SIST EN ISO 10093:2000
(Main)Plastics - Fire tests - Standard ignition sources (ISO 10093:1998)
Plastics - Fire tests - Standard ignition sources (ISO 10093:1998)
Kunststoffe - Brandprüfungen - Standard-Zündquellen (ISO 10093:1998)
Diese Internationale Norm beschreibt und klassifiziert mehrere Laborzündquellen, die für Brandprüfungen an Kunststoffen und Produkten, die im wesentlichen aus Kunststoffen bestehen, angewendet werden. Diese Zündquellen haben unterschiedliche Intensitäten und Beaufschlagungsflächen. Sie dürfen angewendet werden, um den brandauslösenden thermischen Fehlzustand zu simulieren, dem Kunststoffe unter bestimmten tatsächlichen Szenarien zur Veranschaulichung von Brandgefahren ausgesetzt sein dürfen.
Plastiques - Essais au feu - Catégories de sources d'allumage (ISO 10093:1998)
La présente Norme internationale décrit et classifie une gamme de sources d'allumage de laboratoire utilisées lors des essais au feu sur les plastiques et sur les produits composés principalement de plastiques. Ces sources varient en intensité et en surface d'application. Elles peuvent être utilisées pour simuler l'excès initial de chaleur auquel peuvent être exposés les plastiques dans certains scénarios de risque d'incendie réel.
Polimerni materiali - Preskusi z ognjem - Standardni viri vžiga (ISO 10093:1998)
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 10093:2000
01-maj-2000
1DGRPHãþD
SIST ISO 10093:1996
Polimerni materiali - Preskusi z ognjem - Standardni viri vžiga (ISO 10093:1998)
Plastics - Fire tests - Standard ignition sources (ISO 10093:1998)
Kunststoffe - Brandprüfungen - Standard-Zündquellen (ISO 10093:1998)
Plastiques - Essais au feu - Catégories de sources d'allumage (ISO 10093:1998)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 10093:1998
ICS:
13.220.40 Sposobnost vžiga in Ignitability and burning
obnašanje materialov in behaviour of materials and
proizvodov pri gorenju products
83.080.01 Polimerni materiali na Plastics in general
splošno
SIST EN ISO 10093:2000 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 10093:2000
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SIST EN ISO 10093:2000
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SIST EN ISO 10093:2000
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SIST EN ISO 10093:2000
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10093
Second edition
1998-11-15
Plastics — Fire tests — Standard ignition
sources
Plastiques — Essais au feu — Sources d’allumage normalisées
A
Reference number
ISO 10093:1998(E)
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SIST EN ISO 10093:2000
ISO 10093:1998(E)
Contents Page
1 Scope .1
2 Normative references .1
3 Definitions .2
4 Ignition processes .4
5 Characteristics of ignition sources.4
6 Experimental principles .4
7 Ignition sources .5
Annex A (informative) Confirmatory procedure for evaluating test flames .19
Annex B (informative) Bibliography .22
© ISO 1998
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Genève 20 • Switzerland
Internet iso@iso.ch
Printed in Switzerland
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SIST EN ISO 10093:2000
© ISO
ISO 10093:1998(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
International Standard ISO 10093 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 4,
Burning behaviour.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 10093:1994), which has been technically revised.
This edition differs from the 1994 edition in that all methods that had not been standardized internationally were
eliminated. The sources which were eliminated were S/DF4, which was based on the ASTM E 84 burner, and the
sources S/C1, S/C2 and S/C3, which were small cribs used in British Standard tests. Two extra burners, S/DF5 and
S/DF6, have been introduced in this revision. These are based on the IEC 60332-3:1992 and the ISO 9705:1993
ignition sources. Sources P/PF2 and P/PF3 in the 1994 edition have been integrated into a single source, P/PF2,
with two definitions of fuel supply for the same burner.
Annexes A and B of this International Standard are for information only.
