SIST-TP CEN/TR 16422:2013
(Main)Classification of thermoregulatory properties
Classification of thermoregulatory properties
This Technical Report outlines test methods available for the measurement of thermoregulatory properties of textile materials for use in clothing, and provides guidance on the most suitable methods for selection where choices are available to the user. The document also provides classification of the thermoregulatory properties in three performance levels. This Technical Report excludes consideration for the thermoregulatory properties of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and clothing items or textile products for which a standard already specifies a particular requirement. This Technical Report excludes also phase change materials (PCM) and similar smart materials for thermoregulation, for which CEN/TR 16298 may give better guidance.
Klassifizierung von thermoregulierenden Eigenschaften
Classement des propriétés de thermorégulation
Le présent Rapport technique indique les méthodes d'essai disponibles pour le mesurage des propriétés de
thermorégulation des matières textiles utilisées dans les vêtements et fournit des recommandations
concernant les méthodes les mieux adaptées, lorsque plusieurs choix s'offrent à l'utilisateur.
Ce Rapport technique propose également une classification des propriétés de thermorégulation en trois
niveaux de performance.
Le présent Rapport technique exclut l'étude des propriétés de thermorégulation des équipements de
protection individuelle (ÉPI) et des vêtements ou produits textiles pour lesquels une norme spécifie déjà une
exigence spécifique.
Le présent Rapport technique exclut également les matières à changement de phase (MCP) et les matières
intelligentes de thermorégulation similaires, pour lesquels le Rapport technique CEN/TR 16298 peut donner
de meilleures orientations
Klasifikacija termoregulacijskih lastnosti
To tehnično poročilo določa preskusne metode, ki so na voljo za merjenje termoregulacijskih lastnosti tekstilnih materialov za uporabo pri oblačilih, in podaja smernice glede najprimernejših metod za izbiranje, kjer ima uporabnik možnost izbire. Poleg tega dokument razvršča termoregulacijske lastnosti v tri ravni funkcionalnosti. To tehnično poročilo izključuje obravnavo termoregulacijskih lastnosti osebne zaščitne opreme (PPE) in oblačil ali tekstilnih izdelkov, za katere standard že vsebuje določeno zahtevo. To tehnično poročilo izključuje tudi fazno spremenljive materiale (PCM) in podobne pametne materiale za termoregulacijo, za katere so podane smernice v standardu CEN/TR 16298.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CEN/TR 16422:2013
01-november-2013
Klasifikacija termoregulacijskih lastnosti
Classification of thermoregulatory properties
Klassifizierung von thermoregulierenden Eigenschaften
Classement des propriétés de thermorégulation
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 16422:2012
ICS:
59.080.30 Tkanine Textile fabrics
SIST-TP CEN/TR 16422:2013 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST-TP CEN/TR 16422:2013
TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN/TR 16422
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
October 2012
ICS 59.080.30
English Version
Classification of thermoregulatory properties
Classement des propriétés de thermorégulation Klassifizierung von thermoregulierenden Eigenschaften
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 27 August 2012. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 248.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 16422:2012: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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Contents Page
Foreword .3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Terms and definitions .5
4 Test methods .7
5 Performance levels of material properties . 11
6 Marking . 18
Annex A (informative) Examples of application . 19
Annex B (informative) Liquid sweat transport and liquid sweat buffering. 23
Bibliography . 31
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Foreword
This document (CEN/TR 16422:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 248 “Textiles and
textile products”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
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Introduction
This Technical Report has been developed to help retailers, manufacturers and consumers with the evaluation
of thermoregulatory properties of textiles, and selection of the most appropriate methods to define their
individual material performance requirements.
In order to encourage the use of the widest possible selection of materials and technologies, this report takes
the form of advice and guidance on the tests or groups of tests which would verify the defined performance
characteristics of a material or a product composite. It summarises the scope and application of the test
described, and provides an indication of suggested range of results for the referred test method or methods to
allow the user to grade performance of the material under evaluation. Where a choice of test methods are
available for measuring the same parameter on a material, each is described to allow the user of the standard
to select the most appropriate method for his requirements.
