SIST EN ISO 52900:2017

Additive manufacturing - General principles - Terminology (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015)

ISO/ASTM 52900:2015 establishes and defines terms used in additive manufacturing (AM) technology, which applies the additive shaping principle and thereby builds physical 3D geometries by successive addition of material.
The terms have been classified into specific fields of application.
New terms emerging from the future work within ISO/TC 261 and ASTM F42 will be included in upcoming amendments and overviews of this International Standard.

Additive Fertigung - Grundlagen - Terminologie (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015)

Fabrication additive - Principes généraux - Terminologie (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015)

ISO/ASTM 52900:2015 établit et définit les termes utilisés dans la technologie de la fabrication additive (FA), qui applique le principe de mise en forme additive et construit ainsi des géométries physiques en 3D par ajout successif de matériau.
Les termes ont été classés par champs d'application spécifiques.
Les nouveaux termes émergeant des futurs travaux de l'ISO/TC 261 seront inclus dans les amendements à venir et les vues d'ensemble de la présente Norme internationale.

Aditivna proizvodnja - Splošna načela - Terminologija (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015)

Standard ISO/ASTM 52900:2015 določa in opredeljuje izraze v zvezi tehnologijo aditivne proizvodnje, ki uporablja princip aditivnega oblikovanja in tako gradi fizične 3D-geometrije z uspešnim dodajanjem materiala.
Izrazi so razvrščeni glede na področja uporabe.
Novi izrazi iz prihodnjih dejavnosti v okviru standardov ISO/TC 261 in ASTM F42 bodo vključeni v prihajajočih dopolnilih in pregledih tega mednarodnega standarda.

Standards Content (sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 52900:2017
01-maj-2017
$GLWLYQDSURL]YRGQMD6SORãQDQDþHOD7HUPLQRORJLMD,62$670
Additive manufacturing - General principles - Terminology (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015)
Additive Fertigung - Grundlagen - Terminologie (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015)
Fabrication additive - Principes généraux - Terminologie (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017
ICS:
01.040.25 Izdelavna tehnika (Slovarji) Manufacturing engineering
(Vocabularies)
25.030 3D-tiskanje Additive manufacturing
SIST EN ISO 52900:2017 en,fr,de

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN ISO 52900:2017
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SIST EN ISO 52900:2017
EN ISO/ASTM 52900
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
February 2017
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 01.040.25; 25.030
English Version
Additive manufacturing - General principles - Terminology
(ISO/ASTM 52900:2015)

Fabrication additive - Principes généraux - Additive Fertigung - Grundlagen - Terminologie

Terminologie (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015) (ISO/ASTM 52900:2015)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 17 January 2017.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this

European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references

concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN

member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by

translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management

Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,

Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,

Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,

Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

© 2017 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017 E

worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 52900:2017
EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017 (E)
Contents Page

European foreword ....................................................................................................................................................... 3

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SIST EN ISO 52900:2017
EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017 (E)
European foreword

The text of ISO/ASTM 52900:2015 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 261 “Additive

manufacturing” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as

EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 438 “Additive Manufacturing” the

secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an

identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2017, and conflicting national standards shall

be withdrawn at the latest by August 2017.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent

rights.

According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the

following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,

Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,

France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,

Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,

Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice

The text of ISO/ASTM 52900:2015 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO/ASTM 52900:2017 without

any modification.
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SIST EN ISO 52900:2017
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SIST EN ISO 52900:2017
INTERNATIONAL ISO/ASTM
STANDARD 52900
First edition
2015-12-15
Additive manufacturing — General
principles — Terminology
Fabrication additive — Principes généraux — Terminologie
Reference number
ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)
ISO/ASTM International 2015
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SIST EN ISO 52900:2017
ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO/ASME International 2015, Published in Switzerland

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form

or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior

written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of

the requester. In the United States, such requests should be sent to ASTM International.

ISO copyright office ASTM International
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA
Tel. [phone] Tel. [phone]
Fax [phone] Fax [phone]
[e-mail] [e-mail]
www.iso.org www.astm.org
ii © ISO/ASTM International 2015 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 52900:2017
ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

2.1 General terms ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

2.2 Process categories ................................................................................................................................................................................ 2

2.3 Processing: General ............................................................................................................................................................................. 3

2.4 Processing: Data..................................................................................................................................................................................... 6

2.5 Processing: Material ........................................................................................................................................................................... 8

2.6 Applications ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

2.7 Properties .................................................................................................................................................................................................10

Annex A (informative) Basic principles ..........................................................................................................................................................12

Annex B (informative) Alphabetical index ..................................................................................................................................................17

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................19

© ISO/ASTM International 2015 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST EN ISO 52900:2017
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Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity

assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical

Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information

The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing, in cooperation with

ASTM Committee F42, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, on the basis of a partnership agreement

between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a common set of ISO/ASTM standards on

Additive Manufacturing.
This first edition of ISO/ASTM 52900 cancels and replaces ASTM F2792.
iv © ISO/ASTM International 2015 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 52900:2017
ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)
Introduction

Additive manufacturing is the general term for those technologies that based on a geometrical

representation creates physical objects by successive addition of material. These technologies are

presently used for various applications in engineering industry as well as other areas of society, such as

medicine, education, architecture, cartography, toys and entertainment.

