oSIST prEN IEC 60034-2-1:2023
(Main)Rotating electrical machines - Part 2-1: Standard methods for determining losses and efficiency from tests (excluding machines for traction vehicles)
Rotating electrical machines - Part 2-1: Standard methods for determining losses and efficiency from tests (excluding machines for traction vehicles)
Drehende elektrische Maschinen - Teil 2-1: Standardverfahren zur Bestimmung der Verluste und des Wirkungsgrades aus Prüfungen (ausgenommen Maschinen für Schienen- und Straßenfahrzeuge)
Machines électriques tournantes - Partie 2-1: Méthodes normalisées pour la détermination des pertes et du rendement à partir d'essais (à l'exclusion des machines pour véhicules de traction)
Električni rotacijski stroji - 2-1. del: Standardne metode za ugotavljanje izgub in izkoristka s preskušanjem (razen strojev za vlečna vozila)
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Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN IEC 60034-2-1:2023
01-januar-2023
Električni rotacijski stroji - 2-1. del: Standardne metode za ugotavljanje izgub in
izkoristka s preskušanjem (razen strojev za vlečna vozila)
Rotating electrical machines - Part 2-1: Standard methods for determining losses and
efficiency from tests (excluding machines for traction vehicles)
Drehende elektrische Maschinen - Teil 2-1: Standardverfahren zur Bestimmung der
Verluste und des Wirkungsgrades aus Prüfungen (ausgenommen Maschinen für
Schienen- und Straßenfahrzeuge)
Machines électriques tournantes - Partie 2-1: Méthodes normalisées pour la
détermination des pertes et du rendement à partir d'essais (à l'exclusion des machines
pour véhicules de traction)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN IEC 60034-2-1:2022
ICS:
29.160.01 Rotacijski stroji na splošno Rotating machinery in
general
oSIST prEN IEC 60034-2-1:2023 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN IEC 60034-2-1:2023
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oSIST prEN IEC 60034-2-1:2023
2/2108/CDV
COMMITTEE DRAFT FOR VOTE (CDV)
PROJECT NUMBER:
IEC 60034-2-1 ED3
DATE OF CIRCULATION: CLOSING DATE FOR VOTING:
2022-11-18 2023-02-10
SUPERSEDES DOCUMENTS:
2/2078/CD, 2/2094A/CC
IEC TC 2 : ROTATING MACHINERY
SECRETARIAT: SECRETARY:
United Kingdom Mr Charles Whitlock
OF INTEREST TO THE FOLLOWING COMMITTEES: PROPOSED HORIZONTAL STANDARD:
Other TC/SCs are requested to indicate their interest, if any, in
this CDV to the secretary.
FUNCTIONS CONCERNED:
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Attention IEC-CENELEC parallel voting
The attention of IEC National Committees, members of
CENELEC, is drawn to the fact that this Committee Draft for Vote
(CDV) is submitted for parallel voting.
The CENELEC members are invited to vote through the
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This document is still under study and subject to change. It should not be used for reference purposes.
Recipients of this document are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.
TITLE:
Rotating electrical machines – Part 2-1: Standard methods for determining losses and efficiency from tests
(excluding machines for traction vehicles)
PROPOSED STABILITY DATE: 2026
NOTE FROM TC/SC OFFICERS:
Copyright © 2022 International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC. All rights reserved. It is permitted to download this
electronic file, to make a copy and to print out the content for the sole purpose of preparing National Committee positions.
You may not copy or "mirror" the file or printed version of the document, or any part of it, for any other purpose without
permission in writing from IEC.