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SIST EN ISO 10093:2000
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ISO 10093:1998(E)
Introduction
Fires are caused by a wide range of possible ignition sources. Statistical analysis of fires has identified the main
primary and secondary sources, especially for fires in buildings. The most frequent sources of fires have been found
to be as follows:
a) cooking appliances;
b) space-heating appliances;
c) electric wiring, connectors and terminations;
d) other electrical appliances (such as washing machines, bedwarmers, televisions, water heaters);
e) cigarettes;
f) matches and smokers' gas lighters;
g) blow-lamps, blow-torches and welding torches;
h) rubbish burning;
i) candles.
The above list covers the major primary ignition sources for accidental fires. Other sources may be involved in fires
raised maliciously. Research into causes of fires has shown that primary ignition sources (e.g. glowing cigarettes or
dropped flaming matches) can set fire to waste paper, which then acts as a secondary ignition source of greater
intensity.
When analysing and evaluating the various ignition sources for applications involving plastics materials, the
following questions need to be answered on the basis of detailed fire statistics:
a) What is the significance of the individual ignition sources in various fire risk situations?
b) What proportion is attributable to secondary ignition sources?
c) Where does particular attention have to be paid to secondary ignition sources?
d) To what extent are different ignition sources responsible for fatal fire accidents?
The following laboratory ignition sources are intended to simulate actual ignition sources that have been shown to
be the cause of real fires involving plastics. Laboratory ignition sources are preferred over actual ignition sources
due to their consistency which results in greater data repeatability within a laboratory and greater reproducibility
between laboratories.
These laboratory ignition sources may be used to develop new test procedures.
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SIST EN ISO 10093:2000
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD © ISO ISO 10093:1998(E)
Plastics — Fire tests — Standard ignition sources
1 Scope
This International Standard describes and classifies a range of laboratory ignition sources for use in fire tests on
plastics and products consisting substantially of plastics. These sources vary in intensity and area of impingement.
They may be used to simulate the initial thermal abuse to which plastics may be exposed in certain actual fire risk
scenarios.
2 Normative references
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this
International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to
revision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain
registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 1337:1980, Wrought coppers (having minimum copper contents of 99,85 %) — Chemical composition and
forms of wrought products.
ISO 5657:1997, Reaction to fire tests — Ignitability of building products using a radiant heat source.
ISO 8191-1:1987, Furniture — Assessment of the ignitability of upholstered furniture — Part 1: Ignition source:
smouldering cigarette.
ISO 8191-2:1988, Furniture — Assessment of the ignitability of upholstered furniture — Part 2: Ignition source:
match-flame equivalent.
ISO 9705:1993, Fire tests — Full-scale room test for surface products.
ISO 11925-2:1997, Reaction to fire tests — Ignitability of building products subjected to direct impingement of flame
— Part 2: Single flame source test.
IEC 60332-3:1992, Tests on electric cables under fire conditions — Part 3: Tests on bunched wires or cables.
IEC 60695-2-1/0:1994, Fire hazard testing — Part 2: Test methods — Section 1/sheet 0: Glow-wire test methods —
General.
IEC 60695-2-2:1991, Fire hazard testing — Part 2: Test methods — Section 2: Needle-flame test.
IEC 60695-2-4/1:1991, Fire hazard testing — Part 2: Test methods — Section 4/sheet 1: 1 kW nominal pre-mixed
test flame and guidance.
1)
IEC 60695-2-4/2:1994 , Fire hazard testing — Part 2: Test methods — Section 4/sheet 2: 500 W nominal test
flames and guidance.
IEC 60695-2-20:1995, Fire hazard testing — Part 2: Glowing/Hot wire based test methods — Section 20: Hot-wire
coil ignitability test on materials.
1) Future editions of this standard are expected to be published under the designation IEC 60695-11-3.
1
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SIST EN ISO 10093:2000
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ISO 10093:1998(E)
2)
IEC 60695-11-4:— , Fire hazard testing — Part 11: Test flame — Section 4: 50 W apparatus and confirmational
test methods.
ASTM D 5025:1994, Standard specification for a laboratory burner used for small-scale burning tests on plastic
materials.
DIN 50051:1977, Testing of materials; Burning behaviour of materials; Burner.
3 Definitions
For the purposes of this International Standard, the following definitions apply.
