SIST EN ISO 16133:2011
(Main)Soil quality - Guidance on the establishment and maintenance of monitoring programmes (ISO 16133:2004)
Soil quality - Guidance on the establishment and maintenance of monitoring programmes (ISO 16133:2004)
ISO 16133:2004 gives general guidance on the selection of procedures for the establishment and maintenance of programmes for long-term monitoring of soil quality. It takes into account the large number of objectives for soil-monitoring programmes.
ISO 16133:2004 is intended to help provide a basis for dialogue between parties which might be involved in a monitoring scheme. Examples of soil-monitoring programmes from several countries are provided in Annex A.
Bodenbeschaffenheit - Leitfaden zur Einrichtung und zum Betrieb von Beobachtungsprogrammen (ISO 16133:2004)
Diese Internationale Norm enthält einen Leitfaden für die Auswahl von Verfahren für die Einrichtung und den Betrieb von Dauerbeobachtungsprogrammen der Bodenbeschaffenheit. Berücksichtigt werden die zahlreichen Zielstellungen für Bodenbeobachtungsprogramme.
Mit dieser Internationalen Norm wird beabsichtigt, eine Hilfestellung für einen Austausch von Informationen zwischen den Beteiligten zu bieten, die in ein Beobachtungsprogramm eingebunden sein können. Beispiele internationaler Bodenbeobachtungsprogramme können Anhang A entnommen werden.
Qualité du sol - Lignes directrices pour l'établissement et l'entretien de programmes de surveillance (ISO 16133:2004)
L'ISO 16133:2004 donne des lignes directrices générales pour la sélection de procédures visant à établir et entretenir des systèmes de surveillance à long terme de la qualité du sol. Elle tient compte du grand nombre d'objectifs visés par les programmes de surveillance du sol.
L'ISO 16133:2004 vise à fournir une aide à l'instauration d'une base de dialogue entre les parties susceptibles d'être impliquées dans un système de surveillance. Des exemples de programmes de surveillance du sol appliqués dans plusieurs pays sont donnés dans l'Annexe A.
Kakovost tal - Navodilo za vzpostavitev in vzdrževanje programov monitoringa (ISO 16133:2004)
Ta mednarodni standard podaja splošno vodilo za izbor postopkov za vzpostavitev in vzdrževanje programov za dolgotrajni monitoring kakovosti tal. Upošteva veliko ciljev programov monitoringa tal. Ta mednarodni standard je mišljen kot pomoč pri zagotavljanju podlage za dialog med stranmi, ki so lahko vključene v shemo monitoringa. Primeri programov monitoringa tal iz več držav so navedeni v dodatku A.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 16133:2011
01-november-2011
Kakovost tal - Navodilo za vzpostavitev in vzdrževanje programov monitoringa
(ISO 16133:2004)
Soil quality - Guidance on the establishment and maintenance of monitoring programmes
(ISO 16133:2004)
Bodenbeschaffenheit - Leitfaden zur Einrichtung und zum Betrieb von
Beobachtungsprogrammen (ISO 16133:2004)
Qualité du sol - Lignes directrices pour l'établissement et l'entretien de programmes de
surveillance (ISO 16133:2004)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 16133:2011
ICS:
13.080.05 Preiskava tal na splošno Examination of soils in
general
SIST EN ISO 16133:2011 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 16133:2011
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SIST EN ISO 16133:2011
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 16133
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
June 2011
ICS 13.080.01
English Version
Soil quality - Guidance on the establishment and maintenance of
monitoring programmes (ISO 16133:2004)
Qualité du sol - Lignes directrices pour l'établissement et Bodenbeschaffenheit - Leitfaden zur Einrichtung und zum
l'entretien de programmes de surveillance (ISO Betrieb von Beobachtungsprogrammen (ISO 16133:2004)
16133:2004)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 10 June 2011.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 16133:2011: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 16133:2011
EN ISO 16133:2011 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
2
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SIST EN ISO 16133:2011
EN ISO 16133:2011 (E)
Foreword
The text of ISO 16133:2004 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190 “Soil quality” of the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as EN ISO 16133:2011 by
Technical Committee CEN/TC 345 “Characterization of soils” the secretariat of which is held by NEN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
at the latest by December 2011.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 16133:2004 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 16133:2011 without any modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 16133:2011
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SIST EN ISO 16133:2011
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16133
First edition
2004-03-15
Soil quality — Guidance on the
establishment and maintenance of
monitoring programmes
Qualité du sol — Lignes directrices pour l'établissement et l'entretien
de programmes de surveillance
Reference number
ISO 16133:2004(E)
©
ISO 2004
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SIST EN ISO 16133:2011
ISO 16133:2004(E)
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ii © ISO 2004 – All rights reserved
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ISO 16133:2004(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope. 1
2 Terms and definitions. 1
3 Monitoring objectives. 3
3.1 General. 3
3.2 Examples of monitoring purposes. 4
4 Monitoring programme. 4
4.1 General considerations. 4
4.2 Elements of a monitoring programme . 5
4.2.1 Status of the monitoring sites . 5
4.2.2 Changes at the monitoring sites . 5
4.2.3 Interpretation of status and changes. 6
4.2.4 Selection of sites. 6
4.3 Sampling and measurement. 7
4.3.1 General. 7
4.3.2 Site design and identification . 7
4.3.3 Soil and site description. 7
4.3.4 Sampling. 7
4.3.5 Field and laboratory measurements . 7
4.3.6 Specimen banking. 7
4.3.7 Time interval between samplings. 8
5 Data quality and quantity . 8
Annex A (informative) Examples of monitoring programmes . 9
Bibliography . 33
iii
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 16133 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 7, Soil and site
assessment.