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CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 8
4 Symbols and abbreviations . 12
4.1 Symbols . 12
4.2 Additional subscripts . 13
5 Basic requirements . 14
5.1 Direct and indirect efficiency determination . 14
5.2 Uncertainty . 15
5.3 Preferred methods and methods for customer-specific acceptance tests,
field-tests or routine-tests . 15
5.4 Power supply . 15
5.4.1 Voltage . 15
5.4.2 Frequency . 15
5.5 Instrumentation . 15
5.5.1 General . 15
5.5.2 Measuring instruments for electrical quantities . 16
5.5.3 Torque measurement . 16
5.5.4 Speed and frequency measurement . 16
5.5.5 Temperature measurement . 17
5.6 Units . 17
5.7 Resistance . 17
5.7.1 Test resistance . 17
5.7.2 Winding temperature . 17
5.7.3 Correction to reference coolant temperature . 18
5.8 State of the machine under test and test categories . 18
5.9 Excitation circuit measurements . 19
5.10 Ambient temperature during testing . 19
6 Test methods for the determination of the efficiency of induction machines . 20
6.1 Preferred testing methods . 20
6.1.1 General . 20
6.1.2 Method 2-1-1A – Direct measurement of input and output . 20
6.1.3 Method 2-1-1B – Summation of losses, additional load losses according
to the method of residual loss . 22
6.1.4 Method 2-1-1C – Summation of losses with additional load losses from
assigned allowance . 30
6.2 Testing methods for field or routine-testing . 34
6.2.1 General . 34
6.2.2 Method 2-1-1D – Dual supply back-to-back-test . 35
6.2.3 Method 2-1-1E – Single supply back-to-back-test . 36
6.2.4 Method 2-1-1F – Summation of losses with additional load losses
determined by test with rotor removed and reverse rotation test . 37
6.2.5 Method 2-1-1G – Summation of losses with additional load losses
determined by Eh-star method . 41
6.2.6 Method 2-1-1H – Determination of efficiency by use of the equivalent
circuit parameters . 44
7 Test methods for the determination of the efficiency of synchronous machines . 50
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7.1 Preferred testing methods . 50
7.1.1 General . 50
7.1.2 Method 2-1-2A – Direct measurement of input and output . 51
7.1.3 Method 2-1-2B – Summation of separate losses with a rated load
temperature test and a short circuit test . 53
7.1.4 Method 2-1-2C – Summation of separate losses without a full load test . 59
7.2 Testing methods for field or routine testing . 61
7.2.1 General . 61
7.2.2 Method 2-1-2D – Dual supply back-to-back-test . 61
7.2.3 Method 2-1-2E – Single supply back-to-back-test . 63
7.2.4 Method 2-1-2F – Zero power factor test with excitation current from
Potier-, ASA- or Swedish-diagram . 64
7.2.5 Method 2-1-2G – Summation of separate losses with a load test without
consideration of additional load losses . 68
8 Test methods for the determination of the efficiency of d.c. machines . 69
8.1 Testing methods for field or routine testing . 69
8.1.1 General . 69
8.1.2 Method 2-1-3A – Direct measurement of input and output . 70
8.1.3 Method 2-1-3B – Summation of losses with a load test and d.c.
component of additional load losses from test. 71
8.1.4 Method 2-1-3C – Summation of losses with a load test and d.c.
component of additional load losses from assigned value . 77
8.1.5 Method 2-1-3D – Summation of losses without a load test . 80
8.1.6 Method 2-1-3E – Single supply back-to-back test . 82
Annex A (normative) Calculation of values for the Eh-star method . 85
Annex B (informative) Types of excitation systems . 88
Annex C (informative) Induction machine slip measurement. 89
Annex D (informative) Test report template for method 2-1-1B . 91
Bibliography . 93
Figure 1 – Sketch for torque measurement test . 21
Figure 2 – Efficiency determination according to method 2-1-1A . 21
Figure 3 – Efficiency determination according to method 2-1-1B . 23
Figure 4 – Smoothing of the residual loss data. 29
Figure 5 – Efficiency determination according to method 2-1-1C . 31
Figure 6 – Vector diagram for obtaining current vector from reduced voltage test . 32
Figure 7 – Assigned allowance for additional load losses P . 33
LL
Figure 8 – Efficiency determination according to method 2-1-1D . 35
Figure 9 – Sketch for dual supply back-to-back test . 35
Figure 10 – Efficiency determination according to method 2-1-1E . 36
Figure 11 – Efficiency determination according to method 2-1-1F . 38
Figure 12 – Efficiency determination according to method 2-1-1G . 41
Figure 13 – Eh-star test circuit . 42
Figure 14 – Induction machine, T-model with equivalent iron loss resistor . 45
Figure 15 – Efficiency determination according to method 2-1-1H . 45
Figure 16 – Induction machines, reduced model for calculation . 49
Figure 17 – Sketch for torque measurement test . 52
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Figure 18 – Efficiency determination according to method 2-1-2A . 52
Figure 19 – Efficiency determination according to method 2-1-2B . 54
Figure 20 – Efficiency determination according to method 2-1-2C . 60
Figure 21 – Efficiency determination according to method 2-1-2D . 61
Figure 22 – Sketch for dual supply back-to-back test ( I If, f ) . 62
M GM G
Figure 23 – Efficiency determination according to method 2-1-2E . 63
Figure 24 – Single supply back-to-back test for synchronous machines . 63
Figure 25 – Efficiency determination according to method 2-1-2F . 65
Figure 26 – Efficiency determination according to method 2-1-2G . 69
Figure 27 – Sketch for torque measurement test . 70
Figure 28 – Efficiency determination according to method 2-1-3A . 71
Figure 29 – Efficiency determination according to method 2-1-3B . 72
Figure 30 – Sketch for single supply back-to-back test for determination of d.c.
