SIST EN 17528:2022
(Main)Clothing - Physiological effects - Measurement of water vapour resistance by means of a sweating manikin
Clothing - Physiological effects - Measurement of water vapour resistance by means of a sweating manikin
This European Standard describes the requirements of the sweating manikin and the test procedure used to measure the water vapor resistance of a clothing ensemble, as it becomes effective for the wearer in practical use in a defined environment, with the wearer either standing or moving. This water vapor resistance, among other parameters, can be used to determine the effect of clothing on the physiology of the wearer in specific climate/activity scenarios.
Bekleidung - Physiologische Wirkungen - Messung des Wasserdampfdurchgangswiderstandes mittels einer schwitzenden Prüfpuppe
Dieses Dokument legt die Anforderungen an die schwitzende Prüfpuppe und das Prüfverfahren zur Messung des Wasserdampfdurchgangswiderstands einer Bekleidungskombination fest, wie sich diese bei der prakti¬schen Verwendung in einer festgelegten Umgebung auf den stehenden oder sich bewegenden Träger aus¬wirkt. Dieser Wasserdampfdurchgangswiderstand kann neben anderen Parametern verwendet werden, um die Wirkung der Bekleidung auf die Physiologie des Trägers unter bestimmten klimatischen Bedingungen oder Tätigkeits¬szenarien zu bestimmen.
Vêtements - Effets physiologiques - Mesurage de la résistance à la vapeur d’eau à l'aide du mannequin transpirant
Le présent document spécifie les exigences applicables au mannequin transpirant et le mode opératoire d’essai utilisé pour mesurer la résistance à la vapeur d’eau d’un ensemble de vêtements, au moment où il devient efficace pour la personne qui le porte dans la pratique, dans un environnement défini, que cette personne soit immobile ou en mouvement. Cette résistance à la vapeur d’eau, entre autres paramètres, peut être utilisée pour déterminer l’effet du vêtement sur la physiologie de la personne qui le porte dans des scénarios de climat/d’activités spécifiques.
Oblačila - Fiziološki učinki - Merjenje odpornosti proti vodni pari s pomočjo lutke za potenje
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 17528:2022
01-december-2022
Oblačila - Fiziološki učinki - Merjenje odpornosti proti vodni pari s pomočjo lutke
za potenje
Clothing - Physiological effects - Measurement of water vapour resistance by means of a
sweating manikin
Bekleidung - Physiologische Wirkungen - Messung des
Wasserdampfdurchgangswiderstandes mittels einer schwitzenden Prüfpuppe
Vêtements - Effets physiologiques - Mesurage de la résistance à la vapeur d’eau à l'aide
du mannequin transpirant
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 17528:2022
ICS:
61.020 Oblačila Clothes
SIST EN 17528:2022 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN 17528:2022
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SIST EN 17528:2022
EN 17528
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
October 2022
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 61.020
English Version
Clothing - Physiological effects - Measurement of water
vapour resistance by means of a sweating manikin
Vêtements - Effets physiologiques - Mesurage de la Bekleidung - Physiologische Wirkungen - Messung des
résistance à la vapeur d'eau à l'aide du mannequin Wasserdampfdurchgangswiderstandes mittels einer
transpirant schwitzenden Prüfpuppe
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 29 August 2022.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 17528:2022 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN 17528:2022
EN 17528:2022 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions . 5
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 7
5 Measurement and test methods . 7
5.1 Principle . 7
5.2 Apparatus . 8
5.2.1 Standard manikin . 8
5.2.2 Controlled climatic chamber . 9
5.3 Selection and preparation of test garments . 9
5.4 Test procedure . 10
5.5 Expression of test results and calculation . 11
5.6 Repeatability and reproducibility . 11
5.7 Test report . 12
Annex A (informative) Guidelines to determine sweating rate . 13
Annex B (informative) Reference ensemble . 17
Annex C (normative) Measurement of clothing area factor (f ) . 18
cl
Annex D (informative) Correction of the acquired evaporative resistance values for textile
skin temperatures . 22
Bibliography . 24
2
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SIST EN 17528:2022
EN 17528:2022 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN 17528:2022) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 248 “Textiles and
Textile Products”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2023 and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by April 2023.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
3
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SIST EN 17528:2022
EN 17528:2022 (E)
Introduction
The type of clothing worn by people directly affects the heat exchange between the human body and the
environment. The heat transfer is both sensible (conduction, convection, and radiation) and latent
(evaporation). The water vapour resistance of a clothing ensemble is dependent upon the designs and
materials used in the component garments, the amount of body surface area covered by the clothing,
the distribution of the layers over the body, looseness or tightness of fit, and the increased surface area
for heat loss. Water vapour resistance measurements made on fabrics alone do not take these factors
into account. Measurements of the resistance to evaporative heat loss provided by clothing can be used
with thermal insulation values (EN ISO 15831) to determine the comfort or stress of people in different
environments.
