:2018(E)
8.2.1 General.26
8.2.2 Statement on the purpose of the measurement .26
8.2.3 List of main expected sources .26
8.2.4 Temporal effects .27
8.2.5 Description of the indoor compartment .27
8.3 Visual room inspection — Definition of the measurement planning and strategy .28
8.4 Preliminary measurements .28
8.5 Measurement procedures.29
8.5.1 General.29
8.5.2 Procedure for the determination of the background .29
8.5.3 Procedure for the estimation of the influence of outdoor (ambient air)
concentration .30
8.5.4 Procedure for the identification of main sources present in a room .31
8.5.5 Procedure for the measurement of the average and the time-resolved
emission of a specific source .32
8.5.6 Procedure for the estimation of the efficiency of an abatement techniques
(i.e. filtration by air conditioning system .33
9 Uncertainty evaluation .34
10 Evaluation and reporting of results .35
11 Documentation .35
12 Quality assurance .36
12.1 Performance specifications .36
12.2 Quality assurance when determining particle number concentrations .37
12.2.1 General.37
12.2.2 Sampling volume flow .37
12.2.3 Checking the equipment’s parameters .37
12.3 Quality assurance when determining particle mass concentrations .37
12.3.1 Mass concentration calculation based on measured number concentration .37
12.3.2 Gravimetric mass concentration measurement .37
Annex A (normative) Protocol for the measurement of indoor airborne particles .39
Bibliography .43
iv © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
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ISO 16000-34:2018(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 6,
Indoor air.
A list of all parts in the ISO 16000 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved v
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ISO 16000-34:2018(E)
Introduction
Airborne particulate matter (colloquially known as “fine dust”) plays a role not only outdoors, but is
also significant in terms of hygiene, especially indoors. People in industrialized countries spend most
of the day indoors. Particles are either transported into indoor air from outdoor environments or the
particles directly result from indoor sources, such as smoking, housework and do-it-yourself (DIY),
burning candles, residential wood burning, cooking and using printers. The concentration, composition
and size distribution of airborne particulate matter in indoor environments strongly depend on
parameters such as the sources present in the room, room size, relative humidity, air exchange rate,
air flow conditions and sink effects on surfaces (e.g. walls, ceilings, floor coverings, soft furnishings). In
addition, particles already deposited can be re-entrained through various activities and subsequently
inhaled. Depending on the particular case, all this can result in highly variable levels of indoor fine dust
pollution that are not easily ascertained or assessed in terms of their impact on health.
In the ISO 16000 series, the following rooms are understood to constitute indoor spaces: dwellings
with living rooms, bedrooms, work rooms, sport rooms, cellars, kitchens and bathrooms; work spaces
or workstations in buildings not subject to controls under industrial safety legislation in terms of
airborne pollution (e.g. offices, shops); public buildings (e.g. restaurants, theatres, cinemas, other
function rooms); and the passenger compartments of vehicles and all public transport systems (e.g.
buses, trains, aircraft).
Epidemiological and toxicological findings suggest that health effects are more strongly related to sub-
[33]
micron particles . Indeed, ultrafine particles (UFP), due to their small size, can deeply penetrate into
the body and contribute to adverse health effects.
This document describes the general strategies for the measurement of airborne particles, including
PM , PM , PM and UFP. The different technologies available equipment are presented and compared
10 2,5 1
in a way that allows the user to select the best technique depending on the monitoring objective.
Sampling requirements are presented together with key factors that users should take into account.
vi © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16000-34:2018(E)
Indoor air —
Part 34:
Strategies for the measurement of airborne particles
1 Scope
This document specifies the general strategies for determining the concentration of airborne particles
indoors and covers the size range from approximately 1 nm to 100 µm.
In addition, this document describes methods for identifying typical indoor particle sources and gives
general recommendations for obtaining a representative sample.
The main sources of indoor particulate matter are described in this document, together with indoor
particle dynamics. Various measurement methods are described, along with their advantages,
disadvantages and areas of application, as well as some general sampling recommendations.
Measurement strategies for determining airborne particles indoors are discussed, including reference
case studies with more specific sampling recommendations.
Additional documents in the ISO 16000 series will focus on each fraction of airborne particulate matter
and give specific recommendations for these measurements.
The determination of measurement uncertainty and minimum reporting requirements are also part of
this document.
This document does not apply to the determination of bioaerosols or the chemical characterization
of particles. For the measurement and assessment of dust composition, see the relevant part in the
ISO 16000 series.
This document does not apply to the measurement of airborne particles in vehicle passenger
compartments and public transport systems.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 16000-1:2004, Indoor air — Part 1: General aspects of sampling strategy
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved 1
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ISO 16000-34:2018(E)
3.1
particle
small discrete mass of solid or liquid matter
[SOURCE: ISO 29464:2017, 3.2.111]
3.2
aerosol
suspension in a gaseous medium of solid particles (3.1), liquid particles or solid and liquid particles
having a negligible falling velocity
[SOURCE: ISO 23210:2009, 3.1.9]
3.3
equivalent diameter
diameter of a spherical particle (3.1) which will impart geometric, optical, electrical or aerodynamic
behaviour identical to that of the particle being examined
Note 1 to entry: Depending on the measurement method applied, various equivalent diameters could be defined
for the same particle. These different diameters are only indirectly comparable since different particle properties
are being measured, e.g. geometric diameter, diameter according to dielectric mobility, diameter according to
light scattering properties. Nevertheless, the generic term “particle diameter” is often used for all of them.
[SOURCE: ISO 4225:1994, 3.35, modified — Note 1 to entry has been added.]
3.4
aerodynamic diameter
−3
diameter of a sphere of density 1 g cm with the same terminal velocity due to gravitational force
in calm air as the particle (3.1), under the prevailing conditions of temperature, pressure and relative
humidity
Note 1 to entry: The aerodynamic diameter is calculated using the formula:
ρ
1
p
DD=
ap
χ ρ
o
where
D is the aerodynamic diameter;
a
D is the particle diameter;
p
ρ is the density of the particle;
p
ρ is the standard density;
0
χ is the form factor.
Note 2 to entry: The form factor describes by how much the resisting force of an irregularly shaped particle is
[26]
greater than that of a sphere with the same volume .
Note 3 to entry: The aerodynamic diameter determines the sedimentation and the separation properties of
particles in impactors. It is also of particular importance for penetrative behaviour and the retention of particles
in the human body.
[SOURCE: ISO 7708:1995, 2.2, modified — “particle” has been removed from the term and Note 1 to
entry has been replaced by Notes 1 to 3 to entry.]
2 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
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ISO 16000-34:2018(E)
3.5
fine dust
fraction of airborne particles (3.1) with an aerodynamic diameter (3.4) below 10 µm
[SOURCE: EN 15445:2008, 3.5]
3.6
coarse mode particle
particle (3.1) larger than 2,5 µm in diameter
Note 1 to entry: Coarse mode particles are formed by mechanical abrasion and the swirl-up of sediment and
floor dust.
3.7
fine mode particle
particle (3.1) with a diameter below 2,5 µm
Note 1 to entry: Fine mode particles are formed primarily from gases or secondarily through nucleation and
condensation.
3.8
ultrafine particle
UFP
particle (3.1) with a diameter of 100 nm or less
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 19601:2017, 3.34, modified — The definition has been shortened and Note 1 to entry
has been deleted.]
