oSIST prEN IEC 62933-4-2:2023
(Main)Electric Energy Storage Systems - Part 4-2: Assessment of the environmental impact of battery failure in an electrochemical based storage system
Electric Energy Storage Systems - Part 4-2: Assessment of the environmental impact of battery failure in an electrochemical based storage system
Sistemi za shranjevanje električne energije - 4-2. del: Ocenjevanje učinkov na okolje pri odpovedi baterije v sistemu, ki temelji na elektrokemičnem hranilniku
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN IEC 62933-4-2:2023
01-julij-2023
Sistemi za shranjevanje električne energije - 4-2. del: Ocenjevanje učinkov na
okolje pri odpovedi baterije v sistemu, ki temelji na elektrokemičnem hranilniku
Electric Energy Storage Systems - Part 4-2: Assessment of the environmental impact of
battery failure in an electrochemical based storage system
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN IEC 62933-4-2:2023
ICS:
27.010 Prenos energije in toplote na Energy and heat transfer
splošno engineering in general
oSIST prEN IEC 62933-4-2:2023 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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120/316/CDV
COMMITTEE DRAFT FOR VOTE (CDV)
PROJECT NUMBER:
IEC 62933-4-2 ED1
DATE OF CIRCULATION: CLOSING DATE FOR VOTING:
2023-05-19 2023-08-11
SUPERSEDES DOCUMENTS:
120/283/CD, 120/288B/CC
IEC TC 120 : ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE (EES) SYSTEMS
SECRETARIAT: SECRETARY:
Japan Mr Hideki HAYASHI
OF INTEREST TO THE FOLLOWING COMMITTEES: PROPOSED HORIZONTAL STANDARD:
TC 21,SC 21A,TC 111,ACEA
Other TC/SCs are requested to indicate their interest, if any, in
this CDV to the secretary.
FUNCTIONS CONCERNED:
EMC ENVIRONMENT QUALITY ASSURANCE SAFETY
SUBMITTED FOR CENELEC PARALLEL VOTING NOT SUBMITTED FOR CENELEC PARALLEL VOTING
Attention IEC-CENELEC parallel voting
The attention of IEC National Committees,
members of CENELEC, is drawn to the fact that this
Committee Draft for Vote (CDV) is submitted for
parallel voting.
The CENELEC members are invited to vote through
the CENELEC online voting system.
This document is still under study and subject to change. It should not be used for reference purposes.
Recipients of this document are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which
they are aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Recipients of this document are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant “In So me Countries”
clauses to be included should this proposal proceed. Recipients are reminded that the CDV stage is the final stage for
submitting ISC clauses. (SEE AC/22/2007 OR NEW GUIDANCE DOC).
TITLE:
Electric Energy Storage Systems - Part 4-2- Assessment of the environmental impact of battery
failure in an electrochemical based storage system
PROPOSED STABILITY DATE: 2029
NOTE FROM TC/SC OFFICERS:
This CDV hae been reflected the observations of 120/288B/CC.
Copyright © 2023 International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC. All rights reserved. It is permitted to download
this electronic file, to make a copy and to print out the content for the sole purpose of preparing National Committee
positions. You may not copy or "mirror" the file or printed version of the document, or any part of it, for any other purpose
without permission in writing from IEC.