During the development of additive manufacturing technology there have been numerous different

terms and definitions in use, often with reference to specific application areas and trademarks. This is

often ambiguous and confusing which hampers communication and wider application of this technology.

It is the intention of this International Standard to provide a basic understanding of the fundamental

principles for additive manufacturing processes, and based on this, to give clear definitions for

terms and nomenclature associated with additive manufacturing technology. The objective of this

standardization of terminology for additive manufacturing is to facilitate communication between

people involved in this field of technology on a world-wide basis.

This International Standard has been developed by ISO/TC 261 and ASTM F42 in close cooperation on

the basis of a partnership agreement between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a

common set of ISO/ASTM standards on Additive Manufacturing.
© ISO/ASTM International 2015 – All rights reserved v
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SIST EN ISO 52900:2017
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/ASTM 52900:2015(E)
Additive manufacturing — General principles —
Terminology
1 Scope

This International Standard establishes and defines terms used in additive manufacturing (AM)

technology, which applies the additive shaping principle and thereby builds physical 3D geometries by

successive addition of material.
The terms have been classified into specific fields of application.

New terms emerging from the future work within ISO/TC 261 and ASTM F42 will be included in

upcoming amendments and overviews of this International Standard.
2 Terms and definitions
2.1 General terms
2.1.1
3D printer, noun
machine used for 3D printing (2.3.1).
2.1.2
additive manufacturing, noun

process of joining materials to make parts (2.6.1) from 3D model data, usually layer (2.3.10) upon layer,

as opposed to subtractive manufacturing and formative manufacturing methodologies

Note 1 to entry: Historical terms: additive fabrication, additive processes, additive techniques, additive layer

manufacturing, layer manufacturing, solid freeform fabrication and freeform fabrication.

Note 2 to entry: The meaning of “additive-”, “subtractive-” and “formative-” manufacturing methodologies are

further discussed in Annex A.
2.1.3
additive system, noun
additive manufacturing system
additive manufacturing equipment
machine and auxiliary equipment used for additive manufacturing (2.1.2)
2.1.4
AM machine, noun

section of the additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) including hardware, machine control software,

required set-up software and peripheral accessories necessary to complete a build cycle (2.3.3) for

producing parts (2.6.1)
2.1.5
AM machine user, noun
operator of or entity using an AM machine (2.1.4)
2.1.6
AM system user, noun
additive system user

operator of or entity using an entire additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) or any component of an

additive system
© ISO/ASTM International 2015 – All rights reserved 1
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2.1.7
front, noun

side of the machine that the

operator faces to access the user interface or primary viewing window, or both
2.1.8
material supplier, noun

provider of material/ feedstock (2.5.2) to be processed in additive manufacturing system (2.1.3)

2.1.9
multi-step process, noun

type of additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which parts (2.6.1) are fabricated in two or more

operations where the first typically provides the basic geometric shape and the following consolidates

the part to the fundamental properties of the intended material (metallic, ceramic, polymer or composite)

Note 1 to entry: Removal of the support structure and cleaning may be necessary, however in this context not

considered as a separate process step.

Note 2 to entry: The principle of single-step (2.1.10) and multi-step processes are further discussed in Annex A.

2.1.10
single-step process, noun

type of additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which parts (2.6.1) are fabricated in a single operation

where the basic geometric shape and basic material properties of the intended product are achieved

simultaneously

Note 1 to entry: Removal of the support structure and cleaning may be necessary, however in this context not

considered as a separate process step.

Note 2 to entry: The principle of single-step and multi-step processes (2.1.9) are further discussed in Annex A.

2.2 Process categories
2.2.1
binder jetting, noun

additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which a liquid bonding agent is selectively deposited to join

powder materials
2.2.2
directed energy deposition, noun

additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which focused thermal energy is used to fuse materials by

melting as they are being deposited

Note 1 to entry: “Focused thermal energy” means that an energy source (e.g. laser, electron beam, or plasma arc)

is focused to melt the materials being deposited.
2.2.3
material extrusion, noun

additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which material is selectively dispensed through a nozzle or

orifice
2.2.4
material jetting, noun

additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which droplets of build material are selectively deposited

Note 1 to entry: Example materials include photopolymer and wax.
2.2.5
powder bed fusion, noun

additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which thermal energy selectively fuses regions of a powder

bed (2.5.8)
2 © ISO/ASTM International 2015 – All rights reserved
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2.2.6
sheet lamination, noun

additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which sheets of material are bonded to form a part (2.6.1)