4
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SIST EN 17528:2022
EN 17528:2022 (E)
1 Scope
This document specifies the requirements of the sweating manikin and the test procedure used to
measure the water vapour resistance of a clothing ensemble, as it becomes effective for the wearer in
practical use in a defined environment, with the wearer either standing or moving. This water vapour
resistance, among other parameters, can be used to determine the effect of clothing on the physiology of
the wearer in specific climate/activity scenarios.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN ISO 11092, Textiles - Physiological effects - Measurement of thermal and water-vapour resistance
under steady-state conditions (sweating guarded-hotplate test) (ISO 11092)
EN ISO 15831, Clothing - Physiological effects - Measurement of thermal insulation by means of a thermal
manikin (ISO 15831)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
clothing ensemble
group of garments worn together on the body at the same time
3.2
water vapour resistance of clothing
water-vapour pressure difference between the manikin’s skin surface and ambient atmosphere divided
by the resulting evaporative heat flux per unit area in the direction of the gradient of water-vapour
pressure
3.3
total water vapour resistance of clothing
R
et,M
total water-vapour resistance from manikin’s surface to ambient atmosphere, including clothing and
boundary air layer, under defined conditions measured with a stationary manikin
2
Note 1 to entry: R is expressed in square metres pascal per watt (m⋅Pa/W).
et,M
3.4
resultant total water vapour resistance of clothing
R
etr,M
total water-vapour resistance from manikin’s surface to ambient atmosphere, including clothing and
boundary air layer, under defined conditions measured with a manikin moving its legs and arms
2
Note 1 to entry: Retr,M is expressed in square metres pascal per watt (m⋅Pa/W).
5
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SIST EN 17528:2022
EN 17528:2022 (E)
3.5
air water vapour resistance
R
ea,M
water-vapour resistance of the boundary (surface) air layer around the sweating nude manikin, under
defined conditions measured with a stationary manikin
2
Note 1 to entry: Rea,M is expressed in square metres pascal per watt (m⋅Pa/W).
3.6
resultant air water vapour resistance
R
ear,M
water-vapour resistance of the boundary (surface) air layer around the sweating nude manikin, under
defined conditions measured with a manikin moving its legs and arms
2
Note 1 to entry: R is expressed in square metres pascal per watt (m⋅Pa/W).
ear,M
3.7
basic water vapour resistance of clothing
Recl,M
water-vapour resistance from manikin’s surface to the outer clothing surface (including enclosed air
layers), under defined conditions measured with a stationary manikin
2
Note 1 to entry: R is expressed in square metres pascal per watt (m⋅Pa/W).
ecl,M
3.8
resultant basic water vapour resistance of clothing
R
eclr,M
water-vapour resistance from manikin’s surface to the outer clothing surface (including enclosed air
layers), under defined conditions measured with a manikin moving its legs and arms
2
Note 1 to entry: Reclr,M is expressed in square metres pascal per watt (m⋅Pa/W).
3.9
effective water vapour resistance of clothing
R
ecle,M
difference between water-vapour resistance provided to a sweating manikin by a clothing ensemble
and the water-vapour resistance of the sweating nude manikin, under defined conditions measured
with a stationary manikin
2
Note 1 to entry: Recle,M is expressed in square metres pascal per watt (m⋅Pa/W).
Note 2 to entry: R is calculated with Formula (9).
ecle,M
3.10
resultant effective water vapour resistance of clothing
R
ecler,M
difference between water-vapour resistance provided to a sweating manikin by a clothing ensemble
and the water-vapour resistance of the sweating nude manikin, under defined conditions measured
with a manikin moving its legs and arms
2
Note 1 to entry: R is expressed in square metres pascal per watt (m⋅Pa/W).
ecler,M
Note 2 to entry: R is calculated with Formula (10).
ecler,M
6
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SIST EN 17528:2022
EN 17528:2022 (E)
3.11
clothing area factor
f
cl
ratio of the outer surface of the clothed manikin to the surface area of the nude manikin
Note 1 to entry: fcl is dimensionless and is always higher or equal to 1.
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
2
A total wet body surface area of the manikin m
w
2
ai surface area of the body segment i of the manikin m
f fraction of the total manikin surface area represented by the surface area of segment i
i
H total heating power supplied to the manikin W
e
H heating power supplied to the body segment i of the manikin W
ei
RH relative humidity of the air within the climatic chamber %
T air temperature within the climatic chamber °C
a
T mean surface temperature of the manikin °C
s
T surface temperature of the body segment i of the manikin °C
si
p water vapour pressure of the air within the climatic chamber Pa
a
p water vapour pressure at the manikin’s sweating surface Pa
s
psi water vapour pressure at the body segment i of the manikin’s sweating surface Pa
v air speed in the climatic chamber m/s
a
5 Measurement and test methods
5.1 Principle
The components of the clothing ensemble to be tested are placed on the manikin in the same
arrangement as in practical use.
The manikin in the shape and size of an adult human body and, for the measurement of R , with
etr,M
movable legs and arms, is internally heated to a constant surface temperature, uniform over its body.
The manikin is placed in a climatic chamber where specified air temperature and air speed can be set,
and air humidity controlled.
There will be an evaporative heat flow from the manikin's skin surface area through the clothing into
the ambient air, which is measured after steady-state conditions have been reached. From this heat
flow, related to the sweating nude manikin's body surface area, the clothing ensemble's water vapour
resistance can be calculated, considering the difference of water-vapour partial pressure between the
manikin's skin surface and the ambient air.
The measurement is performed with the manikin stationary and/or moving its legs and arms, with a
specified number of movements per minute and a defined stride length. The water-vapour resistance
values obtained include the water-vapour resistance provided by the clothing and the adhering air layer
around the body. They apply only to the particular clothing ensemble, as tested, and to the specific
conditions of the test, particularly with respect to the air movement around the manikin.
NOTE The principles described in this document can also be applied for other kinds of manikins (e.g. child
manikin, female manikin, partial manikin, for example hand, torso, foot).