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1 CONTENTS
2 FOREWORD . 3
3 1 Scope. 5
4 2 Normative references . 5
5 3 Terms, definitions, abbreviated terms and symbols . 5
6 4 General . 7
7 5 Failure of the electrochemical accumulation system in a BESS resulting
8 in environmental issues . 7
9 5.1 General . 7
10 5.2 Classification of BESS Types . 8
11 5.3 Schematic view of the component groups in a BESS . 9
12 6 Guidelines for assessing the environmental impact of a failure of the
13 battery of the BESS . 10
14 6.1 General . 10
15 6.2 Description of batteries used in BESS applications . 10
16 6.2.1 General . 10
17 6.2.2 Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte – C-A type . 10
18 6.2.3 Cells with aqueous electrolyte – C-B type . 11
19 6.2.4 Cells with solid electrolyte operating at temperatures above 250°C
20 – C-C type . 12
21 6.2.5 Cells with aqueous but recirculating electrolyte or flow cells - C-D
22 type . 12
23 6.2.6 Cells with any other electrochemical couple, electrolyte and energy
24 storage concept or combinations thereof – C-Z type . 13
25 6.3 Potential environmental impacts related to the type of battery in the
26 BESS . 13
27 6.3.1 General . 13
28 6.3.2 Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte - C-A type . 14
29 6.3.3 Cells with aqueous electrolyte - C-B type . 14
30 6.3.4 Cells with solid electrolyte and operating at temperatures above
31 250 °C - C-C type . 14
32 6.3.5 Cells with aqueous but recirculating electrolyte or flow cells - C-D
33 type . 14
34 6.3.6 Cells with any other electrochemical couple, electrolyte and energy
35 storage concept or combinations thereof - C-Z type . 15
36 6.3.7 Environmental impacts upon disassembly and disposal of a failed
37 battery . 15
38 6.4 Root causes of battery and flow battery failures resulting in impact
39 on the environment . 16
40 6.4.1 Reporting the assessment . 18
41 Annex A (informative) . 20
42 A.1 Summary of typical properties of commercially available
43 electrochemical energy storage systems for BESS installations 20
44 Annex B (informative) . 25
45 B.1 Selected BESS application scenarios . 25
46 Bibliography . 26
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47 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
48 ____________
49
50 ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE (EES) SYSTEMS –
51
52 Part 4-2: Assessment of the environmental impact of battery failure
53 in an electrochemical based storage system
54
55 FOREWORD
56 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization
57 comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to
58 promote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and
59 electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards,
60 Technical Specifications, Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides
61 (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees;
62 any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with can participate in this preparatory work.
63 International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate
64 in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization
65 (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
66 2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an
67 international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has
68 representation from all interested IEC National Committees.
69 3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC
70 National Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical
71 content of IEC Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are
72 used or for any misinterpretation by any end user.
73 4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC
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75 Any divergence between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication
76 shall be clearly indicated in the latter.
77 5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide
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80 6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
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84 legal fees) and expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or
85 any other IEC Publications.
86 8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced
87 publications is indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
88 9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication can be the subject
89 of patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
90 IEC 62933-4-2 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 120: Electrical
91 Energy Storage (EES) Systems. It is an International Standard.
92 The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
120/XX/FDIS 120/XX/RVD
93
94 Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting
95 indicated in the above table.
96 The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.
97 This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and
98 developed in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives,
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99 IEC Supplement, available at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main
100 document types developed by IEC are described in greater detail at
101 www.iec.ch/standardsdev/publications.
102 The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain
103 unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC website under
104 webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the specific document. At this date, the
105 document will be
106 - reconfirmed,
107 - withdrawn,
108 - replaced by a revised edition, or
109 - amended.
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110 ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE (EES) SYSTEMS –
111
112 Part 4-2: Assessment of the environmental impact of battery failure
113 in an electrochemical based storage system
114 1 Scope
115 This part of IEC 62933 defines the requirements for evaluating and reporting of the
116 negative impact on the environment caused by the failure of a cell, flow cell, battery
117 or flow battery in the accumulation subsystem of the battery energy storage system
118 (BESS).
119 The mainstream batteries currently used in BESS are classified in this document
120 according to the type of their electrolyte. These electrolyte types are aqueous, non-
121 aqueous or solid.
122 In flow batteries, the aqueous electrolyte contains additionally the dissolved
123 electrochemically active species and recirculates from external storage volumes
124 through the flow cells.
125 The environmental impacts directly caused by the failure of other components of
126 the BESS are not within the scope of this standard.
127 IEC TS 62933-4-1 outlines notions concerning environmental issues pertaining to
128 electrical energy storage systems. These notions relate to product life cycle, system
129 aspects and the nature of electrical energy storage technology.
130 2 Normative references
131 The following document is referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of
132 their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only
133 the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
134 document (including any amendments) applies.
135 IEC 62933-1: Electrical energy storage (EES) systems – Part 1: Vocabulary
136 IEC TS 62933-4-1: Electrical energy storage (EES) systems – Part 4-1: Guidance
137 on environmental issues – General specification
138
139 3 Terms, definitions, abbreviated terms and symbols
140 3.1
141 cell
142 basic functional unit, consisting of an assembly of electrodes, electrolyte, container,
143 terminals and usually separators, that is a source of electric energy obtained by
144 direct conversion of chemical energy
145 [SOURCE: IEC 60050-482:2004/AMD1: 2016, 482-01-01, modified – Note has been
146 deleted.]