component of additional load losses . 76
Figure 31 – Efficiency determination according to method 2-1-3C . 78
Figure 32 – Efficiency determination according to method 2-1-3D . 81
Figure 33 – Efficiency determination according to method 2-1-3E . 83
Figure 34 – Sketch for single supply back-to-back test . 83
Figure C.1 – Slip measurement system block diagram . 90
Table 1 – Reference temperature . 18
Table 2 – Induction machines: preferred testing methods . 20
Table 3 – Induction machines: other methods . 34
Table 4 – Synchronous machines with electrical excitation: preferred testing methods. 51
Table 5 – Synchronous machines with permanent magnets: preferred testing methods . 51
Table 6 – Synchronous machines: other methods . 61
Table 7 – DC machines: test methods . 70
Table 8 – Multiplying factors for different speed ratios . 79
==
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IEC CDV 60034-2-1 © IEC 2022 – 5 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINES –
Part 2-1: Standard methods for determining losses and efficiency
from tests (excluding machines for traction vehicles)
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
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with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
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4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
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between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
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5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
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6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
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8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 60034-2-1 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 2:
Rotating machinery.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition of IEC 60034-2-1, issued in 2014,.
This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
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Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
NOTE A table of cross-references of all IEC TC 2 publications can be found in the IEC TC 2 dashboard on the
IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
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IEC CDV 60034-2-1 © IEC 2022 – 7 –
1 ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINES –
2
3 Part 2-1: Standard methods for determining losses and efficiency
4 from tests (excluding machines for traction vehicles)
5
6
7
8 1 Scope
9 This part of IEC 60034 is intended to establish methods of determining efficiencies from tests,
10 and also to specify methods of obtaining specific losses.
11 This standard applies to d.c. machines and to a.c. synchronous and induction machines of all
12 sizes within the scope of IEC 60034-1 rated for mains operation.
13 NOTE These methods may be applied to other types of machines such as rotary converters, a.c. commutator
14 motors and single-phase induction motors.
15 2 Normative references
16 The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and
17 are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
18 undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
19 amendments) applies.
20 IEC 60027-1, Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology – Part 1: General
21 IEC 60034-1:2022, Rotating electrical machines – Part 1: Rating and performance
22 IEC 60034-4-1:2018, Rotating electrical machines – Part 4-1: Methods for determining
23 synchronous machine quantities from tests
24 IEC 60034-19, Rotating electrical machines – Part 19:Specific test methods for d.c. machines
25 on conventional and rectifier-fed supplies
26 IEC 60034-29, Rotating electrical machines – Part 29: Equivalent loading and superposition
27 techniques – Indirect testing to determine temperature rise
28 IEC 60034-30-1, Rotating electrical machines – Part 30-1: Efficiency classes of line operated
29 AC motors (IE code)
30 IEC 60051(all parts), Direct acting indicating analogue electrical measuring instruments and
31 their accessories
32 IEC 60051-1, Direct acting indicating analogue electrical measuring instruments and their
33 accessories – Part 1: Definitions and general requirements common to all parts
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34 3 Terms and definitions
35 For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60034-1,
36 IEC 60051-1 and the following apply.
37 3.1
38 efficiency
39 ratio of output power to input power expressed in the same units and usually given as a
40 percentage
41 3.2
42 direct efficiency determination
43 method by which the determination of efficiency is made by measuring directly the input
44 power and the output power
45 3.3
46 dual-supply back-to-back test
47 test in which two identical machines are mechanically coupled together, and the total losses
48 of both machines are calculated from the difference between the electrical input to one
49 machine and the electrical output of the other machine
50 3.4
51 indirect efficiency determination
52 method by which the determination of efficiency is made by measuring the input power or the
53 output power and determining the total losses. Those losses are added to the output power,
54 thus giving the input power, or subtracted from the input power, thus giving the output power.