7
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SIST EN 17528:2022
EN 17528:2022 (E)
5.2 Apparatus
5.2.1 Standard manikin
5.2.1.1 Size and shape
The manikin, made from metal or plastic, shall be constructed to simulate the body of an adult human. It
shall consist of anatomical segments covering head, chest, abdomen, back, buttocks, arms, hands
(preferably with individual fingers extended to allow gloves to be worn), legs and feet, with at least one
segment in each body part.
NOTE Experience shows that at least 15 body segments provide reasonable homogenous surface
temperature, allow monitor heat flux and provide information about local differences.
The body height of the standard manikin shall be (1,70 ± 0,15) m, with a body surface area of
2
(1,7 ± 0,3) m .
The manikin's body proportions should correspond to those required for standard sizes of garments,
because deviations in fit will affect the results.
For the measurement of R the manikin's arms and legs shall be movable, with joints at least at the
etr,M
shoulder and hip. For the measurement of the clothing ensemble's resultant total water-vapour
resistance, R , the manikin, mechanically driven, shall perform (45 ± 2) double steps per min, and
etr,M
(45 ± 2) double arm movements per min cross walking. The stride length, measured from toe to toe,
shall be (63 ± 10) cm, and the length of the arm movements, measured between the wrists at the base of
the thumbs, (53 ± 10) cm.
5.2.1.2 Sweat generation
The manikin shall have the ability to evaporate water from its surface. Sweating can be simulated by a
tight-fitting water saturated skin body suit, for example high absorptive textile or a tight-fitting water-
fed capillary body suit (cotton or other appropriate textile or material) worn over the thermal manikin.
The entire surface of the manikin shall be heated and the skin body suit shall be saturated with water
before the start of the test.
It shall be guaranteed that all parts of the manikin skin do not dry out during the test. This can be
checked by monitoring the stability of the heating power supply for individual zones.
If a water-fed capillary system is used for sweat generation, each manikin’s segment should be
controlled individually regarding the sweating rate.
5.2.1.3 Surface temperature
The manikin shall be constructed so as to maintain the same average constant temperature T of
s
(34,0 ± 0,2) °C measured at all segment surfaces.
The surface temperatures of the manikin shall be measured by at least one appropriate temperature
sensor (e.g. thermocouples, thermistors, resistance temperature devices) per body segment. The
sensors shall not protrude more than 0,5 mm from the manikin's surface and shall be well bonded, both
mechanically and thermally, to the manikin's surface. Lead wires shall be bonded to the surface, or
preferably pass through the interior of the manikin.
When calculating the mean skin surface temperature of the manikin's body, each sensor temperature
shall be area-weighted, considering the portion of the body surface area covered by the sensor.
8
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SIST EN 17528:2022
EN 17528:2022 (E)
5.2.1.4 Heating equipment and power measurement
Each body segment of the manikin shall be equipped with an independently controlled heating system,
whose capacity is sufficiently high to guarantee a constant surface temperature of (34,0 ± 0,2) °C in the
nude manikin at each body segment.
The evaporative heat flow from the manikin's body through the clothing can be determined by
measuring the heating power necessary to maintain a constant surface temperature, supplied to each of
the manikin's body segments during the test period.
The power measuring equipment shall be capable of giving an accurate average over the test period. Its
accuracy shall be within ± 2 % of the value for the average power supplied to each body segment of the
manikin during the test period.
5.2.2 Controlled climatic chamber
5.2.2.1 General
The manikin shall be placed in a controlled climatic chamber, at least 2 m × 2 m × 2 m
(length × width × height). The air flow in the chamber may be horizontal or vertical.
In the chamber, spatial uniformity shall be verified by recording values for the test conditions (see 5.4)
at heights of 0,1 m, 1,1 m, and 1,7 m above the manikin sole height at the location occupied by the
manikin. The temperature of the walls, floor and ceiling shall not differ more than 1 °C from the mean
air temperature.
5.2.2.2 Air temperature sensor(s)
To monitor the air temperature in the chamber during the test, a single sensor with an overall accuracy
of ± 0,15 °C and a time constant not exceeding 1 min may be used. However, multiple sensors are
preferable.
The temperature sensor(s) shall be placed at a distance of (0,5 ± 0,1) m from the manikin. If a single
sensor is used, it shall be at least 1,0 m above the floor of the chamber. If multiple sensors are used, they
shall be spaced at equal height intervals, and their readings averaged.
5.2.2.3 Relative humidity sensor
Any humidity sensing device with an accuracy of at least ± 2 % relative humidity and a repeatability
of ± 3 % is acceptable. Only one location in the chamber needs to be monitored during the test to ensure
that the temporal uniformity requirements mentioned in 5.2.2.1 are met.
5.2.2.4 Air speed sensor
For measuring the air speed in the climatic chamber an omni-directional anemometer with ± 0,05 m/s
accuracy shall be used. Measurements shall be averaged for at least 3 min at locations spaced at equal
height intervals, (0,5 ± 0,1) m in front of the manikin. If it is demonstrated that the air speed does not
vary temporally by more than ± 0,1 m/s, then it is not necessary to monitor air speed during a test.
5.3 Selection and preparation of test garments
It is desirable to independently test three different specimens of the clothing ensemble. However, if only
one specimen is available, it shall be removed from the manikin after each test, dried and conditioned as
specified below before retesting.
The garments tested shall be an appropriate fit to the manikin.
Prior to testing, the garments shall be conditioned either at (34 ± 5) °C and (40 ± 20) % RH or at the test
climate set in the climatic chamber for at least 12 h.
