SIST EN 60695-1-10:2010
Fire hazard testing - Part 1-10: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products - General guidelines (IEC 60695-1-10:2009)
Fire hazard testing - Part 1-10: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products - General guidelines (IEC 60695-1-10:2009)
This part of IEC 60695-1 provides general guidance on how to reduce to acceptable levels the risk of fire and the potential effects of fires involving electrotechnical products. It also serves as a signpost standard to the other guidance publications in the IEC 60695 series. It describes the relationship between fire risk and the potential effects of fire, and provides guidance to IEC product committees on the applicability of qualitative and quantitative fire tests to the fire hazard assessment of electrotechnical products. It emphasises the importance of the scenario approach to fire hazard and risk assessment and discusses criteria intended to ensure the development of technically sound hazard-based fire test methods. It discusses the different types of fire tests, in particular, the nature of qualitative and quantitative fire tests. It also describes the circumstances under which it is appropriate for IEC product committees to maintain or develop qualitative fire tests. This standard is intended as guidance to IEC committees, and should be used with respect to their individual applications. This basic safety publication is intended for use by technical committees in the preparation of standards in accordance with the principles laid down in IEC Guide 104 and ISO/IEC Guide 51. One of the responsibilities of a technical committee is, wherever applicable, to make use of basic safety publications in the preparation of its publications. The requirements, test methods or test conditions of this basic safety publication will not apply unless specifically referred to or included in the relevant publications.
Prüfungen zur Beurteilung der Brandgefahr - Teil 1-10: Anleitung zur Beurteilung der Brandgefahr von elektrotechnischen Erzeugnissen - Allgemeiner Leitfaden (IEC 60695-1-10:2009)
Essais relatifs aux risques du feu - Partie 1-10: Guide pour l'évaluation des risques du feu des produits électrotechniques - Lignes directrices générales (CEI 60695-1-10:2009)
La CEI 60695-1-10:2009 fournit des lignes directrices générales sur la manière de réduire à des niveaux acceptables le risque d'incendie et les effets potentiels des incendies impliquant des produits électrotechniques. Elle décrit la relation entre le risque d'incendie et les effets potentiels des incendies. Elle souligne l'importance de l'approche par scénario pour l'évaluation des dangers du feu et des risques d'incendie. Elle débat également des critères visant à assurer le développement de méthodes d'essai au feu basées sur les dangers qui soient techniquement solides. La présente publication fondamentale de sécurité est destinée aux comités d'études dans le cadre de l'élaboration de normes conformes aux principes exposés dans le Guide CEI 104 et le Guide ISO/CEI 51.
Preskušanje požarne ogroženosti - 1-10. del: Navodilo za ocenjevanje požarne varnosti elektrotehniških izdelkov - Splošne smernice (IEC 60695-1-10:2009)
Ta del IEC 60695-1 podaja splošna navodila, kako zmanjšati na sprejemljive ravni tveganje požara in možne učinke požarov pri katerih so vključeni elektrotehniški izdelki. Služi tudi kot standard - smerokaz za druge publikacije z navodili v družini standardov IEC 60695. Opisuje razmerje med tveganjem požara in možnimi učinki požara, ter podaja navodila odborom IEC za proizvode glede uporabnosti kvalitativnih in kvantitativnih preskusov požarne varnosti za oceno požarne ogroženosti elektrotehničnih izdelkov. Poudarja pomen pristopa k požarni ogroženosti in oceni tveganja s scenariji, ter obravnava merila, ki so namenjena zagotovitvi razvoja tehnično zanesljivih metod preskušanja požarne varnosti, ki izhajajo iz tveganj. Obravnava različne vrste preskusov požarne varnosti, zlasti lastnosti kvalitativnih in kvantitativnih preskusov požarne varnosti. Opisuje tudi okoliščine, v katerih je primerno, da odbori IEC za proizvode vzdržujejo ali razvijajo kvalitativne preskuse požarne varnosti. Ta standard je namenjen kot navodilo odborom IEC, ter ga je treba uporabljati z upoštevanjem njihove posamične uporabe. Ta osnovna varnostna publikacija je namenjena uporabi s strani tehničnih odborov pri pripravi standardov v skladu z načeli, opredeljenimi v IEC Guide 104 in ISO/IEC Guide 51. Ena od odgovornosti tehničnega odbora je, če je primerno, uporabiti osnovne varnostne publikacije pri pripravi svojih publikacij. Zahteve, preskusne metode ali preskusni pogoji te osnovne varnostne publikacije se ne uporabljajo, razen če se ustrezne publikacije nanje izrecno sklicujejo ali jih vključujejo.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Preskušanje požarne ogroženosti - 1-10. del: Navodilo za ocenjevanje požarne varnosti elektrotehniških izdelkov - Splošne smernice (IEC 60695-1-10:2009)Prüfungen zur Beurteilung der Brandgefahr - Teil 1-10: Anleitung zur Beurteilung der Brandgefahr von elektrotechnischen Erzeugnissen - Allgemeiner Leitfaden (IEC 60695-1-10:2009)Essais relatifs aux risques du feu - Partie 1-10: Guide pour l'évaluation des risques du feu des produits électrotechniques - Lignes directrices générales (CEI 60695-1-10:2009)Fire hazard testing - Part 1-10: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products - General guidelines (IEC 60695-1-10:2009)29.020Elektrotehnika na splošnoElectrical engineering in general13.220.40Sposobnost vžiga in obnašanje materialov in proizvodov pri gorenjuIgnitability and burning behaviour of materials and productsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 60695-1-10:2010SIST EN 60695-1-10:2010en01-september-2010SIST EN 60695-1-10:2010SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 60695-1-1:20001DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 60695-1-10:2010
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 60695-1-10 NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM March 2010
CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
Central Secretariat: Avenue Marnix 17, B - 1000 Brussels
© 2010 CENELEC -
All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.