3.9
cut-off diameter
aerodynamic diameter (3.4) at which the impactor stage has a separation efficiency of 50 %
[SOURCE: ISO 23210:2009, 3.1.2, modified — The definition has been changed from “where the
separation efficiency of the impactor stage is 50 %”.]
3.10
PM
2,5
fraction of the airborne particles (3.1) that passes a size-selective sampling head with a separation
efficiency of 50 % with an aerodynamic diameter (3.4) of 2,5 µm
[SOURCE: EN 12341:2014, 3.1.14]
3.11
PM
10
fraction of the airborne particles (3.1) that passes a size-selective sampling head with a separation
efficiency of 50 % with an aerodynamic diameter (3.4) of 10 µm
[SOURCE: EN 12341:2014, 3.1.14]
3.12
mass concentration
c
ratio of the mass m of the measured component and the gas volume V, as shown by:
m
c=
V
[SOURCE: EN 15259:2007, 3.26]
3.13
number concentration
number of particles (3.1) per volume element of carrier gas (air)
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ISO 16000-34:2018(E)
3.14
lung-deposited surface area
LDSA
particle (3.1) surface area concentration per unit volume of air, weighted by the deposition probability
in the lung
Note 1 to entry: Due to lung deposition efficiency during inhalation, only a fraction of the particles will effectively
deposit in the human lung. LDSA is thus strongly related to the potential particles health impact.
[SOURCE: Reference [22], modified — Note 1 to entry has been added.]
3.15
particle volume concentration
total volume of all dispersed particles (3.1) per unit volume of the carrier gas
4 Origin, properties and health implications of airborne particles
4.1 Origin and properties
Airborne solid and liquid particles (e.g. in the form of dust, smoke, mist and fog) have always been a
component of the atmosphere. Together they are referred to as aerosol. Natural sources that contribute
to the release of primary particles into the air include oceans, deserts, plants, volcanic eruptions, erosion
and fire. In addition, atmospheric photochemistry involving biogenic volatile organic compounds
(known as precursor gases, such as isoprene and monoterpenes) leads to the generation of secondary
particles. Since the industrial revolution, in particular, primary or secondary anthropogenic particles
have been making up a growing proportion of the atmospheric particle spectrum. Large amounts of
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, organic and elementary carbon,
plus other gaseous and particulate substances, reach the troposphere via industrial processes and the
combustion of fossil oil products, black coal, brown coal and biomass. According to the World Health
Organization (WHO), particular sources of high concentrations of anthropogenic airborne particles
[40]
include combustion processes and photochemical reactions from anthropogenic precursor gases.
Abrasion and re-entrainment processes (e.g. those involving bulk freight, industry, agriculture, the
construction industry) can also contribute to fine dust pollution, especially with the coarse mode
fraction.
The interaction between natural and anthropogenic aerosols from local, regional and remote sources
results in ambient aerosol, in which composition undergoes pronounced spatial and temporal
fluctuations. In towns, ambient aerosol is often referred to as urban aerosol.
Ambient aerosol is made up of various particle sizes, i.e. ultrafine, fine and coarse particles. The
[35]
chemical composition can vary greatly, depending on the source and transport conditions. Elevated
concentrations are measured in the vicinity of industrial facilities. Particles with a diameter less
than 50 nm are essentially composed of low-volatility organic compounds.
The dynamic behaviour of an aerosol always depends on the properties of the aerosol particles
themselves and on those of the surrounding medium, including potential sinks. This is a dynamic
system, subject to constant changes caused by various physical and chemical processes, which are
also characteristic of different size fractions of the total aerosol. Nucleation gives rise to particles with
diameters of a few nanometres (nucleation mode). Condensation and coagulation result in further
growth processes taking place (accumulation mode). Abrasion and re-entrainment processes generate
in particular particles in the coarse mode (see ISO 4225 and ISO 16000-37).
Airborne particles are thus a cluster of various pollutant species with high variation in shape, size,
chemical composition and physical properties.
4.2 Health implications
Based on epidemiological studies, it has been assumed for many years that fine dust pollution of the
ambient air can cause health problems, without relevant threshold values having been found thus
4 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
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ISO 16000-34:2018(E)
far, see ISO 20988. In general, a linear dose-effect relationship is assumed. With the EU Air Quality
Directive (1999/30/EC) that came into force in 2005, this issue has be
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 16000-34:2019
01-september-2019
Notranji zrak - 34. del: Strategija merjenja lebdečih delcev
Indoor air - Part 34: Strategies for the measurement of airborne particles
Air intérieur - Partie 34: Stratégie pour la mesure des particules en suspension
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 16000-34:2018
ICS:
13.040.20 Kakovost okoljskega zraka Ambient atmospheres
SIST ISO 16000-34:2019 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST ISO 16000-34:2019
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SIST ISO 16000-34:2019
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16000-34
First edition
2018-08
Indoor air —
Part 34:
Strategies for the measurement of
airborne particles
Air intérieur —
Partie 34: Stratégie pour la mesure des particules en suspension
Reference number
ISO 16000-34:2018(E)
©
ISO 2018
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST ISO 16000-34:2019
ISO 16000-34:2018(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2018
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST ISO 16000-34:2019
ISO 16000-34:2018(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Origin, properties and health implications of airborne particles.4
4.1 Origin and properties . 4
4.2 Health implications . 4
5 Sources of indoor particulate matter and particle dynamics indoors .6
5.1 General . 6
5.2 Sources of indoor particulate matter . 6
5.2.1 Typical indoor sources . 6
5.2.2 Influence of the premises . 7
5.2.3 Particle size range generated by typical sources . 7
5.3 Particle dynamics indoors . 8
5.3.1 Major particle sinks . 8
5.3.2 Variations of the particle spectrum . 8
5.3.3 Effect of air conditioning . 9
5.3.4 Conditions of room use . 9
6 Measurement methods for airborne particles indoors . 9
6.1 General . 9
6.2 Established method description .10
6.2.1 General.10
6.2.2 Cyclone .13
6.2.3 Impactors (impactor – cascade impactor – LPI – MOI) .13
6.2.4 Differential mobility analyser (DMA) .14
6.2.5 Aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) . .15
6.2.6 Aerosol mass monitor (AMM) .15
6.2.7 Oscillating microbalance (OMB) .16
6.2.8 Beta radiation attenuation (BRA) monitor .17
6.2.9 Microscopy (OM – SEM – TEM) .18
6.2.10 Light scattering aerosol spectrometer (LSAS) .18
6.2.11 Time-of-flight spectrometer (TOF-AS) .19
6.2.12 Condensation particle counter (CPC – UF CPC – CPC with SES – CPC
photometric mode) .20
6.2.13 Faraday cup aerosol electrometer (FCAE) .21
6.2.14 Fast response aerosol spectrometer (FRAS) .21
6.2.15 Low pressure impactor with electric detection (LPI+E) .22
7 General sampling recommendations .22
7.1 Instrumentation and sampling system .22
7.2 Measurement location .23
7.3 Measurement time and duration .23
7.4 Estimated concentration scale (minimum and maximum accuracy) .23
7.5 Background concentration .24
7.6 Impact of outdoor air quality .24
7.7 Impact of room conditions .25
7.8 Impact of the measurement itself .25
8 Measurement strategy for determining airborne particles indoors .26
8.1 General .26
8.2 Preliminary work — Definition of the measurement objective and list of basic
information .26
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SIST ISO 16000-34:2019
ISO 16000-34:2018(E)
8.2.1 General.26
8.2.2 Statement on the purpose of the measurement .26
8.2.3 List of main expected sources .26
8.2.4 Temporal effects .27
8.2.5 Description of the indoor compartment .27
8.3 Visual room inspection — Definition of the measurement planning and strategy .28
8.4 Preliminary measurements .28
8.5 Measurement procedures.29
8.5.1 General.29
8.5.2 Procedure for the determination of the background .29
8.5.3 Procedure for the estimation of the influence of outdoor (ambient air)
concentration .30
8.5.4 Procedure for the identification of main sources present in a room .31
8.5.5 Procedure for the measurement of the average and the time-resolved
emission of a specific source .32
8.5.6 Procedure for the estimation of the efficiency of an abatement techniques
(i.e. filtration by air conditioning system .33
9 Uncertainty evaluation .34
10 Evaluation and reporting of results .35
11 Documentation .35
12 Quality assurance .36
12.1 Performance specifications .36
12.2 Quality assurance when determining particle number concentrations .37
12.2.1 General.37
12.2.2 Sampling volume flow .37
12.2.3 Checking the equipment’s parameters .37
12.3 Quality assurance when determining particle mass concentrations .37
12.3.1 Mass concentration calculation based on measured number concentration .37
12.3.2 Gravimetric mass concentration measurement .37
Annex A (normative) Protocol for the measurement of indoor airborne particles .39
Bibliography .43
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SIST ISO 16000-34:2019
ISO 16000-34:2018(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 6,
Indoor air.