9
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SIST EN 17528:2022
EN 17528:2022 (E)
5.4 Test procedure
The skin surface temperature, T , at each of the manikin's body segments, shall be set and, during the
si
test period, maintained at (34 ± 0,2) °C.
The air temperature in the climatic chamber, T , shall be (34 ± 0,5) °C. The air temperature, T in the
a a
climatic chamber is the same as the manikin's mean skin temperature, T , so no dry heat exchange is
s
occurring between the manikin and the environment.
The relative humidity in the climatic chamber shall be (40 ± 5) %.
The air speed v in the climatic chamber shall be set to (0,4 ± 0,1) m/s.
a
Different relative humidity can be necessary to achieve measurement accuracy in special cases (highly
permeable or highly thermally insulating clothing ensemble).
The manikin’s surface is pre-wetted for example with a spray until it is saturated. The entire manikin
surface shall have sufficient water available for evaporation throughout the test period.
If a water-fed capillary body suit is used for sweat generation, the water added to the sweating surface
shall be heated to (34 ± 0,5) °C before being delivered to the manikin. Sweating rate shall be adjusted in
such a way that it is not too low to prevent the manikin’s surface to dry prematurely during the
measurement or not too high to avoid excess of liquid water to move in the tested clothing ensemble.
Guidelines to select a correct sweating rate are given in Annex A.
The water used is preferably distilled or demineralized as water line clogging and build-up of
electrolyte in the skin shall be avoided.
The manikin is dressed with the clothing ensemble to be tested, with each garment arranged on the
appropriate part of its body as in practical use.
For the measurement of the total water vapour resistance, R , the manikin is kept stationary, standing
et,M
straight.
For the measurement of the resultant total water vapour resistance, R , the legs and arms of the
etr,M
manikin are mechanically moved, with the frequency and stride length specified in 5.2.1.1.
After starting the test, allow the system to reach steady-state conditions, i.e. the mean manikin’s skin
surface temperature, T , and the total heating power supplied to the manikin, H , remain constant
s e
within ± 3 %. Record the manikin's skin surface temperatures, T , the air temperature, T , in the
si a
climatic chamber and the power input, H , to the manikin's body segments at least every minute during
ei
the measurement period of at least 10 min.
After testing remove completely the clothing ensemble from the manikin and check for dry skin or wet
clothing ensemble. Retest if necessary with adjusted sweating rate.
At least three independent measurements per clothing ensemble shall be conducted.
The water vapour resistance value(s) of the clothing ensemble given in the test report shall be the
arithmetic mean of the single test results.
A measurement of total water vapour resistance R or resultant total water vapour resistance R of
ea,M ear,M
the sweating nude manikin using the above procedure is performed at the beginning of each series of
clothing tests.
A reference ensemble shall be tested periodically to check consistency. An example of reference
ensemble is given in Annex B.
10
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SIST EN 17528:2022
EN 17528:2022 (E)
5.5 Expression of test results and calculation
The parallel method of calculating the total water-vapour resistance of the tested clothing ensemble
shall be used using Formulae (1) to (4).
p −⋅p A
( )
s aw
R or R = (1)
et,M etr,M
H
e
p = fp⋅ (2)
∑
s iis
i
a
i
f = (3)
i
A
w
HH=
(4)
∑
eei
i
Water vapour pressure p and p are calculated from T and T with Antoine’s formula using
si a si a
respectively Formulae (5) and (6).
4 030,183
16,6536−
T +235
si
pe= 1 000⋅ (5)
si
4 030,183
16,6536−
T +235
a
p = 10⋅⋅RH e (6)
a
To calculate the basic water-vapour resistance, R or R , use Formulae (7) and (8).
ecl,M eclr,M
R
ea,M
RR= − (7)
ecl,M et,M
f
cl
or
R
ear,M
RR= − (8)
eclr,M etr,M
f
cl
To calculate the effective water-vapour resistance, R or R , use Formulae (9) and (10).
ecle,M ecler,M
R = RR− (9)
ecle,M et,M ea,M
or
R = RR− (10)
ecler,M etr,M ear,M
Clothing area factor f can be determined using one of the methods described in Annex C.
cl
If higher accuracy, for example for specific physiological modelling, is required then corrections given in
Annex D may be used.
5.6 Repeatability and reproducibility
In a round robin test, six clothing ensembles were tested with different manikins and with three
repetitive measurements in eight laboratories [1].
11
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SIST EN 17528:2022
EN 17528:2022 (E)
The following precision (coefficient of variation) of the water vapour resistance has been found:
— Repeatability: 5 % (parallel calculation);
— Reproducibility: 11 % (parallel calculation).
5.7 Test report
The test report shall include at least the following information:
a) reference to this document, EN 17528:2022;
b) description of the test sample including any other items used to complete the ensemble, washing or
dry-cleaning procedures, if applied;
c) arrangement of the garments on the manikin (e.g. was the shirt-tail tucked in? were there any
zippers, and, if so, were they closed?);
d) number of test specimens per clothing ensemble and number of individual measurements on each
test specimen;
e) air temperature (T ), relative humidity (RH), and air speed (v ), in the climatic chamber during the
a a
measurement period;
f) arithmetic mean of the clothing ensemble's total water-vapour resistance (R ), and/or resultant
et,M
total water-vapour resistance (R );
etr,M
g) clothing ensemble's basic water-vapour resistance (R ), and/or resultant basic water-vapour
ecl,M
resistance (R ), clothing area factor (f ) and the method how it is determined;
eclr,M cl
h) clothing ensemble's effective water-vapour resistance (R ), and/or resultant effective water-
ecle,M
vapour resistance (R );
ecler,M
i) any deviations from this document;
j) any unusual features observed;
k) date of test.