2.2.7
vat photopolymerization, noun

additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which liquid photopolymer in a vat is selectively cured by

light-activated polymerization
2.3 Processing: General
2.3.1
3D printing, noun

fabrication of objects through the deposition of a material using a print head, nozzle, or another

printer technology

Note 1 to entry: Term often used in a non-technical context synonymously with additive manufacturing (2.1.2);

until present times this term has in particular been associated with machines that are low end in price and/or

overall capability.
2.3.2
build chamber, noun

enclosed location within the additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) where the parts (2.6.1) are fabricated

2.3.3
build cycle, noun

single process cycle in which one or more components are built up in layers (2.3.10) in the process

chamber of the additive manufacturing system (2.1.3)
2.3.4
build envelope, noun

largest external dimensions of the x-, y-, and z-axes within the build space (2.3.6) where parts (2.6.1)

can be fabricated

Note 1 to entry: The dimensions of the build space will be larger than the build envelope.

2.3.5
build platform, noun

base which provides a surface upon which the building of the part/s (2.6.1), is started

and supported throughout the build process

Note 1 to entry: In some systems, the parts (2.6.1) are built attached to the build platform, either directly or

through a support structure. In other systems, such as powder bed (2.5.8) systems, no direct mechanical fixture

between the build and the platform may be required.
2.3.6
build space, noun

location where it is possible for parts (2.6.1) to be fabricated, typically within the build chamber (2.3.2)

or on a build platform (2.3.5)
2.3.7
build surface, noun

area where material is added, normally on the last deposited layer (2.3.10) which becomes the

foundation upon which the next layer is formed

Note 1 to entry: For the first layer, the build surface is often the build platform (2.3.5).

Note 2 to entry: In the case of directed energy deposition (2.2.2) processes, the build surface can be an existing

part onto which material is added.

Note 3 to entry: If the orientation of the material deposition or consolidation means, or both, is variable, it may be

defined relative to the build surface.
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2.3.8
build volume, noun
total usable volume available in the machine for building parts (2.6.1)
2.3.9
feed region, noun

location/s in the machine where feedstock (2.5.2) is stored and from

which a portion of the feedstock is repeatedly conveyed to the powder bed during the build cycle (2.3.3)

2.3.10
layer, noun
material laid out, or spread, to create a surface
2.3.11
machine coordinate system, noun

three-dimensional coordinate system as defined by a fixed point on the build platform (2.3.5) with

the three principal axes labelled x-, y-, and z-, with rotary axis about each of these axis labelled A,

B, and C, respectively, where the angles between x-, y- and z- can be Cartesian or defined by the

machine manufacturer

Note 1 to entry: Machine coordinate system is fixed relative to the machine, as opposed to coordinate systems

associated with the build surface (2.3.7) which can be translated or rotated. Machine coordinate system is

[6]
illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921.
2.3.12
manufacturing lot, noun

set of manufactured parts (2.6.1) having commonality between feedstock (2.5.2), production run (2.3.19),

additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) and post-processing (2.5.6) steps (if required) as recorded on a

single manufacturing work order

Note 1 to entry: Additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) could include one or several AM machines (2.1.4) and/or

post-processing (2.5.6) machine units as agreed by AM (2.1.2) provider and customer.

2.3.13
origin, noun
zero point
(0, 0, 0)

designated universal reference point at which the three primary axes in a coordinate system intersect

Note 1 to entry: Coordinate system can be Cartesian or as defined by the machine manufacturer. The concept of

[6]
origin is illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921.
2.3.14
build origin, noun

origin (2.3.13) most commonly located at the centre of the build platform (2.3.5) and fixed on the build

facing surface, but could be defined otherwise by the build set-up
2.3.15
machine origin, noun
machine home
machine zero point
origin (2.3.13) as defined by the machine manufacturer
2.3.16
overflow region, noun

location/s in the machine where excess powder is stored during

a build cycle (2.3.3)

Note 1 to entry: For certain machine types the overflow region may consist of one or more dedicated chambers

or a powder recycling system.
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2.3.17
part location, noun
location of the part (2.6.1) within the build volume (2.3.8)

Note 1 to entry: The part location is normally specified by the x-, y- and z-coordinates for the position of the

geometric centre (2.4.9) of the part’s bounding box (2.4.3) with respect to the build volume (2.3.8) origin (2.3.13).