A list of all parts in the ISO 16000 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
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SIST ISO 16000-34:2019
ISO 16000-34:2018(E)
Introduction
Airborne particulate matter (colloquially known as “fine dust”) plays a role not only outdoors, but is
also significant in terms of hygiene, especially indoors. People in industrialized countries spend most
of the day indoors. Particles are either transported into indoor air from outdoor environments or the
particles directly result from indoor sources, such as smoking, housework and do-it-yourself (DIY),
burning candles, residential wood burning, cooking and using printers. The concentration, composition
and size distribution of airborne particulate matter in indoor environments strongly depend on
parameters such as the sources present in the room, room size, relative humidity, air exchange rate,
air flow conditions and sink effects on surfaces (e.g. walls, ceilings, floor coverings, soft furnishings). In
addition, particles already deposited can be re-entrained through various activities and subsequently
inhaled. Depending on the particular case, all this can result in highly variable levels of indoor fine dust
pollution that are not easily ascertained or assessed in terms of their impact on health.
In the ISO 16000 series, the following rooms are understood to constitute indoor spaces: dwellings
with living rooms, bedrooms, work rooms, sport rooms, cellars, kitchens and bathrooms; work spaces
or workstations in buildings not subject to controls under industrial safety legislation in terms of
airborne pollution (e.g. offices, shops); public buildings (e.g. restaurants, theatres, cinemas, other
function rooms); and the passenger compartments of vehicles and all public transport systems (e.g.
buses, trains, aircraft).
Epidemiological and toxicological findings suggest that health effects are more strongly related to sub-
[33]
micron particles . Indeed, ultrafine particles (UFP), due to their small size, can deeply penetrate into
the body and contribute to adverse health effects.
This document describes the general strategies for the measurement of airborne particles, including
PM , PM , PM and UFP. The different technologies available equipment are presented and compared
10 2,5 1
in a way that allows the user to select the best technique depending on the monitoring objective.
Sampling requirements are presented together with key factors that users should take into account.
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SIST ISO 16000-34:2019
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16000-34:2018(E)
Indoor air —
Part 34:
Strategies for the measurement of airborne particles
1 Scope
This document specifies the general strategies for determining the concentration of airborne particles
indoors and covers the size range from approximately 1 nm to 100 µm.
In addition, this document describes methods for identifying typical indoor particle sources and gives
general recommendations for obtaining a representative sample.
The main sources of indoor particulate matter are described in this document, together with indoor
particle dynamics. Various measurement methods are described, along with their advantages,
disadvantages and areas of application, as well as some general sampling recommendations.
Measurement strategies for determining airborne particles indoors are discussed, including reference
case studies with more specific sampling recommendations.
Additional documents in the ISO 16000 series will focus on each fraction of airborne particulate matter
and give specific recommendations for these measurements.
The determination of measurement uncertainty and minimum reporting requirements are also part of
this document.
This document does not apply to the determination of bioaerosols or the chemical characterization
of particles. For the measurement and assessment of dust composition, see the relevant part in the
ISO 16000 series.
This document does not apply to the measurement of airborne particles in vehicle passenger
compartments and public transport systems.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 16000-1:2004, Indoor air — Part 1: General aspects of sampling strategy
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
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SIST ISO 16000-34:2019
ISO 16000-34:2018(E)
3.1
particle
small discrete mass of solid or liquid matter
[SOURCE: ISO 29464:2017, 3.2.111]
3.2
aerosol
suspension in a gaseous medium of solid particles (3.1), liquid particles or solid and liquid particles
having a negligible falling velocity
[SOURCE: ISO 23210:2009, 3.1.9]
3.3
equivalent diameter
diameter of a spherical particle (3.1) which will impart geometric, optical, electrical or aerodynamic
behaviour identical to that of the particle being examined
Note 1 to entry: Depending on the measurement method applied, various equivalent diameters could be defined
for the same particle. These different diameters are only indirectly comparable since different particle properties
are being measured, e.g. geometric diameter, diameter according to dielectric mobility, diameter according to
light scattering properties. Nevertheless, the generic term “particle diameter” is often used for all of them.
[SOURCE: ISO 4225:1994, 3.35, modified — Note 1 to entry has been added.]
3.4
aerodynamic diameter
−3
diameter of a sphere of density 1 g cm with the same terminal velocity due to gravitational force
in calm air as the particle (3.1), under the prevailing conditions of temperature, pressure and relative
humidity
Note 1 to entry: The aerodynamic diameter is calculated using the formula:
ρ
1
p
DD=
ap
χ ρ
o
where
D is the aerodynamic diameter;
a
D is the particle diameter;
p
ρ is the density of the particle;
p
ρ is the standard density;
0
χ is the form factor.
Note 2 to entry: The form factor describes by how much the resisting force of an irregularly shaped particle is
[26]
greater than that of a sphere with the same volume .
Note 3 to entry: The aerodynamic diameter determines the sedimentation and the separation properties of
particles in impactors. It is also of particular importance for penetrative behaviour and the retention of particles
in the human body.
[SOURCE: ISO 7708:1995, 2.2, modified — “particle” has been removed from the term and Note 1 to
entry has been replaced by Notes 1 to 3 to entry.]
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SIST ISO 16000-34:2019
ISO 16000-34:2018(E)
3.5
fine dust
fraction of airborne particles (3.1) with an aerodynamic diameter (3.4) below 10 µm
[SOURCE: EN 15445:2008, 3.5]
3.6
coarse mode particle
particle (3.1) larger than 2,5 µm in diameter
Note 1 to entry: Coarse mode particles are formed by mechanical abrasion and the swirl-up of sediment and
floor dust.