NOTE 1 By mutual agreement only one of the basic Recl,M (Reclr,M) or effective Recle,M (Recler,M) (resultant) water-
vapour resistance can be reported.
NOTE 2 By mutual agreement water vapour resistance of individual manikin segments can be reported.
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SIST EN 17528:2022
EN 17528:2022 (E)
Annex A
(informative)
Guidelines to determine sweating rate
A.1 General
This annex applies only to manikin equipped with a sweat generation using a water-fed capillary body
suit and an individual control of sweating rate for each manikin’s segment. For accurate measurements,
the sweating skin needs to be thoroughly wetted, but not dripping. If the sweat flowrate is too low,
regions of the manikin will dry out. This will result in reduced heat loss, thus artificially high R or
et,M
R . If the sweat rate is too high, excess water will saturate the garment, producing an unrealistic test
etr,M
condition and affecting repeatability.
This annex provides guidelines to select an optimal sweating rate. In order to apply correctly thos
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 17528:2020
01-junij-2020
Oblačila - Fiziološki učinki - Merjenje odpornosti proti vodni pari s pomočjo lutke
za potenje
Clothing - physiological effects - Measurement of water vapour resistance by means of a
sweating manikin
Bekleidung - Physiologische Wirkungen - Messung des
Wasserdampfdurchgangswiderstandes mittels einer schwitzenden Prüfpuppe
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 17528
ICS:
61.020 Oblačila Clothes
oSIST prEN 17528:2020 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN 17528:2020
DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD
prEN 17528
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
June 2020
ICS 61.020
English Version
Clothing - physiological effects - Measurement of water
vapour resistance by means of a sweating manikin
Bekleidung - Physiologische Wirkungen - Messung des
Wasserdampfdurchgangswiderstandes mittels einer
schwitzenden Prüfpuppe
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 248.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations
which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2020 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 17528:2020 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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Contents Page
European foreword . 3
Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions . 5
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 7
5 Measurement and test methods . 7
5.1 Principle . 7
5.2 Apparatus . 8
5.2.1 Standard Manikin . 8
5.2.2 Controlled climatic chamber . 9
5.3 Selection and preparation of test garments . 9
5.4 Test procedure . 10
5.5 Expression of test results and calculation . 10
5.6 Test report . 11
Annex A (informative) Guidelines to determine sweating rate . 13
Annex B (informative) Reference ensemble . 16
Annex C (normative) Measurement of clothing area factor (f ) . 17
cl
Annex D (informative) Correction of the acquired evaporative resistance values for textile
skin temperatures . 21
Bibliography . 23
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European foreword
This document (prEN 17528:2020) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 248 “Textiles
and Textile Products”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
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Introduction
The type of clothing worn by people directly affects the heat exchange between the human body and the
environment. The heat transfer is both sensible (conduction, convection, and radiation) and latent
(evaporation). The water vapour resistance of a clothing ensemble is dependent upon the designs and
materials used in the component garments, the amount of body surface area covered by the clothing,
the distribution of the layers over the body, looseness or tightness of fit, and the increased surface area
for heat loss. Water vapour resistance measurements made on fabrics alone do not take these factors
into account. Measurements of the resistance to evaporative heat loss provided by clothing can be used
with thermal insulation values (EN ISO 15831:2004) to determine the comfort or stress of people in
different environments.
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1 Scope
This document describes the requirements of the sweating manikin and the test procedure used to
measure the water vapour resistance of a clothing ensemble, as it becomes effective for the wearer in
practical use in a defined environment, with the wearer either standing or moving. This water vapour
resistance, among other parameters, can be used to determine the effect of clothing on the physiology of
the wearer in specific climate/activity scenarios.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN ISO 11092, Textiles — Physiological effects — Measurement of thermal and water-vapour resistance
under steady-state conditions (sweating guarded-hotplate test) (ISO 11092)
EN ISO 15831:2004, Clothing — Physiological effects — Measurement of thermal insulation by means of a
thermal manikin (ISO 15831:2004)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
clothing ensemble
group of garments worn together on the body at the same time
3.2
water vapour resistance of clothing
water-vapour pressure difference between the manikin’s skin surface and ambient atmosphere divided
by the resulting evaporative heat flux per unit area in the direction of the gradient of water-vapour
pressure
3.3
total water vapour resistance of clothing
R
et, M
total water-vapour resistance from manikin’s surface to ambient atmosphere, including clothing and
boundary air layer, under defined conditions measured with a stationary manikin
Note 1 to entry: R is expressed in square metres pascal per watt.
et, M
3.4
resultant total water vapour resistance of clothing
R
etr, M
total water-vapour resistance from manikin’s surface to ambient atmosphere, including clothing and
boundary air layer, under defined conditions measured with a manikin moving its legs and arms
Note 1 to entry: Retr, M is expressed in square metres pascal per watt.
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3.5
air water vapour resistance
R
ea, M
water-vapour resistance of the boundary (surface) air layer around the sweating nude manikin, under
defined conditions measured with a stationary manikin
Note 1 to entry: Rea, M is expressed in square metres pascal per watt.