147 3.2
148 flow cell
149 secondary cell characterized by the spatial separation of the electrodes and the
150 movement of the energy storage fluids
151 [SOURCE: IEC 62932-1 3.1.14]
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152 3.3
153 flow battery
154 two or more flow cells electrically connected including all components for use in an
155 electrochemical energy storage system
156 3.4
157 battery
158 one or more cells fitted with devices necessary for use, for example case, terminals,
159 marking and protective devices
160 [SOURCE: IEC 60050-482:2004/AMD1: 2016, 482-01-04]
161 3.5
162 battery system
163 assembly of cells or flow cells installed on racks or in cabinets with associated
164 electrical, electromechanical, environmental control components and ready to
165 operate
166 3.6
167 battery management system
168 BMS
169 electronic system associated with a battery which has functions to control current
170 in case of overcharge, overcurrent, overdischarge and overheating and which
171 monitors and/or manages the battery’s state, calculates secondary data, reports
172 that data and/or controls its environment to influence the battery’s safety,
173 performance and /or service life
174 [SOURCE: IEC 62619:2022 ED 2. 3.12]
175 3.7
176 failure
177 loss of ability of the cell, flow cell, battery or flow battery to perform as required.
178 This failure results in a fault of the accumulation subsystem and by derivation, of
179 the BESS
180 [Source IEC 60050-192:2015, 192-03-01 – modified - replaced item with the cell,
181 flow cell, battery or flow battery and added sentence: This failure results in a fault
182 of the accumulation subsystem and by derivation, of the BESS]
183 3.8
184 failure cause
185 set of circumstances that leads to failure
186 Note 1 to entry: A failure cause can originate during specification, design, manufacture, installation,
187 operation or maintenance of an item
188 [SOURCE: IEC 60050-192: 2015, 192-03-11.]
189 3.9
190 environment
191 the surroundings in which the BESS exists, including air, water, land, natural
192 resources, flora, fauna, humans and their interrelations
193 [SOURCE: IEC 60050-904:2014, 904-01-01, modified with added term BESS]
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194 3.10
195 system integrator
196 entity that specializes in planning, coordinating, building, implementing and testing
197 of systems
198 3.11
199 manufacturer
200 entity that actually produces the specified item and owns the manufacturing process
201 by which it was created
202 3.12
203 Abbreviated terms
204 BESS battery energy storage system
205 EES electrical energy storage
206 LFP lithium iron phosphate
207 LTO lithium titanium oxide
208 MSDS material safety data sheet
209 NCA nickel cobalt aluminium oxide
210 NMC nickel manganese cobalt oxide
211 PCS power conversion system
212 POC point of connection
213 SDS safety data sheet
214
215 4 General
216 The environmental impact of a battery failure depends on the battery type, design
217 and structures. The document provides guidance and requirements how to identify
218 the potential impacts on the environment when the battery of an electrochemical
219 energy accumulation system fails.
220 5 Failure of the electrochemical accumulation system in a BESS
221 resulting in environmental issues
222 5.1 General
223 A failure is defined in this standard as a loss of ability of the cell, flow cell, battery
224 or flow battery to perform as required. This failure results in a fault of the
225 accumulation subsystem and, by derivation, can result also in a failure of the BESS
226 with possibly environmental issues.
227 The environment is defined as the surroundings in which the BESS exists, including
228 air, water, land, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans and their interrelations.
229 For the present document, only those failure-inducing causes shall be considered
230 if the ensuing cell(s), flow cell(s), battery (batteries) or flow battery(ies) failure(s)
231 negatively impact the environment in and surrounding the BESS.
232 The failures shall represent mainstream failures as observed with the concerned
233 electrochemistry and state-of-the-art designs.
234 The operation, under conditions licensed by the local authorities, of the BESS
235 including its batteries, shall be considered to occur without any negative
236 environmental impact.
237
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238 The failure causes of cell(s), flow cell(s), battery(ies) or flow battery(ies) to be
239 considered are the result of:
240 i) internal causes such as a fault developing due to weakness of materials
241 or of an assembly or divergent chemical or electrochemical reactions.