iv
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Introduction
Monitoring is the process of repetitive observation, for defined purposes, of one or more components of the
environment according to pre-arranged schedules in space and time using comparable methods for
environmental sensing and data collection (see reference [1] in the Bibliography). Monitoring schemes are
used all over the world for a large number of purposes. Soil monitoring, particularly, is a long-term undertaking.
The quality and the utility of the information from the monitoring is to a large degree determined by the choice
of monitoring sites and by their maintenance over the years, and by appropriate quality control at all stages of
the process.
Monitoring associated with industrial (contaminated) sites can involve many specific considerations, including
legal requirements. The guidance in this International Standard is not designed or intended to cover such
situations.
v
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SIST EN ISO 16133:2011
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16133:2004(E)
Soil quality — Guidance on the establishment and maintenance
of monitoring programmes
1 Scope
This International Standard gives general guidance on the selection of procedures for the establishment and
maintenance of programmes for long-term monitoring of soil quality. It takes into account the large number of
objectives for soil-monitoring programmes.
This International Standard is intended to help provide a basis for dialogue between parties which might be
involved in a monitoring scheme. Examples of soil-monitoring programmes from several countries are
provided in Annex A.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
2.1
accumulation
increase of the concentration of a substance in soil due to substance input being larger than substance output
NOTE Adapted from ISO 11074-1:1996
2.2
anthropogenic influence
changes in soil properties caused by human activities
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.3
background concentration
natural pedogeochemical content
geogeneous or pedogeneous average concentration of a substance in an examined soil
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.4
diffuse source input
non-point source input
input of a substance emitted from moving sources, from sources with a large area or from many sources
NOTE 1 The sources can be cars, application of substances through agricultural practices, emissions from town or
region, deposition of sediment through flooding of a river.
NOTE 2 Diffuse source input usually leads to sites that are relatively uniformly contaminated. At some sites, the input
conditions may nevertheless cause a higher local input near the source or where atmospheric deposition/rain is increased.
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
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2.5
leaching
movement of dissolved substances caused by the movement of water or other liquids in the soil
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.6
locally contaminated site
site with discrete areas of high concentrations of substances hazardous to soil
NOTE The extent of contamination is usually small and the gradient of concentration within the site is steep.
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.7
monitoring
process of repetitive observation, for defined purposes, of one or more elements of the environment according
to pre-arranged schedules in space and time using comparable methods for environmental sensing and data
collection
2.8
monitoring site
area in which investigations will take place
NOTE Areas which are relatively homogeneous are usually chosen.
2.9
point-source input
input of a substance from a stationary discrete source of definite size
NOTE 1 The sources can be stack emissions, accidental spills, waste dumps, spills on industrial sites, major leaks
from sewers and other pipelines.
NOTE 2 Point-source input can cause both locally contaminated sites and relatively uniformly contaminated sites.
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.10
risk assessment
assessment of damaging effects of a polluted site on man and the environment with respect to their nature,
extent and probability of occurrence
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.11
sample
portion of material selected from a large quantity of material
[ISO 11074-2:1998]
2.12
sampling
process of drawing or constituting a sample
[ISO 3534-1:1993]
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NOTE For the purpose of soil investigation, “sampling” also relates to selection of locations for the purpose of in situ
testing carried out in the field without removal of material.