3.7
fine mode particle
particle (3.1) with a diameter below 2,5 µm
Note 1 to entry: Fine mode particles are formed primarily from gases or secondarily through nucleation and
condensation.
3.8
ultrafine particle
UFP
particle (3.1) with a diameter of 100 nm or less
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 19601:2017, 3.34, modified — The definition has been shortened and Note 1 to entry
has been deleted.]
3.9
cut-off diameter
aerodynamic diameter (3.4) at which the impactor stage has a separation efficiency of 50 %
[SOURCE: ISO 23210:2009, 3.1.2, modified — The definition has been changed from “where the
separation efficiency of the impactor stage is 50 %”.]
3.10
PM
2,5
fraction of the airborne particles (3.1) that passes a size-selective sampling head with a separation
efficiency of 50 % with an aerodynamic diameter (3.4) of 2,5 µm
[SOURCE: EN 12341:2014, 3.1.14]
3.11
PM
10
fraction of the airborne particles (3.1) that passes a size-selective sampling head with a separation
efficiency of 50 % with an aerodynamic diameter (3.4) of 10 µm
[SOURCE: EN 12341:2014, 3.1.14]
3.12
mass concentration
c
ratio of the mass m of the measured component and the gas volume V, as shown by:
m
c=
V
[SOURCE: EN 15259:2007, 3.26]
3.13
number concentration
number of particles (3.1) per volume element of carrier gas (air)
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SIST ISO 16000-34:2019
ISO 16000-34:2018(E)
3.14
lung-deposited surface area
LDSA
particle (3.1) surface area concentration per unit volume of air, weighted by the deposition probability
in the lung
Note 1 to entry: Due to lung deposition efficiency during inhalation, only a fraction of the particles will effectively
deposit in the human lung. LDSA is thus strongly related to the potential particles health impact.
[SOURCE: Reference [22], modified — Note 1 to entry has been added.]
3.15
particle volume concentration
total volume of all dispersed particles (3.1) per unit volume of the carrier gas
4 Origin, properties and health implications of airborne particles
4.1 Origin and properties
Airborne solid and liquid particles (e.g. in the form of dust, smoke, mist and fog) have always been a
component of the atmosphere. Together they are referred to as aerosol. Natural sources that contribute
to the release of primary particles into the air include oceans, deserts, plants, volcanic eruptions, erosion
and fire. In addition, atmospheric photochemistry involving biogenic volatile organic compounds
(known as precursor gases, such as isoprene and monoterpenes) leads to the generation of secondary
particles. Since the industrial revolution, in particular, primary or secondary anthropogenic particles
have been making up a growing proportion of the atmospheric particle spectrum. Large amounts of
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, organic and elementary carbon,
plus other gaseous and particulate substances, reach the troposphere via industrial processes and the
combustion of fossil oil products, black coal, brown coal and biomass. According to the World Health
Organization (WHO), particular sources of high concentrations of anthropogenic airborne particles
[40]
include combustion processes and photochemical reactions from anthropogenic precursor gases.
Abrasion and re-entrainment processes (e.g. those involving bulk freight, industry, agriculture, the
construction industry) can also contribute to fine dust pollution, especially with the coarse mode
fraction.
The interaction between natural and anthropogenic aerosols from local, regional and remote sources
results in ambient aerosol, in which composition undergoes pronounced spatial and temporal
fluctuations. In towns, ambient aerosol is often referred to as urban aerosol.
Ambient aerosol is made up of various particle sizes, i.e. ultrafine, fine and coarse particles. The
[35]
chemical composition can vary greatly, depending on the source and transport conditions. Elevated
concentrations are measured in the vicinity of industrial facilities. Particles with a diameter less
than 50 nm are essentially composed of low-volatility organic compounds.
The dynamic behaviour of an aerosol always depends on the properties of the aerosol particles
themselves and on those of the surrounding medium, including potential sinks. This is a dynamic
system, subject to constant changes caused by various physical and chemical processes, which are
also characteristic of different size fractions of the total aerosol. Nucleation gives rise to particles with
diameters of a
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 16000-34
Première édition
2018-08
Air intérieur —
Partie 34:
Stratégie pour la mesure des
particules en suspension
Indoor air —
Part 34: Strategies for the measurement of airborne particles
Numéro de référence
ISO 16000-34:2018(F)
©
ISO 2018
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 16000-34:2018(F)
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
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Tous droits réservés. Sauf prescription différente ou nécessité dans le contexte de sa mise en œuvre, aucune partie de cette
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être demandée à l’ISO à l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
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Publié en Suisse
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ISO 16000-34:2018(F)
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .v
Introduction .vi
1 Domaine d'application . 1
2 Références normatives . 1
3 Termes et définitions . 1
4 Origine, propriétés et conséquences sur la santé des particules en suspension dans l’air .4
4.1 Origine et propriétés . 4
4.2 Conséquences sur la santé . 5
5 Sources de matière particulaire en environnement intérieur et dynamique des
particules à l’intérieur de cet espace . 6
5.1 Généralités . 6
5.2 Sources de matière particulaire en environnement intérieur . 6
5.2.1 Sources intérieures types . 6
5.2.2 Influence des locaux . . . 7
5.2.3 Gamme de taille de particules générée par des sources types . 8
5.3 Dynamique des particules en environnement intérieur . 8
5.3.1 Principaux puits de particules . 8
5.3.2 Variations du spectre particulaire . 9
5.3.3 Effet du conditionnement d’air . 9
5.3.4 Conditions d’utilisation de la pièce . 9
6 Méthodes de mesure des particules en suspension dans l’air intérieur .9
6.1 Généralités . 9
6.2 Description des méthodes établies .10
6.2.1 Généralités .10
6.2.2 Cyclone .13
6.2.3 Impacteurs (impacteur – impacteur en cascade – impacteur basse
pression – impacteur à micro-orifice) .14
6.2.4 Analyseur de mobilité différentielle (DMA) .15
6.2.5 Spectromètre de masse d’aérosol (AMS) .16
6.2.6 Moniteur de masse d’aérosol (AMM) .16
6.2.7 Microbalance à élément oscillant (OMB) .17
6.2.8 Analyseur par atténuation du rayonnement bêta (BRA) .18
6.2.9 Microscopie (MO – MEB – MET) .19
6.2.10 Spectromètre d’aérosol en lumière diffusée (LSAS) .20
6.2.11 Spectromètre à temps de vol (TOF-AS) .21
6.2.12 Compteur de particules à condensation (CPC – UF CPC – CPC avec SES –
CPC en mode photométrique) .21
6.2.13 Électromètre à aérosol à cage de Faraday (FCAE) .22
6.2.14 Spectromètre d’aérosol à réponse rapide (FRAS) .23
6.2.15 Impacteur basse pression avec détection électrique (LPI+E) .23
7 Recommandations générales pour l’échantillonnage .24
7.1 Instrumentation et système d’échantillonnage .24
7.2 Emplacement de mesure .24
7.3 Heure et durée du mesurage .25
7.4 Échelle de concentration estimée (exactitude minimale et maximale) .25
7.5 Concentration de fond .26
7.6 Impact de la qualité de l’air extérieur .26
7.7 Impact des conditions dans la pièce .27
7.8 Impact du mesurage lui-même .27
8 Stratégie de mesurage pour déterminer les particules en suspension dans l’air
intérieur .28
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ISO 16000-34:2018(F)
8.1 Généralités .28
8.2 Travaux préliminaires — Définition de l’objectif du mesurage et liste des
informations de base .28
8.2.1 Généralités .28