242 or
243 ii) external causes such as a fault developing due to a failure of ancillary
244 equipment, unfavourable environmental conditions or loss of essential
245 parameters, data and functions needed for safe operation.
246 Ancillary failures of BESS components resulting for example in a fire in a power
247 conversion system (PCS) or a leakage of refrigeration fluid from an air conditioning
248 system are not assessed within this standard for their negative impact on the
249 environment.
250 5.2 Classification of BESS Types
251 The BESS types are categorized in Table 1, according to IEC 62933-5-2, into five types
252 based on the specific features of the installed electrochemical storage system i.e., the
253 installed battery type and its electrolyte.
254
255 Table 1 – Classification of BESS types
BESS type designation Distinguishing design features
Cell with non-aqueous electrolyte
C-A
(e.g., Li-ion)
Cell with aqueous electrolyte
C-B
(e.g., Pb acid, NiMH)
Cell with solid electrolyte and operating above 250°C or defined as HT
(high temperature) cell
C-C
(e.g., NaS, NaNiCl)
Cell with aqueous but recirculating electrolyte or defined as Flow cell
C-D
(e.g., V5+/V2+)
Cell with any other electrochemical couple, electrolyte and energy
storage concept or combinations thereof.
C-Z
(e.g., Li metal with solid electrolyte, electrochemical double layer
capacitors)
256 The classification of the battery types used in a BESS and reported in Table 1 is
257 subject to evolutions as advances in battery technology bring changes in
258 electrolytes and cell designs.
259 The attributes of a BESS type designation, based on the installed battery and
260 reported in the environmental impact assessment document, is only informative in
261 nature. It does not release the system integrator and battery manufacturer carrying
262 out the environmental impact assessment of a battery failure according to this
263 document, from considering all features of the battery or flow battery of the BESS
264 at hand.
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265 5.3 Schematic view of the component groups in a BESS
266 An example of the control and primary subsystem of the BESS is shown in Figure
267 1 with the location of the battery highlighted. This figure is related to IEC TS 62933
268 4-1 Figure 1.
Control subsystem
Communication subsystem
Communication
Management subsystem
interface
Protection subsystem
Auxiliary
Auxiliary subsystem connection
Auxiliary POC
terminal
Primary subsystem
Electrochemical Power Primary
accumulation conversion connection Primary POC
system subsystem terminal
Battery
269
270 Figure 1 – Example of a BESS structure with the location of electrochemical
271 accumulation system and its battery highlighted
272
273 The document defines the assessment of the environmental impact of the failure of
274 the battery only, as highlighted in Figure 2.
275
276 Figure 2 – The failure sites within the scope of the document
277 (shaded in grey)
278
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279 6 Guidelines for assessing the environmental impact of a failure of the
280 battery of the BESS
281 6.1 General
282 Batteries and flow batteries are equipment containing reactive metals and
283 chemicals and are also sources of uninterruptable flows of electrical energy. These
284 components and effects can be released to the environment in an uncontrolled
285 fashion when the battery or flow battery in the accumulation subsystem fails.
286 The system integrator of the BESS shall therefore carry out, in collaboration with
287 the supplier of the battery or flow battery, a systematic assessment when and how
288 wear-out, aging, deterioration, damage, non-compliance, environmental factors,
289 flawed operation(s) or outright failure(s) of a constituent of the BESS results in
290 failures of the cell, battery, flow cell and flow battery with an ensuing impact on the
291 environment.
292 To ensure a structured assessment of the failures, an overview of the cell designs
293 is presented in 6.2. This is followed in 6.3 by an overview of the environmental
294 impacts resulting, upon a failure, from the battery and flow battery materials, their
295 reactions and associated disruptive electric effects.
296 In 6.4 a structured set of root causes of such failures is presented. These root
297 causes reflect the multiple origins of a failure of the battery or flow battery in a BESS
298 and are applicable, as pertinent, to the designs C-A to C-Z listed.
299
300 6.2 Description of batteries used in BESS applications
301 6.2.1 General
302 The key and system-relevant components of the involved cells, batteries, flow cells
303 and flow batteries are described for cell type C-A to C-Z in 6.2.2 to 6.2.6 with an
304 emphasis on outlining features which can govern the specific failure effects.