[ISO 11074-2:1998]
2.13
sampling point
location within the monitoring site at which physical sampling takes place
2.14
sampling procedure
operational requirements and/or instructions relating to the use of a particular sampling plan
[ISO 11074-2:1998]
2.15
soil damage
alteration of soil properties which cause negative effects on one or more soil functions, human health or
environment
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.16
substance input
movement of a substance from another environmental compartment into a soil
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.17
substance output
movement of a substance from the soil into another environmental compartment
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
2.18
uniformly contaminated site
site with a generally uniform concentration of a substance hazardous to soil
NOTE The extent of the contamination is usually large and the gradient of concentration within the site is rather
shallow.
[ISO 11074-1:1996]
3 Monitoring objectives
3.1 General
Monitoring is an important tool for the early detection of environmental impact on soil and soil processes. It
thus has a major role in the prevention or minimization of environmental damage or the detection of
environmental improvement. By the early detection of environmental impact, or the potential for such impact, a
monitoring programme could help to reduce or remove the costs of reaching or maintaining a given level of
environmental management, protection or quality.
Monitoring programmes can also be used to evaluate the outcome of environmental policies, to assist in the
development of strategies for soil protection and environment management. They can also serve as research
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platforms for the development and validation of field and analytical methods and of models of soil and related
environmental processes.
The range of purposes for which soil-monitoring programmes can be designed encompasses such a vast
range of time scales, variables and processes that it is not possible to give specific guidance on the design of
a monitoring programme to meet all the objectives which might be covered by this diversity. The selection of
sites, sampling schemes, etc. should be made from a consideration of the specific objectives of the particular
monitoring programme. This International Standard identifies the principles underlying such programmes.
3.2 Examples of monitoring purposes
The following list gives some examples of monitoring purposes:
short-, intermediate- and long-term environmental impacts varying in magnitude, importance, duration
and probability;
changes in chemical, biological and physical soil properties (e.g. pH, adsorption processes, toxic element
accumulation, radiation, compaction, erosion) and the dynamics of changes in such properties;
effects of human impacts;
differentiation of human impacts from inter-annual variability and longer-term climate change;
differentiation of local contamination from long-range transport;
evaluation of productivity;
assessment of biological diversity;
input of elements into the soil environment and output of elements from the soil environment;
transport processes in the soil profile (gases; particles; elements or compounds in solution);
calculations of elements uptake and retention by particular components of the ecosystem.
4 Monitoring programme
4.1 General considerations
It is generally not feasible to monitor all variables at all locations. Wherever possible, consideration should be
given to the monitoring of soil properties which, as well as being of specific interest themselves, might also act
as a surrogate for some property or process which is otherwise difficult, time consuming or expensive to
measure directly. For example, soil pH and clay content (a potential surrogate for soil hydrological behaviour)
might act as factors for ranking pollutant mobility. It will be important to establish what long-term records
already exist at a site before identifying additional variables for monitoring and what degree of continuity of
measurement is required into the future. The close reciprocal benefits of monitoring and research on specific
scientific questions should be considered.
The final series of potential monitoring options should be ranked according to their value (scientific relevance;
sensitivity to impacts; value as an index for changes in many other environmental variables that are not
measured) and feasibility (financial, logistic, analytical, ease of interpretation). This prioritization should also
be revised and updated at regular intervals. The costs of appropriate storage of samples and long-term quality
assurance, e.g. cross-checking when improvements in analytical techniques are made, should not be
underestimated.
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Identification of habitat types is a key element of the monitoring plan, and is also a logical starting point for the
development of an environmental monitoring strategy. It is also necessary to consider the number of sites that
might be required to give appropriate spatial and temporal cover for the monitoring, and whether the site
density is appropriate for all variables. It is usually impractical to establish sites that cover all combinations of
soil and habitat. Consideration needs to be given, for example, to combinations that are most common or
most sensitive to a given impact. It should be remembered that other research, into e.g. water quality or
biodiversity, might be possible on the same site, thus adding to its value.
Some other factors that have to be considered are the following:
partners and organizations involved, and an assessment of their objectives and long-term commitment;
existing guides and protocols, and the degree to which they satisfy the objectives of the programme;
ownership of sites, and likely long-term commitment of the site or sites to a monitoring programme;
availability of sites;
effects of future changes in land use (if this is an important factor), or the landscape in the vicinity of the
site(s) since changes might affect the usefulness of the site in the long term;
the funding of the programme, and its long-term security;
quality assurance, including documentation (see below);
data management, accessibility of the data, intellectual property and issues of confidentiality and rights to
publish.