[6]
Part location is illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921.
2.3.18
process parameters, noun

set of operating parameters and system settings used during a build cycle (2.3.3)

2.3.19
production run, noun

all parts (2.6.1) produced in one build cycle (2.3.3) or sequential series of build cycles using the same

feedstock (2.5.2) batch and process conditions
2.3.20
system set-up, noun
configuration of the additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) for a build
2.3.21
x-axis, noun

axis in the machine coordinate

system (2.3.11) that runs parallel to the front (2.1.7) of the machine and perpendicular to the y-axis

(2.3.22) and z-axis (2.3.23)

Note 1 to entry: The positive x-direction runs from left to

right as viewed from the front of the machine while facing toward the build volume (2.3.8) origin (2.3.13).

Note 2 to entry: It is common that the x-axis is horizontal and parallel with one of the edges of the build

platform (2.3.5).
2.3.22
y-axis, noun

axis in the machine coordinate

system (2.3.11) that runs perpendicular to the z-axis (2.3.23) and x-axis (2.3.21)

Note 1 to entry: The positive direction is defined in

[1]

ISO 841 to make a right hand set of coordinates. In the most common case of an upwards z-positive direction, the

positive y-direction will then run from the front to the back of the machine as viewed from the front of the machine.

Note 2 to entry: In the case of building in the downwards z-positive direction, the positive y-direction will then

run from the back of the machine to the front as viewed from the front of the machine.

Note 3 to entry: It is common that the y-axis is horizontal and parallel with one of the edges of the build

platform (2.3.5).
2.3.23
z-axis, noun

, axis in the machine coordinate

system (2.3.11) that run perpendicular to the x-axis (2.3.21) and y-axis (2.3.22)

Note 1 to entry: The positive direction is defined in

[1]

ISO 841 to make a right hand set of coordinates. For processes employing planar, layerwise addition of material,

the positive z-direction will then run normal to the layers (2.3.10).

Note 2 to entry: For processes employing planar layerwise addition of material, the positive z-direction, is the

direction from the first layer to the subsequent layers.

Note 3 to entry: Where addition of material is possible from multiple directions (such as with certain directed

[1]

energy deposition (2.2.2) systems), the z- axis may be identified according to the principles in ISO 841, (4.3.3)

which addresses “swivelling or gimballing.”
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2.4 Processing: Data
2.4.1
3D scanning, noun
3D digitizing

method of acquiring the shape and size of an object as a 3-dimensional representation by recording

x, y, z coordinates on the object’s surface and through software the collection of points is converted

into digital data

Note 1 to entry: Typical methods use some amount of automation, coupled with a touch probe, optical sensor, or

other device.
2.4.2
Additive Manufacturing File Format, noun
AMF

file format for communicating additive manufacturing (2.1.2) model data including a description of the 3D

surface geometry with native support for colour, materials, lattices, textures, constellations and metadata

Note 1 to entry: Additive Manufacturing File Format (AMF) can represent one of multiple objects arranged in a

constellation. Similar to STL (2.4.16), the surface geometry is represented by a triangular mesh, but in AMF the

triangles may also be curved. AMF can also specify the material and colour of each volume and the colour of each

[5]
triangle in the mesh. ISO/ASTM 52915 gives the standard specification of AMF.
2.4.3
bounding box, noun

orthogonally oriented minimum perimeter cuboid that can span the maximum extents of

the points on the surface of a 3D part (2.6.1)

Note 1 to entry: Where the manufactured part includes the test geometry plus additional external features (for

example, labels, tabs or raised lettering), the bounding box may be specified according to the test part geometry

excluding the additional external features if noted. Different varieties of bounding boxes are illustrated in

[6]
ISO/ASTM 52921.
2.4.4
arbitrarily oriented bounding box, noun

bounding box (2.4.3) calculated without any constraints on the resulting

orientation of the box
2.4.5
machine bounding box, noun

bounding box (2.4.3) for which the surfaces are parallel to the machine coordinate

system (2.3.11)
2.4.6
master bounding box, noun
bounding box (2.4.6) which encloses all of the parts (2.6.1) in a single build
2.4.7
extensible markup language, noun
XML

standard from the WorldWideWeb Consortium (W3C) that provides for tagging of information content

within documents offering a means for representation of content in a format that is both human and

machine readable

Note 1 to entry: Through the use of customizable style sheets and schemas, information can be represented in a

uniform way, allowing for interchange of both content (data) and format (metadata).

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2.4.8
facet, noun

typically a three- or four-sided polygon that represents an element of a 3D polygonal mesh surface or

model

Note 1 to entry: Triangular facets are used in the file formats most significant to AM (2.1.2): AMF (2.4.2) and STL

(2.4.17); however AMF files permits a triangular facet to be curved.
2.4.9
geometric centre, noun
centroid

, location at the arithmetic middle of the bounding box (2.4.3) of the part (2.6.1)

Note 1 to entry: The centre of the bounding box could lie outside the part.
2.4.10
IGES, noun
initial graphics exchange specification

platform neutral CAD data exchange format intended for exchange of product geometry and geometry

annotation information
Note 1 to entry: IGES is the co
...