Ref. No. EN 60695-1-10:2010 E
ICS 13.220.40; 29.020 Supersedes EN 60695-1-1:2000 (partially)
English version
Fire hazard testing -
Part 1-10: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard
of electrotechnical products -
General guidelines (IEC 60695-1-10:2009)
Essais relatifs aux risques du feu -
Partie 1-10: Guide pour l'évaluation
des risques du feu des produits électrotechniques -
Lignes directrices générales (CEI 60695-1-10:2009)
Prüfungen zur Beurteilung
der Brandgefahr -
Teil 1-10: Anleitung zur Beurteilung
der Brandgefahr von elektrotechnischen Erzeugnissen -
Allgemeiner Leitfaden (IEC 60695-1-10:2009)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2010-03-01. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
SIST EN 60695-1-10:2010
EN 60695-1-10:2010 - 2 -
Foreword The text of document 89/950/FDIS, future edition 1 of IEC 60695-1-10, prepared by IEC TC 89, Fire hazard testing, was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and was approved by CENELEC as EN 60695-1-10 on 2010-03-01. This EN 60695-1-10 together with EN 60695-1-111) supersedes EN 60695-1-1:2000. This standard is to be used in conjunction with EN 60695-1-11. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. The following dates were fixed: – latest date by which the EN has to be implemented
at national level by publication of an identical
national standard or by endorsement
(dop)
2010-12-01 – latest date by which the national standards conflicting
with the EN have to be withdrawn
(dow)
2013-03-01 Annex ZA has been added by CENELEC. __________ Endorsement notice The text of the International Standard IEC 60695-1-10:2009 was approved by CENELEC as a European Standard without any modification. In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standards indicated: [6] IEC 60695-1 NOTE
Harmonized in EN 60695-1 series (not modified). [7] IEC 60695-2 NOTE
Harmonized in EN 60695-2 series (not modified). [8] IEC 60695-4 NOTE
Harmonized as EN 60695-4. [9] IEC 60695-5 NOTE
Harmonized in EN 60695-5 series (not modified). [10] IEC 60695-6 NOTE
Harmonized in EN 60695-6 series (not modified). [11] IEC 60695-7 NOTE
Harmonized in EN 60695-7 series (not modified). [12] IEC 60695-8 NOTE
Harmonized in EN 60695-8 series (not modified). [13] IEC 60695-9 NOTE
Harmonized in EN 60695-9 series (not modified). [14] IEC 60695-10 NOTE
Harmonized in EN 60695-10 series (not modified). [15] IEC 60695-11 NOTE
Harmonized in EN 60695-11 series (not modified). __________
1) To be published SIST EN 60695-1-10:2010
- 3 - EN 60695-1-10:2010 Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications with their corresponding European publications
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE
When an international publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD applies.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 60695 Series Fire hazard testing
EN 60695 Series
IEC 60695-1-11 200X2) Fire hazard testing -
Part 1-11: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products - Fire hazard assessment EN 60695-1-11 200X2)
IEC 60695-1-30 2008 Fire hazard testing -
Part 1-30: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products - Preselection testing process - General guidelines EN 60695-1-30 2008
IEC/TS 62441 2006 Accidentally caused candle flame ignition for audio/video, communication and information technology equipment CLC/TS 62441 2007
IEC Guide 104 1997 The preparation of safety publications and
the use of basic safety publications and group safety publications - -
ISO/IEC Guide 51 1999 Safety aspects - Guidelines for their inclusion in standards - -
ISO 19706 2007 Guidelines for assessing the fire threat to people - -
2) To be published. SIST EN 60695-1-10:2010
SIST EN 60695-1-10:2010
IEC 60695-1-10Edition 1.0 2009-11INTERNATIONAL STANDARD NORME INTERNATIONALEFire hazard testing –
Part 1-10: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products – General guidelines
Essais relatifs aux risques du feu –
Partie 1-10: Lignes directrices pour l'évaluation des risques du feu des produits électrotechniques – Lignes directrices générales
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE QICS 13.220.40, 29.020 PRICE CODECODE PRIXISBN 2-8318-1071-3BASIC SAFETY PUBLICATION PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE DE SÉCURITÉ® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
Marque déposée de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale ® SIST EN 60695-1-10:2010
– 2 – 60695-1-10 © IEC:2009 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION ____________
FIRE HAZARD TESTING –
Part 1-10: Guidance for assessing
the fire hazard of electrotechnical products –
General guidelines