3.6
resultant air water vapour resistance
R
ear, M
water-vapour resistance of the boundary (surface) air layer around the sweating nude manikin, under
defined conditions measured with a manikin moving its legs and arms
Note 1 to entry: R is expressed in square metres pascal per watt.
ear, M
3.7
basic water vapour resistance of clothing
Recl, M
water-vapour resistance from manikin’s surface to the outer clothing surface (including enclosed air
layers), under defined conditions measured with a stationary manikin
Note 1 to entry: R is expressed in square metres pascal per watt.
ecl, M
3.8
resultant basic water vapour resistance of clothing
R
eclr, M
water-vapour resistance from manikin’s surface to the outer clothing surface (including enclosed air
layers), under defined conditions measured with a manikin moving its legs and arms
Note 1 to entry: Reclr, M is expressed in square metres pascal per watt.
3.9
effective water vapour resistance of clothing
R
ecle, M
increase in water-vapour resistance provided to a sweating manikin by a clothing ensemble compared
to the water-vapour resistance of the sweating nude manikin, under defined conditions measured with
a stationary manikin
Note 1 to entry: Recle, M is expressed in square metres pascal per watt.
3.10
resultant effective water vapour resistance of clothing
R
ecler, M
increase in water-vapour resistance provided to a sweating manikin by a clothing ensemble compared
to the water-vapour resistance of the sweating nude manikin, under defined conditions measured with
a manikin moving its legs and arms
Note 1 to entry: Recler, M is expressed in square metres pascal per watt.
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3.11
clothing area factor
f
cl
ratio of the outer surface of the clothed manikin to the surface area of the nude manikin
Note 1 to entry: fcl is dimensionless and is always higher or equal to 1.
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
2
A total wet body surface area of the manikin m
w
2
ai surface area of the body segment i of the manikin m
f fraction of the total manikin surface area represented by the surface area of
i
segment i
H total heating power supplied to the manikin W
e
H heating power supplied to the body segment i of the manikin W
ei
RH relative humidity of the air within the climatic chamber %
T air temperature within the climatic chamber °C
a
T mean surface temperature of the manikin °C
s
T surface temperature of the body segment i of the manikin °C
si
p water vapour pressure of the air within the climatic chamber Pa
a
ps water vapour pressure at the manikin’s sweating surface Pa
p water vapour pressure at the body segment i of the manikin’s sweating surface Pa
si
v air speed in the climatic chamber m/s
a
5 Measurement and test methods
5.1 Principle
The components of the clothing ensemble to be tested are placed on the manikin in the same
arrangement as in practical use.
The manikin in the shape and size of an adult human body and, for the measurement of R , with
etr, M
movable legs and arms, is internally heated to a constant skin surface temperature, uniform over its
body. The manikin is placed in a climatic chamber where defined air temperature and air speed can be
set, and air humidity controlled.
There will be an evaporative heat flow from the manikin's skin surface area through the clothing into
the ambient air, which is measured after steady-state conditions have been reached. From this heat
flow, related to the sweating nude manikin's body surface area, the clothing ensemble's water vapour
resistance can be calculated, considering the difference of water-vapour partial pressure between the
manikin's skin surface and the ambient air.
The measurement is performed with the manikin stationary and/or moving its legs and arms, with a
defined number of movements per minute and a defined stride length. The water-vapour resistance
values obtained include the water-vapour resistance provided by the clothing and the adhering air layer
around the body. They apply only to the particular clothing ensemble, as tested, and to the specific
conditions of the test, particularly with respect to the air movement around the manikin.
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NOTE: The principles described in this document can also be applied for other kinds of manikins (e.g. child
manikin, female manikin, partial manikin, for example hand, torso, foot).
5.2 Apparatus
5.2.1 Standard Manikin
5.2.1.1 Size and shape
The manikin, made from metal or plastic, shall be constructed to simulate the body of an adult human,
i.e. it shall consist of an anatomically formed head, chest, abdomen, back, buttocks, arms, hands
(preferably with individual fingers extended to allow gloves to be worn), legs and feet.
NOTE: Experience shows that at least 15 body segments provide reasonable homogenous surface temperature,
allow monitor heat flux and provide information about local differences.
The body height of the standard manikin shall be (1,70 ± 0,15) m, with a body surface area of (1,7 ± 0,3)
2
m .
The manikin's body proportions should correspond to those required for standard sizes of garments,
because deviations in fit will affect the results.
For the measurement of R the manikin's arms and legs shall be movable, with joints at least at the
etr,M
shoulder and hip. For the measurement of the clothing ensemble's resultant total water-vapour
resistance, R , the manikin, mechanically driven, shall perform (45 ± 2) double steps per min, and
etr,M
(45 ± 2) double arm movements per min cross walking. The stride length, measured from toe to toe,
shall be (63 ± 10) cm, and the length of the arm movements, measured between the wrists at the base of
the thumbs, (53 ± 10) cm.
5.2.1.2 Sweat generation
The manikin shall have the ability to evaporate water from its surface. Sweating can be simulated either
by a tight fitting water saturated textile skin body suit, for example high absorptive cotton or a tight
fitting water-fed capillary body suit (cotton or other appropriate textile) worn over the thermal
manikin. The entire surface of the manikin shall be heated and saturated before the start of the test.
It shall be guaranteed that all parts of the manikin skin do not dry out during the test. This can be
checked by monitoring the stability of the heating power supply for individual zones.
If a water-fed capillary system is used for sweat generation, each manikin’s segment should be
controlled individually regarding the sweating rate.