305 In Table A.1 of the Annex A (informative) further typical properties of commercially
306 available batteries for BESS installations are listed so to provide a summarized and
307 comparable view of aspects and features which can be relevant when the
308 assessment of the impact of failures is evaluated.
309 These descriptions are for information only and will evolve as novel cell and flow
310 cells designs, structures, materials, components and supervision concepts are
311 implemented.
312 The entity carrying out the environmental impact assessment shall ensure that the
313 involved cell, flow cell, battery and flow battery technology and design is well
314 understood and documented and is taken into consideration when failure
315 consequences are evaluated.
316
317 6.2.2 Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte – C-A type
318 The cells are characterized by the use of an electrolyte containing neither water nor
319 other sources of reactive protons so to avoid secondary and irreversible chemical
320 reactions.
321 Lithium-ion cells are the key representatives of this type of electrochemical energy
322 storage method. The lithium is present as mixed metallic oxide or metal phosphate,
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323 intercalated in graphite and as ions in the organic electrolyte formed typically of
324 ethylene- and or dimethyl-carbonate.
325 The cells have a nominal voltage between 3.2 to 3.8 V per cell and operate at room
326 temperature. They are customarily designated, according to their active material
327 composition for example as LFP, LTO, NCA and NMC cells.
328 The safe operation of the cells requires active state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-
329 health (SOH) monitoring and controlling with a battery management system (BMS).
330 The BMS is tasked, beside other functions such as data communication, with the
331 prevention of unstable conditions in the cells which can lead to excessive internal
332 temperatures, thermal runaways, electrolyte decomposition and venting.
333 Such venting can result in a fire within the battery and the BESS.
334 IEC 62485-5 and IEC 62619 provide for guidance for the safe installation and
335 operation of such batteries.
336
337 6.2.3 Cells with aqueous electrolyte – C-B type
338 The cells are characterized by the use of an acid or alkaline aqueous electrolyte.
339 Lead-acid cells are used extensively in traditional energy storage installations. The
340 lead is present as metallic lead and lead dioxide and with an electrolyte formed of
341 an aqueous solution containing up to 40% sulphuric acid.
342 The cells have a nominal voltage of 2 V and operate at room temperature. The
343 predominant cell design is of the valve regulated (VRLA) type with immobilized
344 electrolyte and an internal oxygen-gas recombination cycle.
345 The safe operation of the cells requires the removal of hydrogen emitted from the
346 cells with ventilation and adequate safeguards against ground shorts and arc
347 flashes.
348 IEC 62485-2 provides guidance for safe operation of installations with such
349 batteries.
350 Nickel-metal hydride or NiMH cells are used in the form of intermediary assemblies
351 of multiple cylindrical single cells or modules.
352 The active material is Nickel-based and hydrogen, which is stored in an alloy
353 containing rare earth metals. The electrolyte is an aqueous solution containing up
354 to 30% of potassium and lithium hydroxide.
355 The cells have a nominal voltage of 1.2 V and operate at room temperature. The
356 predominant cell design is of the cylindrical, spirally wound type in steel cans and
357 with immobilized electrolyte. The cells operate in a fully sealed condition and are
358 equipped with a burst disc. No gas is emitted during normal operation.
359 The safe operation of these cells requires the adequate removal of heat generated
360 during charge to prevent thermal runaway.
361 IEC 63115-2 provides guidance for safe operation of installations with such
362 batteries.
363
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364 6.2.4 Cells with solid electrolyte operating at temperatures above 250°C – C-C
365 type
366 These cells are characterized by the use of an electrolyte in the form of a ceramic
367 body in sodium-ion conducting β-alumina that requires operation at elevated
368 temperatures in order to achieve a low internal resistance.
369 Two cell designs are currently in energy storage service with one version based on
370 a sodium-sulphur and the other one based on a sodium-nickel chloride
371 electrochemical couple. The electrolyte is a ceramic body of sodium-ion conducting
372 β-alumina.
373 Sodium sulphur cells are used as cylindrical cells connected in series and in parallel
374 and assembled in heat-insulated containers with associated resistance heaters and
375 controls.
376 The cells have a nominal voltage of 2.1 V, contain sodium
...
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