8.2.2 Énoncé de la finalité du mesurage .28
8.2.3 Liste des principales sources attendues .28
8.2.4 Effets temporels .29
8.2.5 Description du compartiment intérieur .29
8.3 Inspection visuelle de la pièce — Définition de la planification et de la stratégie de
mesurage .30
8.4 Mesurages préliminaires .31
8.5 Mode opératoires de mesurage .31
8.5.1 Généralités .31
8.5.2 Mode opératoire pour la détermination de la concentration de fond .31
8.5.3 Mode opératoire pour l’estimation de l’influence de la concentration
extérieure (air ambiant) .32
8.5.4 Mode opératoire pour l’identification des principales sources présentes
dans une pièce.33
8.5.5 Mode opératoire pour le mesurage de l’émission moyenne et résolue dans
le temps d’une source spécifique .35
8.5.6 Mode opératoire pour l’estimation de l’efficacité des techniques de
réduction de la pollution (c’est-à-dire filtration par un système de
conditionnement d’air) .36
9 Évaluation de l’incertitude .37
10 Évaluation et compte rendu des résultats.38
11 Documentation .38
12 Assurance qualité .39
12.1 Spécifications de performance .39
12.2 Assurance qualité lors de la détermination des concentrations en nombre de particules 40
12.2.1 Généralités .40
12.2.2 Débit volumique de prélèvement .40
12.2.3 Vérification des paramètres de l’équipement .40
12.3 Assurance qualité lors de la détermination des concentrations massiques de particules .40
12.3.1 Calcul d’une concentration massique sur la base d’une concentration en
nombre mesurée .40
12.3.2 Mesurage par gravimétrie de la concentration massique .41
Annexe A (normative) Protocole pour le mesurage des particules en suspension dans l’air
intérieur .42
Bibliographie .47
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ISO 16000-34:2018(F)
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes
nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est
en général confiée aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude
a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,
gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux.
L'ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui
concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier, de prendre note des différents
critères d'approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a été
rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir www
.iso .org/directives).
L'attention est attirée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable
de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence. Les détails concernant
les références aux droits de propriété intellectuelle ou autres droits analogues identifiés lors de
l'élaboration du document sont indiqués dans l'Introduction et/ou dans la liste des déclarations de
brevets reçues par l'ISO (voir www .iso .org/brevets).
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données
pour information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un
engagement.
Pour une explication de la nature volontaire des normes, la signification des termes et expressions
spécifiques de l'ISO liés à l'évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l'adhésion
de l'ISO aux principes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles
techniques au commerce (OTC), voir www .iso .org/avant -propos.
Le présent document a été élaboré par le comité technique ISO/TC 146, Qualité de l’air, sous-comité SC 6,
Air intérieur.
Une liste de toutes les parties de la série ISO 16000 se trouve sur le site Web de l’ISO.
Il convient que l’utilisateur adresse tout retour d’information ou toute question concernant le présent
document à l’organisme national de normalisation de son pays. Une liste exhaustive desdits organismes
se trouve à l’adresse www .iso .org/fr/members .html.
© ISO 2018 – Tous droits réservés v
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ISO 16000-34:2018(F)
Introduction
La matière particulaire en suspension dans l’air (souvent appelée «particules fines») joue non
seulement un rôle à l’extérieur, mais est également importante en termes d’hygiène, notamment à
l’intérieur. Dans les pays industrialisés, les gens passent la plus grande partie de la journée à l’intérieur.
Les particules sont transportées dans l’air intérieur depuis l’environnement extérieur ou proviennent
directement de sources intérieures comme la fumée de tabac, les tâches ménagères et le bricolage, la
combustion de bougies, les feux de bois, la cuisson et l’utilisation d’imprimantes. La concentration, la
composition et la distribution granulométrique de la matière particulaire en suspension dans l’air dans
les environnements intérieurs dépendent fortement de paramètres tels que les sources présentes dans
la pièce, les dimensions de la pièce, l’humidité relative, le taux de renouvellement d’air, les conditions
d’écoulement de l’air et les effets de puits sur les surfaces (par exemple murs, plafonds, revêtements de
sol, mobilier). En outre, des particules déjà déposées peuvent être réentraînées par diverses activités
et ensuite inhalées. Selon le cas particulier, tout cela peut aboutir à des niveaux extrêmement variables
de pollution de l’air intérieur par les particules fines, dont la détermination ou l’évaluation en termes
d’impact sur la santé n’est pas aisée.
Dans la série de normes ISO 16000, les pièces suivantes sont considérées constituer des espaces
intérieurs: logements ayant des salles de séjour, des chambres à coucher, des ateliers, des salles de sport,
des caves, des cuisines et des salles de bain; espaces de travail ou postes de travail dans les bâtiments
qui ne sont pas soumis à des contrôles dans le cadre de la législation relative à la sécurité industrielle en
termes de pollution atmosphérique (par exemple bureaux, magasins); bâtiments publics (par exemple
restaurants, théâtres, cinémas, salles ayant d’autres fonctions) et les compartiments passagers des
véhicules et de tous les systèmes de transport public (par exemple bus, trains, aéronefs).
Les découvertes épidémiologiques et toxicologiques suggèrent que les effets sur la santé sont plus
[33]
étroitement liés aux particules submicroniques. En réalité, les particules ultrafines (PUF), en raison de
leur petite taille, peuvent pénétrer profondément dans le corps et contribuer aux effets nocifs sur la santé.
Le présent document décrit les stratégies générales pour la mesure des particules en suspension dans
l’air, y compris les fractions PM , PM , PM et PUF. Les différents équipements disponibles selon les
10 2,5 1
différentes technologies sont présentés et comparés de manière à permettre à l’utilisateur de choisir la
meilleure technique en fonction de l’objectif de la surveillance. Les exigences relatives à l’échantillonnage
sont présentées avec les principaux facteurs devant être pris en compte par les utilisateurs.
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NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 16000-34:2018(F)
Air intérieur —
Partie 34:
Stratégie pour la mesure des particules en suspension
1 Domaine d'application
Le présent document spécifie les stratégies générales pour déterminer la concentration de particules en
suspension dans l’air intérieur et couvre la gamme de taille allant approximativement de 1 nm à 100 µm.
En outre, le présent document décrit des méthodes permettant d’identifier les sources intérieures de
particules types et fournit des recommandations générales pour obtenir un échantillon représentatif.
Le présent document décrit les principales sources de matière particulaire en environnement intérieur
ainsi que la dynamique des particules dans cet espace. Il décrit diverses méthodes de mesure, en
précisant leurs avantages, leurs inconvénients et les champs d’application et en fournissant quelques
recommandations générales concernant l’échantillonnage. Il traite des stratégies de mesurage pour
déterminer les particules en suspension dans l’air intérieur, y compris des études de cas de référence
avec des recommandations plus spécifiques concernant l’échantillonnage.