5.2.1.3 Surface temperature
The manikin shall be constructed so as to maintain the same average constant temperature Ts of
(34,0 ± 0,2) °C measured at all segment surfaces.
The surface temperatures of the manikin shall be measured by at least one appropriate temperature
sensor (e.g. thermocouples, thermistors, resistance temperature devices) per body segment. The
sensors shall not protrude more than 0,5 mm from the manikin's surface and shall be well bonded, both
mechanically and thermally, to the manikin's surface. Lead wires shall be bonded to the surface, or
preferably pass through the interior of the manikin.
When calculating the mean skin surface temperature of the manikin's body, each sensor temperature
shall be area-weighted, considering the portion of the body surface area covered by the sensor.
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5.2.1.4 Heating equipment and power measurement
Each body segment of the manikin shall be equipped with an independently controlled heating system,
whose capacity is sufficiently high to guarantee a constant surface temperature of (34,0 ± 0,2) °C in the
nude manikin at each body segment.
The dry heat flow from the manikin's body through the clothing can be determined by measuring the
heating power necessary to maintain a constant surface temperature, supplied to each of the manikin's
body segments during the test period.
The power measuring equipment shall be capable of giving an accurate average over the test period. Its
accuracy shall be within ± 2 % of the value for the average power supplied to each body segment of the
manikin during the test period.
5.2.2 Controlled climatic chamber
5.2.2.1 General
The manikin shall be placed in a controlled climatic chamber, at least 2 m × 2 m × 2 m
(length × width × height). The air flow in the chamber may be horizontal or vertical.
In the chamber, spatial uniformity shall be verified by recording values for the test conditions (see 5.4)
at heights of 0,1, 1,1, and 1,7 m above the manikin sole height at the location occupied by the manikin.
The temperature of the walls, floor and ceiling shall not differ more than 1 °C from the mean air
temperature.
5.2.2.2 Air temperature sensor(s)
To monitor the air temperature in the chamber during the test, a single sensor with an overall accuracy
of ± 0,15 °C and a time constant not exceeding 1 min may be used. However, multiple sensors are
preferable.
The temperature sensor(s) shall be placed at a distance of (0,5 ± 0,1) m from the manikin. If a single
sensor is used, it shall be at least 1,0 m above the floor of the chamber. If multiple sensors are used, they
shall be spaced at equal height intervals, and their readings averaged.
5.2.2.3 Relative humidity sensor
Any humidity sensing device with an accuracy of at least ± 2 % relative humidity and a repeatability
of ± 3 % is acceptable. Only one location in the chamber needs to be monitored during the test to ensure
that the temporal uniformity requirements mentioned in 5.2.2.1 are met.
5.2.2.4 Air speed sensor
For measuring the air speed in the climatic chamber an omni-directional anemometer with ± 0,05 m/s
accuracy shall be used. Measurements shall be averaged for at least 3 min at locations spaced at equal
height intervals, (0,5 ± 0,1) m in front of the manikin. If it is demonstrated that the air speed does not
vary temporally by more than ± 0,1 m/s, then it is not necessary to monitor air speed during a test.
5.3 Selection and preparation of test garments
It is desirable to independently test three different specimens of the clothing ensemble. However, if only
one specimen is available, it shall be removed from the manikin after each test, dried and conditioned as
specified below before retesting.
The garments tested shall be an appropriate fit to the manikin.
Prior to testing, the garments shall be conditioned either at (34 ± 5) °C and (40 ± 20) % RH or at the test
climate set in the climatic chamber for at least 12 h.
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5.4 Test procedure
The skin surface temperature, T , at each of the manikin's body segments, shall be set and, during the
si
test period, maintained at (34 ± 0,2) °C.
The air temperature in the climatic chamber, T , shall be (34 ± 0,5) °C. The air temperature, T in the
a a
climatic chamber is the same as the manikin's mean skin temperature, T , so no dry heat exchange is
s
occurring between the manikin and the environment.
The relative humidity in the climatic chamber shall be (40 ± 5) %.
The air speed v in the climatic chamber shall be set to (0,4 ± 0,1) m/s.
a
Different relative humidity may be necessary to achieve measurement accuracy in special cases (highly
permeable or highly thermally insulating clothing ensemble).
The manikin’s surface is pre-wetted for example with a spray until it is saturated. The entire manikin
surface shall have sufficient water available for evaporation throughout the test period.
If a water-fed capillary body suit is used for sweat generation, the water added to the sweating surface
shall be heated to (34 ± 0,5) °C before being delivered to the manikin. Sweating rate shall be adjusted in
such a way that it is not too low to prevent the manikin’s surface to dry prematurely during the
measurement or not too high to avoid excess of liquid water to move in the tested clothing ensemble.
Guidelines to select a correct sweating rate are given in Annex A.
The water used is preferably distilled or demineralized as a build-up of electrolyte on the skin shall be
avoided.
The manikin is dressed with the clothing ensemble to be tested, with each garment arranged on the
appropriate part of its body as in practical use.
For the measurement of the total water-vapour resistance, R , the manikin is kept stationary, standing
et
straight.
For the measurement of the resultant total water vapour resistance, R , the legs and arms of the
etr
manikin are mechanically moved, with the frequency and stride length specified in 5.2.1.1.
After starting the test, allow the system to reach steady-state conditions, i.e. the mean manikin’s skin
surface temperature, T , and the total heating power supplied to the manikin, H , remain constant
s e
within ± 3 %. Record the manikin's skin surface temperatures, T , the air temperature, T , in the climatic
si a
chamber and the power input, H , to the manikin's body segments at least every minute during the
ei
measurement period of at least 10 min.