This report introduces also a system of three performance levels for the different thermoregulatory properties:
thermal insulation;
water vapour transmission (breathability);
air permeability;
water penetration resistance and repellence;
liquid sweat management.
The large differences in the conditions of use necessitate a flexible use of the properties and performance
levels. This allows a choice of the appropriate level for each property and so to compose a 'product profile',
adapted to each specific type of use. There is for example, a significant difference between thermoregulatory
properties required for outerwear clothing for cool, windy and rainy weather during low activity, and socks for
warm indoor use during intense physical or sport activity. In addition, the work clothing for a shop assistant
requires different properties of thermoregulation than the underwear intended for skiing, or home wear for the
elderly. The ambient temperature, ambient moisture, wind and level of activity, the contact to skin or other
layers of clothing influence the requirements.
At the point of issue, it is recognised that the industry is in a constant state of development with regard to new
technology for innovative fibres and performance applications, and that methods required to evaluate these
new technologies may in the future be different to those in this report. Subsequent revisions will consider the
addition of any new test methods required to keep advice current to the industry and its changing needs.
This document includes annexes. In Annex A, there is consideration for product design and use situations, as
material performance is not the sole contributory factor to the thermoregulatory performance of the final
product or ensemble in use. This Annex also has examples of marking products. Annex B specifies two
alternative methods for liquid sweat transport and liquid sweat buffering.
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1 Scope
This Technical Report outlines test methods available for the measurement of thermoregulatory properties of
textile materials for use in clothing, and provides guidance on the most suitable methods for selection where
choices are available to the user.
The document also provides classification of the thermoregulatory properties in three performance levels.
This Technical Report excludes consideration for the thermoregulatory properties of Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE) and clothing items or textile products for which a standard already specifies a particular
requirement.
This Technical Report excludes also phase change materials (PCM) and similar smart materials for
thermoregulation, for which CEN/TR 16298 may give better guidance.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 24920, Textiles – Determination of resistance to surface wetting (spray test) of fabrics
EN 29865, Textiles – Determination of water repellency of fabrics by the Bundesmann rain-shower test
EN 31092, Textiles – Determination of physiological effects – Measurement of thermal and water-vapour
resistance under steady-state conditions (sweating guarded-hotplate test)
EN ISO 9237, Textiles – Determination of permeability of fabrics to air (ISO 9237)
EN 20811, Textiles – Determination of resistance to water penetration – Hydrostatic pressure test.
ISO 5085-1, Textiles – Determination of thermal resistance – Part 1: Low thermal resistance
AATCC TM 195, Liquid moisture management properties of textile fabrics
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
thermoregulatory properties
properties of textiles which influence the thermoregulation of the human body to maintain the core body
temperature at a stable and comfortable state
Note 1 to entry: The properties are thermal insulation, water vapour transmission (breathability), air permeability, water
penetration resistance and repellence and liquid sweat management.
3.2
thermal insulation (resistance)
R
ct
a quantity specific to textile materials or composites which determines the dry heat flux between the two faces
2
of a material related to area and temperature gradient, expressed in square metres Kelvin per watt (m ·K/W).
Note 1 to entry: The dry heat flux may consist of one or more conductive, convective and radiant components.
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3.3
water vapour transmission (breathability)
WVT
ability of the fabric to transport water vapour expressed either as an absolute value by the water vapour
resistance R , by the water vapour permeability WVP, or by the relative value related to thermal insulation by
et
the water vapour permeability index i
mt.
3.4
water vapour resistance
R
et
quantity specific to textile materials and composites, which determines the 'latent' evaporative heat flux
between the two faces of a material related to area and water vapour pressure gradient, expressed in square
2
metres pascal per watt (m ·Pa/W).
Note 1 to entry: The evaporative heat flux may consist of both diffusive and convective components.