D’autres documents de la série de normes ISO 16000 seront axés sur chaque fraction de la matière
particulaire en suspension dans l’air et fourniront des recommandations spécifiques pour ces
mesurages.
La détermination de l’incertitude de mesure et les exigences minimales concernant la consignation
dans le rapport font également partie du présent document.
Le présent document ne s’applique pas à la détermination des bioaérosols ni de la caractérisation
chimique des particules. Pour le mesurage et l’évaluation de la composition des poussières, voir la
partie pertinente dans la série de normes ISO 16000.
Le présent document ne s’applique pas au mesurage des particules en suspension dans l’air présentes
dans les compartiments passagers des véhicules et dans les systèmes de transport public.
2 Références normatives
Les documents suivants cités dans le texte constituent, pour tout ou partie de leur contenu, des
exigences du présent document. Pour les références datées, seule l’édition citée s’applique. Pour les
références non datées, la dernière édition du document de référence s’applique (y compris les éventuels
amendements).
ISO 16000-1:2004, Air intérieur — Partie 1: Aspects généraux de la stratégie d'échantillonnage
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions suivants s’appliquent.
L’ISO et l’IEC tiennent à jour des bases de données terminologiques destinées à être utilisées en
normalisation, consultables aux adresses suivantes:
— ISO Online browsing platform: disponible à l’adresse https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: disponible à l’adresse http: //www .electropedia .org/
© ISO 2018 – Tous droits réservés 1
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ISO 16000-34:2018(F)
3.1
particule
petite masse discrète de matière solide ou liquide
[SOURCE: ISO 29464:2017, 3.2.111]
3.2
aérosol
suspension dans un milieu gazeux de particules (3.1) solides, liquides ou solides et liquides ayant une
vitesse de chute négligeable
[SOURCE: ISO 23210:2009, 3.1.9]
3.3
diamètre équivalent
diamètre de la particule (3.1) sphérique qui a un comportement identique du point de vue géométrique,
optique, électrique ou aérodynamique, à celui de la particule étudiée
Note 1 à l'article: Selon la méthode de mesure appliquée, divers diamètres équivalents peuvent être définis pour
la même particule. Ces différents diamètres ne sont comparables qu’indirectement car différentes propriétés
des particules sont mesurées, par exemple le diamètre géométrique, le diamètre en fonction de la mobilité
diélectrique, le diamètre en fonction des propriétés de diffusion de la lumière. Toutefois, le terme générique
«diamètre de particule» est souvent utilisé pour les désigner tous.
[SOURCE: ISO 4225:1994, 3.35, modifiée — La Note 1 à l’article a été ajoutée.]
3.4
diamètre aérodynamique
−3
diamètre d’une sphère de masse volumique 1 g cm possédant la même vitesse terminale de chute dans
l’air calme liée à la gravité que celle de la particule (3.1), dans les mêmes conditions de température, de
pression et d’humidité relative
Note 1 à l'article: Le diamètre aérodynamique est calculé à l’aide de la formule:
ρ
1
p
DD=
ap
χ ρ
o
où
D est le diamètre aérodynamique;
a
D est le diamètre de la particule;
p
ρ est la masse volumique de la particule;
p
ρ est la masse volumique normalisée;
0
χ est le facteur de forme.
Note 2 à l'article: Le facteur de forme décrit de combien la force de résistance d’une particule de forme irrégulière
[26]
est supérieure à celle d’une sphère ayant le même volume .
Note 3 à l'article: Le diamètre aérodynamique détermine les propriétés de sédimentation et de séparation
des particules dans les impacteurs. Il revêt également une importance particulière pour le comportement de
pénétration et la rétention des particules dans le corps humain.
[SOURCE: ISO 7708:1995, 2.2, modifiée — le mot «particule» a été supprimé du terme et la Note 1 à
l’article a été remplacée par les Notes 1 à 3 à l’article.]
2 © ISO 2018 – Tous droits réservés
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ISO 16000-34:2018(F)
3.5
particules fines
fraction des particules (3.1) en suspension dans l’air dont le diamètre aérodynamique (3.4) est
inférieur à 10 µm
[SOURCE: EN 15445:2008, 3.5]
3.6
particule du mode grossier
particule (3.1) de plus de 2,5 µm de diamètre
Note 1 à l'article: Les particules du mode grossier sont formées par l’abrasion mécanique et le soulèvement en
tourbillons des dépôts et des poussières sur le sol.
3.7
particule du mode fin
particule (3.1) de diamètre inférieur à 2,5 µm
Note 1 à l'article: Les particules du mode fin sont principalement formées à partir de gaz ou secondairement par
nucléation et condensation.
3.8
particule ultrafine
PUF
particule (3.1) ayant un diamètre inférieur ou égal à 100 nm
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 19601:2017, 3.34, modifiée — La définition a été abrégée et la Note 1 à l’Article a été
supprimée.]
3.9
diamètre de coupure
diamètre aérodynamique (3.4) pour lequel l’étage de l’impacteur a une efficacité de collection de 50 %
[SOURCE: ISO 23210:2009, 3.1.2, modifiée — La définition a été modifiée par rapport à «pour lequel
l’efficacité de collection de l’étage de l’impacteur est de 50 %».]
3.10
PM
2,5
fraction des particules (3.1) en suspension dans l’air qui traverse une tête de prélèvement sélective de
fraction granulométrique, avec une efficacité de coupure de 50 % pour un diamètre aérodynamique
(3.4) de 2,5 µm
[SOURCE: EN 12341:2014, 3.1.14]
3.11
PM
10
fraction des particules (3.1) en suspension dans l’air qui traverse une tête de prélèvement sélective de
fraction granulométrique, avec une efficacité de coupure de 50 % pour un diamètre aérodynamique
(3.4) de 10 µm
[SOURCE: EN 12341:2014, 3.1.14]
3.12
concentration massique
c
quotient de la masse m du composant mesuré par le volume de gaz V, tel que donné par :
m
c=
V
[SOURCE: EN 15259:2007, 3.26]
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ISO 16000-34:2018(F)
3.13
concentration en nombre
nombre de particules (3.1) par volume élémentaire de gaz porteur (air)
3.14
surface spécifique des particules pouvant se déposer dans les poumons
LDSA
concentration en surface spécifique des particules (3.1) par unité de volume d’air, pondérée par la
probabilité de dépôt dans le poumon
Note 1 à l'article: Du fait de l’efficacité du dépôt des particules dans les poumons durant l’inhalation, seule une
fraction des particules sera effectivement déposée dans les poumons humains. La LDSA est donc fortement liée à
l’impact potentiel des particules sur la santé.
[SOURCE: Référence [22], modifiée — La Note 1 à l’article a été ajoutée.]