After testing remove completely the clothing ensemble from the manikin and check for dry skin or wet
clothing ensemble. Retest if necessary with adjusted sweating rate
At least three independent measurements per clothing ensemble shall be conducted.
The water vapour resistance value(s) of the clothing ensemble given in the test report shall be the
arithmetic mean of the single test results.
A measurement of total water vapour resistance R or resultant total water vapour resistance R of
ea ear
the sweating nude manikin using the above procedure is performed at the beginning of each series of
clothing tests.
A reference ensemble shall be tested periodically to check consistency. An example of reference
ensemble is given in Annex B.
5.5 Expression of test results and calculation
The parallel method of calculating the total water-vapour resistance of the tested clothing ensemble
shall be used using Formula (1).
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pp- × A
( )
sa w
R or R = (1)
et,M etr,M
H
e
p= f× p
(2)
s i si
Σ
i
a
i
f = (3)
i
A
w
H = H (4)
e ei
Σ
i
Water vapour pressure p and p are calculated from T and T with Antoine’s formula using
si a si a
respectively Formulae (5) and (6).
16,6536-4030,183
T +235
si
pe= 1000 × (5)
si
16,6536-4030,183
T +235
a
p = 10 × RH × e
(6)
a
To calculate the basic water-vapour resistance, R or R , use Formulae (7) and (8).
cl clr
R
ea,M
R = R - (7)
ecl,M et,M
f
cl
or
R
ear,M
RR= - (8)
eclr,M etr,M
f
cl
To calculate the effective water-vapour resistance, R or R , use Formula (9) and (10).
cle cler
R = R - R
(9)
ecle,M et,M ea,M
or
R = R - R
(10)
ecler,M etr,M ear,M
Clothing area factor f can be determined using one of the methods described in Annex C.
cl
If higher accuracy, for example for specific physiological modelling, is required then corrections given in
Annex D may be used.
5.6 Test report
The test report shall include at least the following information.
a) reference to this document;
b) description of the test sample including any other items used to complete the ensemble, washing or
dry cleaning procedures, if applied;
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c) arrangement of the garments on the manikin (e.g. was the shirt-tail tucked in? were there any
zippers, and, if so, were they closed?);
d) number of test specimens per clothing ensemble and number of individual measurements on each
test specimen;
e) air temperature, T , relative humidity, RH, and air speed, v , in the climatic chamber during the
a a
measurement period;
f) arithmetic mean of the clothing ensemble's total water-vapour resistance, R , and/or resultant
et,M
total water-vapour resistance, R ;
etr,M
g) clothing ensemble's basic water-vapour resistance, Recl,M, and/or resultant basic water-vapour
resistance, R , clothing area factor f and the method how it is determined;
eclr,M cl
h) clothing ensemble's effective water-vapour resistance, R , and/or resultant effective water-
ecle,M
vapour resistance, R ;
ecler,M
i) any deviations from this document;
j) date of test.
NOTE 1 By mutual agreement only one of the basic or effective (resultant) water-vapour resistance can be
reported.
NOTE 2 By mutual agreement water vapour resistance of individual manikin segments can be reported.
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Annex A
(informative)
Guidelines to determine sweating rate
A.1 Introduction
This annex applies only to manikin equipped with a sweat generation using a water-fed capillary body
suit and an individual control of sweating rate for each manikin’s segment. For accurate measurements,
the sweating skin needs to be thoroughly wetted, but not dripping. If the sweat flowrate is too low,
regions of the manikin will dry out. This will result in reduced heat loss, thus artificially high R or
et, M
R . If the sweatrate is too high, excess water will saturate the garment, producing an unrealistic test
etr, M
condition and affecting repeatability.
This annex provides guidelines to select an optimal sweating rate. In order to apply correctly those
guidelines, it is assumed that the flow rate of each manikin’s segment is calibrated in such a way that
actual flow rate corresponds to the setup value.
A.2 Guidelines to determine sweating rate
A.2.1 Uncovered zones
For the manikin’s zones which are not covered (for example: the head and the hands or all the zones
−1 −2
during a sweating nude manikin test) a flowrate of 600 g⋅hour ⋅m can be used if the manikin is
−1 −2
standing and a flowrate of 800 g⋅hour ⋅m can be used if the manikin is moving.
A.2.2 Preliminary test method
A preliminary test can be done to determine a first estimation of total water vapour resistance of each
manikin’s segment. The manikin’s skin is pre-wetted for example with a spray until it is completely
saturated. The manikin is dressed with the clothing ensemble to be tested. The test is carried out
following the procedure described in paragraph 5.4 except that sweating generation is switched off.
NOTE For uncovered zones, the values specified in A.2.1 can be used.
As soon as the steady-state is reached and before the manikin’s skin dries out, a first estimation of total
water vapour resistance of each manikin’s segment is determined. Knowing this first estimation, the
evaporation mass flow rate can be calculated from the thermodynamic properties of water. If the
manikin is pre-wetted only, the system will typically stabilize to within 10 % of final water vapour
resistance before the skin layer dries out. Using this preliminary value, a flow setpoint of 10 %–20 %
more than the required fluid volume is suggested. Assuming the standard test conditions (skin surface
temperature = 34 °C, air temperature = 34 °C and relative humidity = 40 %) and a flow rate excess of
15 %, the flow setpoint of each manikin’s segment can be calculated using the following formula:
−1 −
...
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