3.5
water vapour permeability index
i
mt
transport properties related to thermal insulation expressed by an index between 0 and 1
3.6
water vapour permeability
WVP
rate of water vapour transmission expressed in grams per square metre hour pascal (g/m² Pa h)
3.7
air permeability
AP
volume of air passing perpendicularly through a test specimen under specified conditions of test area,
pressure difference and time
3.8
water penetration resistance
WP
resistance to the penetration of water through the material under a specific hydrostatic pressure
3.9
water repellence
ability of fabric to resist surface wetting by water
3.10
liquid sweat management
consists, on one hand, of the uptake or buffering of the sweat from the skin and, on the other hand, of the
transport of the sweat from the skin to the ambience
3.11
skin contact products
fabrics or garments intended primarily to be worn next to the skin
Note 1 to entry: Typical examples are underwear, t-shirts, shirts, blouses, trousers, nightwear.
3.12
second layer or intermediate layer products
fabrics or garments intended to be worn above the skin contact products and beneath the outer layer products
Note 1 to entry: Typical examples are sweaters, shirts, vests, blouses.
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3.13
outer layer products
fabrics or garments intended to be worn outermost of the layer of clothing, primarily outdoors
Note 1 to entry: Typical examples are overcoats, jackets, trousers, overalls, rainwear.
4 Test methods
4.1 Thermal insulation
4.1.1 General
For the purposes of this Technical Report, two EN or ISO test methods have been identified for the
2
measurement of thermal insulation. Both test methods give the thermal insulation value in m ·K/W, and the
results from the two tests are comparable.
4.1.2 ISO 5085-1, Textiles – Determination of thermal resistance – Part 1: Low thermal resistance
Scope
The standard specifies a method for the determination of the resistance of fabrics, fabric assemblies, or fibre
aggregates in sheet form to the transmission of heat through them in the 'steady state' condition. It applies to
materials whose thermal resistance is up to approximately 0,2 m²·K/W.
The method is only suitable for materials of up to 20 mm thickness (if the material is thicker, lateral edge
losses are more substantial).
Principle
The temperature drop across a material of known thermal resistance and across a specimen of the material
under test in series with it are measured, and from the values obtained, the thermal resistance of the
specimen is determined.
Application
Two methods are specified in the standard (single and double plate methods). In the context of this Technical
Report, the single plate method should be used.
4.1.3 EN 31092, (ISO 11092) Textiles – Determination of physiological effects – Measurement of
thermal and water-vapour resistance under steady-state conditions (sweating guarded-hotplate test)
Scope
The standard specifies test methods for the measurement of the thermal resistance and water vapour-
resistance of fabrics, under steady-state conditions.
The application of this measurement technique is restricted to a maximum thermal resistance (and water-
vapour resistance) which depends on the dimensions and construction of the apparatus used, for the
minimum specifications of the equipment referred to in this international standard. This value is 2 m²·K/W.
The test conditions used in this standard are not intended to represent specific comfort situations, and
performance specifications in relation to physiological comfort are not stated.
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Principle
The specimen to be tested is placed on an electrically-heated plate with conditioned air ducted to flow across
and parallel to its upper surface as specified in this international standard.
For the determination of thermal resistance, the heat flux through the test specimen is measured after steady-
state conditions have been reached.
The thermal resistance R of a material is determined by subtracting the thermal resistance of the boundary
ct
air layer above the surface of the test apparatus from that of a test specimen plus boundary air layer, both
measured under the same conditions.
4.2 Water vapour transmission (breathability)
4.2.1 General
Several methods for testing of the water vapour transmission through textile materials are in use. In the
context of this Technical Report EN 31092 should be used, which specifies the measurement of water vapour
resistance and water vapour permeability index.
4.2.2 EN 31092 (ISO 11092) Textiles – Determination of physiological effects – Measurement of
thermal and water-vapour resistance under steady-state conditions (sweating guarded-hotplate test)
Scope
The application of this measurement technique is restricted to a maximum (thermal resistance and) water-
vapour resistance which depends on the dimensions and construction of the apparatus used, for the minimum
specifications of the equipment referred to in this International standard. This value is 700 m²·Pa/W.