3.1
afterflame
persistence of flaming of a material after the ignition source has been removed
3.2
afterflame time
length of time for which a material continues to flame, under specified test conditions, after the ignition source has
been removed [also called duration of flame(s)]
3.3
afterglow
persistence of glowing of a material after cessation of flaming or, if no flaming occurs, after the ignition source has
been removed
3.4
afterglow time
length of time for which a material continues to glow, under specified test conditions, after the ignition source has
been removed and/or cessation of flaming
3.5
combustion
exothermic reaction of a substance with an oxidizer, generally accompanied by flames and/or glowing and/or
emission of smoke
3.6
ease of ignition
ease with which a material can be ignited under specified test conditions
3.7
exposed surface
that surface subjected to the heating conditions of the test
3.8
flame (verb)
to undergo combustion in the gaseous phase with emission of light
3.9
flaming debris
material separating from the specimen during the test procedure and falling below the initial lower edge of the
specimen and continuing to flame as it falls
3.10
glowing combustion
combustion of a material in the solid phase without flame but with emission of light from the combustion zone
2) To be published.
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SIST EN ISO 10093:2000
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3.11
ignitability
measure of the ease with which a specimen can be ignited due to the influence of an external heat source under
specified test conditions
3.12
ignite (transitive verb)
to initiate combustion
3.13
ignite (intransitive verb)
to catch fire with or without the application of an external heat source
3.14
ignition
initiation of combustion
3.15
ignition source
applied source of heat which is used to ignite combustible materials or products
3.16
ignition temperature
minimum temperature of a material at which sustained combustion can be initiated under specified test conditions
3.17
irradiance
^at a point of a surface& radiant flux incident on an infinitesimal element of the surface containing the point divided by
the area of that element
3.18
minimum ignition time
minimum time of exposure of a material to an ignition source to obtain sustained combustion under specified test
conditions
3.19
primary ignition source
the first applied ignition source
3.20
punking
propagation of a smouldering combustion front after removal of the ignition source
3.21
secondary ignition source
heat source which is activated following ignition from a primary source
3.22
sustained flaming
after withdrawal of the ignition source, the inception of a flame on the surface of a material that persists for at least
10 s
3.23
transitory flaming
after withdrawal of the ignition source, the appearance of flashes or flames which are not sustained for a continuous
10 s
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4 Ignition processes
4.1 When plastics are exposed to thermal energy, flammable vapours may be generated from their surface. Under
suitable conditions (especially high temperatures), a critical concentration of flammable vapour may form and
spontaneous ignition will result. If a flame is present as the sole energy source, or as a supplementary source, the
ignition process will be assisted; this mechanism is sometimes known as pilot ignition.
4.2 A specimen of plastic is regarded as ignited when flames appear on the surface of the plastic or when glowing
combustion is evident.
4.3 After ignition has occurred, some burning plastics create additional fire hazards by forming flaming debris or
drips. If this flaming debris falls on to combustible material, secondary ignition may occur and the fire will spread
more rapidly.
4.4 The localized application of a heat source to some plastics results in glowing combustion. With some
thermoplastic foams and foams from thermosetting materials the localized application of a heat source results in
punking which produces a carbonaceous char.
5 Characteristics of ignition sources
5.1 The main characteristics of ignition sources and their relation to the test specimen may be defined by the
following factors:
a) The intensity of the ignition source. This is a measure of the thermal load on the specimen resulting from the
combined conduction, convection and radiation effects caused by the ignition source.
b) The area of impingement of the ignition source on the specimen.
c) The duration of exposure of the specimen and whether it is continuous or intermittent.
d) The presentation of the ignition source to the specimen and whether or not it impinges.
e) The orientation of the specimen in relation to the ignition source.
f) The ventilation conditions in the vicinity of the ignition source and exposed surface of the specimen.
5.2 The ignition sources described in clause 7 provide a range of intensities and areas of impingement to be
considered for use in fire tests of plastics.
NOTE Factors c) to f) may be determined when the specific fire test conditions have been decided.
6 Experimental principles
6.1 Flame ignition sources of two types have been selected.
6.1.1 Diffusion flame source
To form a diffusion flame source, gas (usually propane, methane or butane) flows through stainless-steel tubes
without ingress of air prior to the base of the flame.
NOTE These flames simulate natural flames well but they often fluctuate and are not convenient to direct if any angular
presentation is required toward the specimen.