3.15
concentration volumique
volume total de toutes les particules (3.1) dispersées par unité de volume du gaz porteur
4 Origine, propriétés et conséquences sur la santé des particules en suspension
dans l’air
4.1 Origine et propriétés
Les particules solides et liquides en suspension dans l’air (par exemple sous forme de poussières, de
fumée, de brume et de brouillard) ont toujours été un constituant de l’atmosphère. Ensemble, elles
sont désignées en tant qu’aérosol. Les sources naturelles qui contribuent à la libération de particules
primaires dans l’air comprennent les océans, les déserts, les végétaux, les éruptions volcaniques,
l’érosion et le feu. De plus, la photochimie atmosphérique impliquant des composés organiques volatils
biogènes (connus en tant
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
kSIST ISO/FDIS 16000-34:2018
01-september-2018
1RWUDQML]UDNGHO 6WUDWHJLMDPHUMHQMDOHEGHþLKGHOFHY
Indoor air - Part 34: Strategies for the measurement of airborne particles
Air intérieur - Partie 34: Stratégie pour la mesure des particules en suspension
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO/FDIS 16000-34
ICS:
13.040.20 Kakovost okoljskega zraka Ambient atmospheres
kSIST ISO/FDIS 16000-34:2018 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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kSIST ISO/FDIS 16000-34:2018
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kSIST ISO/FDIS 16000-34:2018
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 16000-34
ISO/TC 146/SC 6
Indoor air —
Secretariat: DIN
Voting begins on:
Part 34:
2018-05-07
Strategies for the measurement of
Voting terminates on:
airborne particles
2018-07-02
Air intérieur —
Partie 34: Stratégie pour la mesure des particules en suspension
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 16000-34:2018(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
©
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. ISO 2018
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kSIST ISO/FDIS 16000-34:2018
ISO/FDIS 16000-34:2018(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2018
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
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kSIST ISO/FDIS 16000-34:2018
ISO/FDIS 16000-34:2018(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Origin, properties and health implications of airborne particles.4
4.1 Origin and properties . 4
4.2 Health implications . 4
5 Sources of indoor particulate matter and particle dynamics indoors .6
5.1 General . 6
5.2 Sources of indoor particulate matter . 6
5.2.1 Typical indoor sources . 6
5.2.2 Influence of the premises . 7
5.2.3 Particle size range generated by typical sources . 7
5.3 Particle dynamics indoors . 8
5.3.1 Major particle sinks . 8
5.3.2 Variations of the particle spectrum . 8
5.3.3 Effect of air conditioning . 9
5.3.4 Conditions of room use . 9
6 Measurement methods for airborne particles indoors . 9
6.1 General . 9
6.2 Established method description .10
6.2.1 General.10
6.2.2 Cyclone .13
6.2.3 Impactors (impactor – cascade impactor – LPI – MOI) .13
6.2.4 Differential mobility analyser (DMA) .14
6.2.5 Aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) . .15
6.2.6 Aerosol mass monitor (AMM) .15
6.2.7 Oscillating microbalance (OMB) .16
6.2.8 Beta radiation attenuation (BRA) monitor .17
6.2.9 Microscopy (OM – SEM – TEM) .18
6.2.10 Light scattering aerosol spectrometer (LSAS) .18
6.2.11 Time-of-flight spectrometer (TOF-AS) .19
6.2.12 Condensation particle counter (CPC – UF CPC – CPC with SES – CPC
photometric mode) .20
6.2.13 Faraday cup aerosol electrometer (FCAE) .21
6.2.14 Fast response aerosol spectrometer (FRAS) .21
6.2.15 Low pressure impactor with electric detection (LPI+E) .22
7 General sampling recommendations .22
7.1 Instrumentation and sampling system .22
7.2 Measurement location .23
7.3 Measurement time and duration .23
7.4 Estimated concentration scale (minimum and maximum accuracy) .23
7.5 Background concentration .24
7.6 Impact of outdoor air quality .24
7.7 Impact of room conditions .25
7.8 Impact of the measurement itself .25
8 Measurement strategy for determining airborne particles indoors .26
8.1 General .26
8.2 Preliminary work — Definition of the measurement objective and list of basic
information .26
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kSIST ISO/FDIS 16000-34:2018
ISO/FDIS 16000-34:2018(E)
8.2.1 General.26
8.2.2 Statement on the purpose of the measurement .26
8.2.3 List of main expected sources .26
8.2.4 Temporal effects .27
8.2.5 Description of the indoor compartment .27
8.3 Visual room inspection — Definition of the measurement planning and strategy .28
8.4 Preliminary measurements .28
8.5 Measurement procedures.29
8.5.1 General.29
8.5.2 Procedure for the determination of the background .29
8.5.3 Procedure for the estimation of the influence of outdoor (ambient air)
concentration .30
8.5.4 Procedure for the identification of main sources present in a room .31
8.5.5 Procedure for the measurement of the average and the time-resolved
emission of a specific source .32
8.5.6 Procedure for the estimation of the efficiency of an abatement techniques
(i.e. filtration by air conditioning system .33
9 Uncertainty evaluation .34
10 Evaluation and reporting of results .35
11 Documentation .35
12 Quality assurance .36
12.1 Performance specifications .36
12.2 Quality assurance when determining particle number concentrations .37
12.2.1 General.37
12.2.2 Sampling volume flow .37
12.2.3 Checking the equipment’s parameters .37
12.3 Quality assurance when determining particle mass concentrations .37
12.3.1 Mass concentration calculation based on measured number concentration .37
12.3.2 Gravimetric mass concentration measurement .37
Annex A (normative) Protocol for the measurement of indoor airborne particles .39
Bibliography .43
iv © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
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kSIST ISO/FDIS 16000-34:2018
ISO/FDIS 16000-34:2018(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www .iso .org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 6,
Indoor air.
A list of all parts in the ISO 16000 series can be found on the ISO website.
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved v
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kSIST ISO/FDIS 16000-34:2018
ISO/FDIS 16000-34:2018(E)
Introduction
Airborne particulate matter (colloquially known as “fine dust”) plays a role not only outdoors, but is
also significant in terms of hygiene, especially indoors. People in industrialized countries spend most
of the day indoors. Particles are either transported into indoor air from outdoor environments or the
particles directly result from indoor sources, such as smoking, housework and do-it-yourself (DIY),
burning candles, residential wood burning, cooking and using printers. The concentration, composition
and size distribution of airborne particulate matter in indoor environments strongly depend on
parameters such as the sources present in the room, room size, relative humidity, air exchange rate,
air flow conditions and sink effects on surfaces (e.g. walls, ceilings, floor coverings, soft furnishings). In
addition, particles already deposited can be re-entrained through various activities and subsequently
inhaled. Depending on the particular case, all this can result in highly variable levels of indoor fine dust
pollution that are not easily ascertained or assessed in terms of their impact on health.
In the ISO 16000 series, the following rooms are understood to constitute indoor spaces: dwellings
with living rooms, bedrooms, work rooms, sport rooms, cellars, kitchens and bathrooms; work spaces
or workstations in buildings not subject to controls under industrial safety legislation in terms of
airborne pollution (e.g. offices, shops); public buildings (e.g. restaurants, theatres, cinemas, other
function rooms); and the passenger compartments of vehicles and all public transport systems (e.g.
buses, trains, aircraft).
Epidemiological and toxicological findings suggest that health effects are more strongly related to sub-
[33]
micron particles. Indeed, ultrafine particles (UFP), due to their small size, can deeply penetrate into
the body and contribute to adverse health effects.
This document describes the general strategies for the measurement of airborne particles, including
PM , PM , PM and UFP. The different technologies available equipment are presented and compared
10 2,5 1
in a way that allows the user to select the best technique depending on the monitoring objective.