Principle
The specimen to be tested is placed on an electrically heated plate with conditioned air ducted to flow across
and parallel to its upper surface as specified in this international standard.
For the determination of water-vapour resistance, an electrically heated porous plate is covered by a water-
vapour permeable but liquid-water impermeable membrane. Water fed to the heated plate evaporates and
passes through the membrane as vapour, so that no liquid water contacts the test specimen. With the test
specimen placed on the membrane, the heat flux required to maintain a constant temperature at the plate is a
measure of the rate of water evaporation, and from this the water-vapour resistance of the test specimen is
determined.
The water-vapour resistance R of a material is determined by subtracting the water-vapour resistance of the
et
boundary air layer above the surface of the test apparatus from that of the test specimen plus boundary air
layer, both measured under the same conditions.
Particularly for knitted fabrics and thick cold protective garments, which due to the thickness would get high
water vapour resistance values, a more relevant value is the water vapour permeability index i which
mt
expresses the relation between thermal insulation R and water vapour resistance R .
ct et
NOTE For quality control purposes the standard EN ISO 15496, Textiles - Measurement of water vapour permeability
of textiles for the purpose of quality control can be used to measure the WVP, provided that for a given article the WVR R
et
value measured according to 4.2.2 is known.
4.3 Air permeability
Testing should be in accordance with EN ISO 9237 (ISO 9237), Textiles – Determination of permeability of
fabrics to air.
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Scope
The standard describes a method for measuring the permeability of fabrics to air and is applicable to most
types of fabrics, including industrial fabrics for technical purposes, nonwovens and made-up textile articles
that are permeable to air.
Principle
The rate of flow of air passing perpendicularly through a given area of fabric is measured at a given pressure
difference across the fabric test area over a given time period.
In the context of this document, the measurement should be carried out at a pressure drop across the
2
specimen test area of 100 Pa and the area of the specimen holder 20 cm .
4.4 Water penetration resistance and repellence
4.4.1 General
Protection against liquid water can be expressed with different fabric properties, e.g. resistance to hydrostatic
head pressure or water repellence. Several EN or ISO standards are available for testing and for this
Technical Report the following can be applied as appropriate, but the results of the different methods may not
be compared.
4.4.2 EN 20811 (ISO 811), Textile fabrics – Determination of resistance to water penetration –
Hydrostatic pressure test
Scope
The standard specifies a hydrostatic pressure method for determining the resistance of fabrics to penetration
by water.
Principle
The hydrostatic head supported by a fabric is a measure of the resistance to the penetration of water through
the fabric. A specimen is subjected to a steadily increasing pressure of water on one face, under standard
conditions, until penetration occurs in three places. The pressure at which the water penetrates the fabric at
the third place is noted. The water pressure may be applied from below or from above the test specimen. The
chosen alternative should be stated in the test report. The result is immediately relevant to the behaviour of
fabrics articles which are subjected to water pressure for short or moderate periods of time.
In the context of this report, a test speed of 60+/-3 cm H O/min should be used.
2
NOTE The hydrostatic pressure value cmH2O can also be given in the SI unit Pa. 1 cmH O corresponds to
2
approximately 100 Pa (1 cmH O = 98,066 Pa).
2
4.4.3 EN 29865 (ISO 9865), Textiles – Determination of water repellency of fabrics by the
Bundesmann rain-shower test
Scope
The standard describes a method for the determination of the water repellency of textile fabrics by a rain-
shower test known as the Bundesmann method.
The test may be used to assess the effectiveness of finishing procedures for rendering textile fabrics water-
repellent.
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Principle
Test specimens of textile fabrics are mounted on cups and then exposed to an artificial rain shower under
defined conditions. The water repellency is assessed by visual comparison of the wet specimens with
reference photographs. The water absorbed by specimens during the test is calculated by weighing. The
water penetrating the specimens is collected in the cups and recorded.
4.4.4 EN 24920 (ISO 4920) Textiles – Determination of resistance to surface wetting (spray test) of
fabrics
Scope
The standard specifies a spray test method for determining the resistance of any fabric, which may or may not
have been given a water-resistant or water-repellent finish, to surface wetting by water.