6.1.2 Premixed flame source
To form a premixed flame source, a gas burner (usually using propane, methane or butane) fitted with air inlet ports
or an air intake manifold is used.
4
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SIST EN ISO 10093:2000
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NOTES
1 Premixed flame sources are more directional than diffusion flame sources and are more suitable for some laboratory quality
assurance tests.
2 Premixed flame sources are generally hotter than diffusion flame sources.
6.2 It is recommended (mandatory for some test methods) that gas burners are always set up to conform to
precise gas flow rates and/or flame heights. Secondary checks of flame temperature or heat flux should be
performed periodically but criteria on these parameters should not be an essential part of the laboratory procedure.
After setting up the burner for a particular test (i.e. often at an acute angle to the test specimen), it is desirable to
leave the burner in this orientation throughout a series of experiments. This objective is conveniently satisfied if the
operator only has to maintain the gas flow constant to the burner.
6.3 The gas burners are connected to the gas supply by flexible tubing via a cylinder regulator providing an outlet
pressure, on-off valve, fine-control valve and flowmeter.
6.4 Difficulties sometimes occur with the supply and measurement of butane or propane when the cylinders need
to be stored in an environment cooler than the defined test conditions and/or some distance from the test rig. When
difficulties occur, a sufficient length of tubing is needed inside the controlled environment (15 °C to 30 °C) to ensure
that the gas equilibrates to the required temperature before flow measurement.
NOTE One way to facilitate this equilibration is to pass the gas (before flow measurement) through a metal tube immersed
in water maintained at 25 °C.
6.5 It is important to exercise great care with the measurement and setting of the flow rate of the gas. It is
necessary to check direct-reading flowmeters, even those obtained with a direct calibration for the gas used initially,
and at regular intervals during testing, with a method capable of measuring accurately the absolute gas flow at the
burner tube.
NOTE One way of doing this is to connect the burner tube with a short length of tubing (about 7 mm internal diameter) to a
soap bubble flowmeter. Passage of a soap film meniscus in a glass tube (e.g. a calibrated burette) over a known period of time
gives an absolute measurement of the flow. Also, fine-control valves that can each be preset to one of the desired gas flow
rates, with simple means for switching from one to the other, have proved helpful.
7 Ignition sources
7.1 General
The classification of ignition sources available for use in testing plastics is shown in table 1. Each class will indicate
whether a source simulates a primary or secondary ignition source by using a prefix, where "P" refers to primary
and "S" refers to secondary.
Table 1 — Classification of ignition sources
Class Type Example
S Smouldering Cigarette
m
E Electric Overheated wire; arcs
DF Diffusion flame Match; candle
PF Premixed flame Laboratory-burner; blow-lamp
R Non-contacting radiant Electric fire; radiant heat from
a developing or established
accidental fire
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NOTES
1 Where a heat flux figure is quoted for any of the following sources, this represents the measured heat flux at the point on the
surface at which the flame impinges.
2 Where an area of impingement is quoted for any of the following sources, this represents the area the flame will cover when
the closest edge of the burner orifice is situated 5 mm from a vertical flat surface.
7.2 Ignition source P/S 1
m
7.2.1 This source is typical of a common cigarette, which is recognized to cause many fires involving upholstered
furniture and bedding as discussed in ISO 8191-1. The untipped (unfiltered) cigarette shall comply with the following
requirements:
length 70 mm – 4 mm
diameter 8,0 mm – 0,5 mm
mass 1,0 g – 0,1 g
smouldering rate 12,0 min/50 mm – 3,0 min/50 mm
7.2.2 The smouldering rate is verified on one specimen from each batch of 10 cigarettes used as follows:
a) condition the cigarette before the test for 72 h in indoor ambient conditions and then for at least 16 h in an
atmosphere having a temperature of 20 °C – 5 °C and a relative humidity of (50 – 20) %;
b) mark the cigarette at 5 mm and 55 mm from the end to be lit;
c) light the cigarette and draw air through it until the tip glows brightly: do not consume more than 3 mm of the
cigarette in this operation;
d) impale the cigarette in draught-free air on a horizontal wir
...
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