Sampling requirements are presented together with key factors that users should take into account.
vi © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
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kSIST ISO/FDIS 16000-34:2018
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 16000-34:2018(E)
Indoor air —
Part 34:
Strategies for the measurement of airborne particles
1 Scope
This document specifies the general strategies for determining the concentration of airborne particles
indoors and covers the size range from approximately 1 nm to 100 µm.
In addition, this document describes methods for identifying typical indoor particle sources and gives
general recommendations for obtaining a representative sample.
The main sources of indoor particulate matter are described in this document, together with indoor
particle dynamics. Various measurement methods are described, along with their advantages,
disadvantages and areas of application, as well as some general sampling recommendations.
Measurement strategies for determining airborne particles indoors are discussed, including reference
case studies with more specific sampling recommendations.
Additional documents in the ISO 16000 series will focus on each fraction of airborne particulate matter
and give specific recommendations for these measurements.
The determination of measurement uncertainty and minimum reporting requirements are also part of
this document.
This document does not apply to the determination of bioaerosols or the chemical characterization
of particles. For the measurement and assessment of dust composition, see the relevant part in the
ISO 16000 series.
This document does not apply to the measurement of airborne particles in vehicle passenger
compartments and public transport systems.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 16000-1:2004, Indoor air — Part 1: General aspects of sampling strategy
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved 1
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kSIST ISO/FDIS 16000-34:2018
ISO/FDIS 16000-34:2018(E)
3.1
particle
small discrete mass of solid or liquid matter
[SOURCE: ISO 29464:2017, 3.2.111]
3.2
aerosol
suspension in a gaseous medium of solid particles (3.1), liquid particles or solid and liquid particles
having a negligible falling velocity
[SOURCE: ISO 23210:2009, 3.1.9]
3.3
equivalent diameter
diameter of a spherical particle (3.1) which will impart geometric, optical, electrical or aerodynamic
behaviour identical to that of the particle being examined
Note 1 to entry: Depending on the measurement method applied, various equivalent diameters could be defined
for the same particle. These different diameters are only indirectly comparable since different particle properties
are being measured, e.g. geometric diameter, diameter according to dielectric mobility, diameter according to
light scattering properties. Nevertheless, the generic term “particle diameter” is often used for all of them.
[SOURCE: ISO 4225:1994, 3.35, modified — Note 1 to entry has been added.]
3.4
aerodynamic diameter
−3
diameter of a sphere of density 1 g cm with the same terminal velocity due to gravitational force
in calm air as the particle (3.1), under the prevailing conditions of temperature, pressure and relative
humidity
Note 1 to entry: The aerodynamic diameter is calculated using the formula:
ρ
1
p
DD=
ap
χ ρ
o
where
D is the aerodynamic diameter;
a
D is the particle diameter;
p
ρ is the density of the particle;
p
ρ is the standard density;
0
χ is the form factor.
Note 2 to entry: The form factor describes by how much the resisting force of an irregularly shaped particle is
[26]
greater than that of a sphere with the same volume .
Note 3 to entry: The aerodynamic diameter determines the sedimentation and the separation properties of
particles in impactors. It is also of particular importance for penetrative behaviour and the retention of particles
in the human body.
[SOURCE: ISO 7708:1995, 2.2, modified — “particle” has been removed from the term and Note 1 to
entry has been replaced by Notes 1 to 3 to entry.]
2 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
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kSIST ISO/FDIS 16000-34:2018
ISO/FDIS 16000-34:2018(E)
3.5
fine dust
fraction of airborne particles (3.1) with an aerodynamic diameter (3.4) below 10 µm
[SOURCE: EN 15445:2008, 3.5]
3.6
coarse mode particle
particle (3.1) larger than 2,5 µm in diameter
Note 1 to entry: Coarse mode particles are formed by mechanical abrasion and the swirl-up of sediment and
floor dust.
3.7
fine mode particle
particle (3.1) with a diameter below 2,5 µm
Note 1 to entry: Fine mode particles are formed primarily from gases or secondarily through nucleation and
condensation.
3.8
ultrafine particle
UFP
particle (3.1) with a diameter of 100 nm or less
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 19601:2017, 3.34, modified — The definition has been shortened and Note 1 to entry
has been deleted.]
3.9
cut-off diameter
aerodynamic diameter (3.4) at which the impactor stage has a separation efficiency of 50 %
[SOURCE: ISO 23210:2009, 3.1.2, modified — The definition has been changed from “where the
separation efficiency of the impactor stage is 50 %”.]
3.10
PM
2,5
fraction of the airborne particles (3.1) that passes a size-selective sampling head with a separation
efficiency of 50 % with an aerodynamic diameter (3.4) of 2,5 µm
[SOURCE: EN 12341:2014, 3.1.14]
3.11
PM
10
fraction of the airborne particles (3.1) that passes a size-selective sampling head with a separation
efficiency of 50 % with an aerodynamic diameter (3.4) of 10 µm
[SOURCE: EN 12341:2014, 3.1.14]
32
mass concentration
c
ratio of the mass m of the measured component and the gas volume V, as shown by:
m
c=
v
[SOURCE: EN 15259:2007, 3.26]
3.13
number concentration
number of particles (3.1) per volume element of carrier gas (air)
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved 3
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kSIST ISO/FDIS 16000-34:2018
ISO/FDIS 16000-34:2018(E)
3.14
lung-deposited surface area
LDSA
particle (3.1) surface area concentration per unit volume of air, weighted by the deposition probability
in the lung
Note 1 to entry: Due to lung deposition efficiency during inhalation, only a fraction of the particles will effectively
deposit in the human lung. LDSA is thus strongly related to the potential particles health impact.
[SOURCE: Reference [22], modified — Note 1 to entry has been added.]
3.15
particle volume concentration
total volume of all dispersed particles (3.1) per unit volume of the carrier gas
4 Origin, properties and health implications of airborne particles
4.1 Origin and properties
Airborne solid and liquid particles (e.g. in the form of dust, smoke, mist and fog) have always been a
component of the atmosphere. Together they are referred to as aerosol. Natural sources that contribute
to the release of primary particles into the air include oceans, deserts, plants, volcanic eruptions, erosion
and fire. In addition, atmospheric photochemistry involving biogenic volatile organic compounds
(known as precursor gases, such as isoprene and monoterpenes) leads to the generation of secondary
particles. Since the industrial revolution, in particular, primary or secondary anthropogenic particles
have been making up a growing proportion of the atmospheric particle spectrum. Large amounts of
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, organic and elementary carbon,
plus other gaseous and particulate substances, reach the troposphere via industrial processes and the
combustion of fossil oil products, black coal, brown coal and biomass. According to the World Health
Organization (WHO), particular sources of high concentrations of anthropogenic airborne particles
[40]
include combustion processes and photochemical reactions from anthropogenic precursor gases.
Abrasion and re-entrainment processes (e.g. those involving bulk freight, industry, agriculture, the
construction industry) can also contribute to fine dust pollution, especially with the coarse mode
fraction.
The interaction between natural and anthropogenic aerosols from local, regional and remote sources
results in ambient aerosol, in which composition undergoes pronounced spatial and temporal
fluctuations. In towns, ambient aerosol is often referred to as urban aerosol.
Ambient aerosol is made up of various particle sizes, i.e. ultrafine, fine and coarse particles. The
[35]
chemical composition can vary greatly, depending on the source and transport conditions. Elevated
concentrations are measured in the vicinity of industrial facilities.
...
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