It is not intended for use in predicting the rain penetration resistance of fabrics, since it does not measure
penetration of water through the fabric.
Principle
A specified volume of distilled water is sprayed on a test specimen which has been mounted on a ring and
placed at an angle of 45 ° so that the centre of the specimen is at a specified distance below the spray nozzle.
The spray rating is determined by comparing the appearance of the specimen with descriptive standards and
photographs.
4.5 Liquid sweat management
4.5.1 General
No EN or ISO standards are available for the testing of liquid sweat management through textile fabrics at the
time of publication of this document. In the context of this document, the following two test methods as
appropriate can be applied for this property.
4.5.2 AATCC Test Method 195-2009, Liquid moisture management properties of textile fabrics
Scope
This test method is for the measurement, evaluation and classification of liquid moisture management
properties of textile fabrics. The test method produces objective measurements of liquid moisture
management properties of knitted, woven and nonwoven textile fabrics.
The results obtained with this test method are based on water resistance, water repellency and water
absorption characteristics of the fabric structure, including the fabric's geometric and internal structure and the
wicking characteristics of its fibres and yarns.
Principle
The liquid moisture management properties of a textile are evaluated by placing a fabric specimen between
two horizontal (upper and lower) electrical sensors each with seven concentric rings of pins. A predetermined
amount of test solution that aids the measurement of electrical conductivity changes is dropped onto the
centre of the upward-facing test specimen surface. The test solution is free to move in three directions: radial
spreading on the top surface, movement through the specimen from top surface to the bottom surface, and
radial spreading on the bottom surface of the specimen. During the test, changes in electrical resistance of
specimens are measured and recorded.
The electrical resistance readings are used to calculate fabric liquid moisture content changes that quantify
dynamic liquid moisture transport behaviours in multiple directions of the specimen. The summary of the
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measured results are used to grade the liquid moisture management properties of a fabric by using
predetermined indices.
)
1
4.5.3 Liquid sweat transport and liquid sweat buffering
Scope
This test method is intended for measuring moisture management properties of knitted, woven and nonwoven
textile fabrics, namely buffering index, sweat transport and sweat uptake.
Principle
The buffering capacity and transport of liquid sweat of a textile material is measured with the sweating
guarded hotplate, specified in EN 31092 (ISO 11092). Measuring unit and air in the climatic cabinet are set
isothermally to 35 °C and the relative humidity is set to 30 %. To perform the test, the sweating guarded-
hotplate’s measuring unit is covered with a thin foil which is water and water vapour impermeable. On the top
of the foil a polyester-woven fabric is placed. This fabric simulates the sweating human skin and the foil
prevents water being wicked into the measuring unit during the test. 15 cm³ of water with a temperature of
35 °C are evenly distributed onto the polyester-woven fabric. Then a specimen item is placed wrinkle free on
the polyester-woven fabric. After exactly 15 min the specimen is removed. During the test, on the one hand,
water vapour diffusion is taking place through the specimen. On the other hand, the specimen is absorbing
water out of the underlying polyester-woven fabric which is also partly evaporated.
Measurement can be performed according to Method A or Method B. In Method A, a gas meter and two
temperature sensors are inserted in a circuit with a pump and a drying column maintaining relative humidity at
30 %. The total amount of water vapour being transported through the specimen is derived from the air
volume circulating through the gas meter during the test period. Method B provides an alternative if it is not
possible to modify the sweating guarded hotplate by adding a gas meter. In Method B a thin plastic sheet is
stuck on the bottom face of a frame which allows the carrying of the specimen and the polyester-woven fabric
to a scale without loss of liquid water. The total amount of water vapour being transported through the
specimen is then determined by a weighing procedure of the specimen and the polyester-woven fabric before
and immediately after the test period. In both methods A and B the sweat uptake is also determined with a
similar weighing procedure. It has been shown that both methods provide similar results.
The test specifications for Method A and Method B are shown in Annex B.