55 3.5
56 single-supply back-to-back test
57 test in which two identical machines are mechanically coupled together and are both
58 connected electrically to the same power system. The total losses of both machines are taken
59 as the input power drawn from the system.
60 3.6
61 no-load test
62 test in which a machine is run as a motor providing no useful mechanical output from the
63 shaft, or if run as a generator with its terminals open-circuited
64 3.7
65 zero power factor test (synchronous machines)
66 no-load test on a synchronous machine, which is over-excited and operates at a power factor
67 very close to zero
68 3.8
69 equivalent circuit method (induction machines)
70 test in which the losses are determined by help of an equivalent circuit model
71 3.9
72 test with rotor removed and reverse rotation test (induction machines)
73 combined test in which the additional load losses are determined from a test with rotor
74 removed and a test with the rotor running in reverse direction to the rotating magnetic field of
75 the stator
76 3.10
77 short-circuit test (synchronous machines)
78 test in which a machine is run as a generator with its terminals short-circuited
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79 3.11
80 locked rotor test
81 test in which the rotor is locked to prevent rotation
82 3.12
83 Eh-star test
84 test in which the motor is run in star connection on unbalanced voltage
85 3.13 Losses
86 3.13.1
87 total losses
88 P
T
89 difference between the input power and the output power, equivalent to the sum of the
90 constant losses (see 3.15.2), the load losses (see 3.15.4), the additional load losses (see
91 3.15.5) and the excitation circuit losses (see 3.15.3)
92 3.13.2
93 constant losses
94 losses incorporating the sum of windage, friction and iron losses. Although these losses
95 change with voltage and load, they are historically called “constant” losses and the name is
96 retained in this standard.
97 3.13.2.1
98 constant losses
99 P
c
100 sum of the iron losses and the friction and windage losses
101 3.13.2.2
102 iron losses
103 P
fe
104 losses in active iron and additional no-load losses in other metal parts
105 3.13.2.3 Friction and windage losses P
fw
106 3.13.2.3.1
107 friction losses
108 losses due to friction (bearings and brushes, if not lifted at rated conditions) not including any
109 losses in a separate lubricating system
110 3.13.2.3.2
111 windage losses
112 total losses due to aerodynamic friction in all parts of the machine, including power absorbed
113 in shaft mounted fans, and in auxiliary machines forming an integral part of the machine
114 Note 1 Losses in a separate ventilating system should be listed separately.
115 Note 2 For machines indirectly or directly cooled by hydrogen, see IEC 60034-1.
116 3.13.3 Excitation circuit losses
117 3.13.3.1
118 excitation circuit losses
119 P
e
120 sum of the excitation winding losses (see 3.15.3.2), the exciter losses (see 3.15.3.3) and, for
121 synchronous machines, electrical brush loss (see 3.15.3.5), if any
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122 3.13.3.2
123 excitation winding losses
124 P
f
125 excitation (field) winding losses are equal to the product of the exciting current I and the
e
126 excitation voltage U
e
127 3.13.3.3
128 exciter losses
129 P
Ed
130 the exciter losses for the different excitation systems (see Annex B) are defined as follows:
131 a) Shaft driven exciter
132 The exciter losses are the power absorbed by the exciter at its shaft (reduced by friction
133 and windage losses) plus the power P drawn from a separate source at its excitation
1E
134 winding terminals, minus the useful power which the exciter provides at its terminals. The
135 useful power at the terminals of the exciter is equal to the excitation winding losses as per
136 3.15.3.2 plus (in the case of a synchronous machine) the electrical brush losses as per
137 3.15.3.5.
138 Note 1 If the exciter can be decoupled and tested separately its losses can be determined according to
139 7.1.3.2.1.
140 Whenever the exciter makes use of separate auxiliary supplies, their consumptions are to be included in the
141 exciter losses unless they are considered together with the main machine auxiliaries consumption.
142 b) Brushless exciter
143 exciter losses are the power absorbed by the exciter at its shaft, reduced by friction and
144 windage losses (when the relevant test is performed on the set of main machine and
145 exciter), plus the electrical power P from a separate source (if any) absorbed by its field
1E
146 winding or its stator winding (in the case of an induction exciter), minus the useful power
147 which the exciter provides at the rotating power converter terminals.
148 Note 2 Whenever the exciter makes use of separate auxiliary supplies their consumptions are to be included in
149 the exciter losses unless they are consider
...
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