It is very strongly recommended that all parties to a long-term monitoring programme agree to the objectives,
funding, mutual responsibilities and other relevant issues before a monitoring programme begins, and that
they enter into a formal agreement which defines each party's role in the programme, including financial and
legal constraints.
4.2 Elements of a monitoring programme
4.2.1 Status of the monitoring sites
The history of all sites, which might be considered, should be documented. This is an essential part of any
assessment of representativeness, and ensures that the chances of the unexpected, which might jeopardize
the usefulness of the site, are minimized. Such assessment can involve the characterizing of present-day soil
properties at representative sites. Issues such as ownership, access, etc. (see 4.1) can usually be resolved at
this stage. Information about other monitoring programmes forms part of this preliminary investigation.
4.2.2 Changes at the monitoring sites
The purpose of measuring change in soil properties should be clear from the start. It may also be useful to
invert the question and ask what changes could be measured using such a particular site or programme
design, even if all the properties might not be required at the start. Sites which allow expansion of activity for
future needs can have advantages over more limited sites. It might be that one purpose of the programme is
to establish changes in soil properties (e.g. pH, humus content, levels of toxic substances, water permeability,
microbiological activity) and the dynamics of changes in such properties over shorter rather than longer time
scales. This has large implications for the amount of soil sampling, and thus site disturbance, which the site
might have to accommodate without having its functions seriously affected. The possibility of investigating
other environmental compartments can make one site a more attractive proposition than another, especially if
it interests a larger group of researchers, funders, etc.
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4.2.3 Interpretation of status and changes
The data on status and changes may be used to interpret the following:
reference/background properties;
degradation/improvement of one or more soil characteristics and functions (and the effect of this on other
soil or site properties);
short-term and long-term environmental impact and bioavailability of extraneous inputs, applied wastes,
atmospheric or water-borne substances or off-site management;
ecological functions of soils;
productivity functions of soils;
influence on other environmental compartments, or of these on the soils at the site.
4.2.4 Selection of sites
The sites should be selected so that they are suitable for the objectives of the programme with respect to
geology, soil type, vegetation and land use, topography, climate and ecological habitat. Other important
criteria are anthropogenic impact and natural background conditions (e.g. trace element levels, acidity, salinity,
buffer capacity).
The choice of geographical distribution of monitoring sites is often influenced by the degree of pre-existing
knowledge of the landscape or soil pattern. Where relatively little is known, statistical approaches are often the
most appropriate, although this can imply considerable preliminary investigation to establish the variability of
the area in question. In general, there are four main choices in the selection of geographical distribution. They
are listed below without priority.
Regular grid. The sites are selected using a regular grid. In order to provide representative data, this
approach generally requires a large number of sites. The interval between the grid points is very
dependent on the size of the area of interest, as well as the degree of change being measured in the
property. The smaller the change to be measured in a property, the larger the number of sites required in
a given area.
Statistical approach. The sites are selected by using (geo)statistically produced patterns, designed to
minimize the required number of sites. However, this implies considerable preliminary investigation, as
geostatistical investigations have, as their central aim, the establishment of a reliable variogram for a
given property. If the different properties have different degrees of spatial dependence, as they often do in
soils, then the number of sites needed to establish this can be as large as that for the regular grid.
Hypothesis-oriented approach. The monitoring options are evaluated on the basis of their ability to
detect and quantify impacts hypothesized to result from specific human activities. The sensitivity, spatial
extent and frequency of monitoring have to be appropriate to detect the hypothesized impacts. This can
also involve considerable preliminary investigation.
Typological approach. This is based on a stratification of soils according to land use and/or soil type, or
soil horizon, on soil parent material, or soil extent, or distance from potential contamination sources, etc.
In order to make efficient use of available resources, it is always important to consider the possibilities to
integrate the sites with other monitoring programmes. Examples of selection of monitoring sites are given in
Annex A. Both synergistic and disturbing effects (e.g. caused by sampling activities or experimental
treatments) should be considered if sites are to be used for different monitoring programmes.
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4.3 Sampling and measurement
4.3.1 General
A sampling and measurement plan is an important part of a monitoring programme. Such a plan should
include procedures in the following areas.
4.3.2 Site design and identification
The chosen site(s) should allow the range of measurements appropriate for the objectives of the soil-
monitoring programme, and any other monitoring activities which add value to this programme. The layout of
the site should allow repeated representative sampling, without compromisi
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