5 Performance levels of material properties
5.1 General
The textile material properties are classified into three performance levels A, B and C. A is very good, B is
good and C is acceptable, in relation to the intended climates and activities. Tables 1, 2 and 3 are for warm
climates and Tables 4, 5 and 6 refer to cold climates and Table 7 refers to very cold climates for multilayer
materials (see Annex A for examples of application).
)
1
The test method is known as BPI 1.2.1 (Bekleidungsphysiologisches Institut, Hohenstein).
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5.2 Performance levels for warm climate clothing materials
Table 1 — Performance levels for skin contact materials, warm climate
Property Unit A B C
Thermal insulation
ISO 5085-1 or m² K/W R ≤ 0,015 0,015 < R < 0,03 0,03 < R < 0,04
ct ct ct
EN 31092
Water vapour transmission
Knitted fabrics
Water vapour permeability index 0 -1 i > 0,35 0,35 > i > 0,25 0,25 > i > 0,15
mt mt mt
index EN 31092
Woven fabrics
Water vapour resistance m² Pa/W R < 3 3 < R ≤ 4 4 < R < 5
et et et
EN 31092
Air permeability
mm/s - - -
EN ISO 9237
Water penetration
resistance and repellence
Water penetration resistance
cm H O - - -
2
EN 20811
Water repellence
EN 29865 grade 1-5
- - -
EN 24920 spray rate
Liquid sweat management
Liquid moisture management
index OMMC≥ 4 4 > OMMC ≥ 3 OMMC <3
AATCC TM 195
Liquid sweat transport
g/m² h F > 810 810 > F > 765 765 > F > 695
Annex B (25 °C; 50 % r.h.)
Liquid sweat buffering
index 0-1 K ≥ 0,95 0,95 > K ≥ 0,85 0,85 > K > 0,78
f f f
Annex B
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Table 2 — Performance levels for second (intermediate) layer materials, warm climate
Property Unit A B C
Thermal insulation
ISO 5085-1 or m² K/W R ≤ 0,02 0,02 < R ≤ 0,035 0,035 ≤ R ≤ 0,045
ct ct ct
EN 31092
Water vapour transmission
Knitted fabrics
Water vapour permeability index 0 -1 i > 0,35 0,35 > i > 0,25 0,25 > i > 0,15
mt mt mt
index EN 31092
Woven fabrics
Water vapour resistance m² Pa/W R ≤ 4 4 < R ≤ 5 5 < R < 6
et et et
EN 31092
Air permeability
mm/s 100 < AP 5 < AP ≤ 100 AP ≤ 5
EN ISO 9237
Water penetration
resistance and repellence
Water penetration resistance
cm H O - - -
2
EN 20811
Water repellence - - -
grade 1-5
EN 29865
spray rate
EN 24920
Liquid sweat management
Liquid moisture management
index OMMC≥ 3 3 > OMMC > 2 OMMC ≤ 2
AATCC TM 195
Liquid sweat transport g/m² h
- - -
Annex B (25 °C; 50 % r.h.)
Liquid sweat buffering
index 0-1 - - -
Annex B
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Table 3 — Performance levels for outer layer materials, warm climate
Property Unit A B C
Thermal insulation
ISO 5085-1 or m² K/W
R ≤ 0,02 0,02 < R ≤ 0,035 0,035 ≤ R ≤ 0,045
ct ct ct
EN 31092
Water vapour transmission
Knitted fabrics
Water vapour permeability index 0 -1 i > 0,35 0,35 > i > 0,25 0,25 > i > 0,15
mt mt mt
index EN 31092
Woven fabrics
Water vapour resistance m² Pa/W
R ≤ 4 4 < R ≤ 5 5 < Ret < 6
et et
EN 31092
Woven fabrics, waterproof
Water vapour resistance m² Pa/W
R ≤ 6 6 < R ≤ 13 13 < R < 20
et et et
EN 31092
Air permeability, windproof
2
fabrics mm/s AP ≤ 5 5 < AP ≤ 100 100 < AP
EN ISO 9237
Water penetration
resistance and repellence
Water
...
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