FOREWORD 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations. 2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any misinterpretation by any end user. 4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter. 5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any services carried out by independent certification bodies. 6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication. 7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is indispensable for the correct application of this publication. 9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Standard IEC 60695-1-10 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 89: Fire hazard testing. This first edition of this standard, together with IEC 60695-1-111, cancels and replaces the third edition of IEC 60695-1-1, published in 1999 and constitutes a technical revision. It has the status of a basic safety publication in accordance with IEC Guide 104 and ISO/IEC Guide 51. This standard is to be used in conjunction with IEC 60695-1-11. ___________ 1
To be published. SIST EN 60695-1-10:2010
60695-1-10 © IEC:2009 – 3 – The text of this standard is based on the following documents: FDIS Report on voting 89/950/FDIS 89/963/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table. This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. A list of all the parts in the IEC 60695 series, under the general title Fire hazard testing, can be found on the IEC website. Part 1 consists of the following parts: Part 1-10: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products – General guidelines Part 1-11: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products – Fire hazard assessment Part 1-20: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products – Ignitability – General guidance Part 1-21: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products – Ignitability – Summary and relevance of test methods Part 1-30: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products – Preselection testing process – General guidelines Part 1-40: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products – Insulating liquids The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed, • withdrawn, • replaced by a revised edition, or • amended.
SIST EN 60695-1-10:2010
– 4 – 60695-1-10 © IEC:2009 INTRODUCTION In the design of any electrotechnical product the risk of fire and the potential hazards associated with fire need to be considered. In this respect the objective of component, circuit and product design as well as the choice of materials is to reduce to acceptable levels the potential risks of fire even in the event of foreseeable abnormal use, malfunction or failure. This standard, together with its companion, IEC 60695-1-11, provides guidance on how this is to be accomplished. The primary aims are to prevent ignition caused by an electrically energised component part and, in the event of ignition, to confine any resulting fire within the bounds of the enclosure of the electrotechnical product. Secondary aims include the minimisation of any flame spread beyond the product’s enclosure and the minimisation of harmful effects of fire effluents including heat, smoke, and toxic or corrosive combustion products. Fires involving electrotechnical products can also be initiated from external non-electrical sources. Considerations of this nature are dealt with in the overall risk assessment. Assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products is accomplished by performing fire hazard tests. These tests are divided into two fundamental groups: qualitative fire tests and quantitative fire tests. Fire testing of electrotechnical products should, whenever possible, be carried out using quantitative fire tests having the following characteristics: a) The test should take into account the circumstances of product use, i.e. contemplated end-use conditions as well as foreseeable abnormal use. This is because fire conditions that may be hazardous under one set of circumstances will not necessarily pose the same threat under a different set. b) It should be possible to correlate the test results with the harmful effects of fire effluents referred to above, i.e. the thermal and airborne threats to people and/or property in the relevant end-use situation. This avoids the creation of artificial, and sometimes distorted, performance scales with no clear relationship to fire safety. c) Recognizing that there are usually multiple contributions to the effects of real fires, the test results should be expressed in well defined terms and using rational scientific units, so that the product's contribution to the overall fire effects can be quantitatively assessed and compared with that of other products’ contributions. Although quantitative tests are preferred, the characteristics of qualitative fire tests are that they provide pass/fail and classification results. Under certain circumstances it will be appropriate to maintain such qualitative test methods or to develop new ones. This part of IEC 60695-1 establishes the circumstances under which such maintenance or development is appropriate. SIST EN 60695-1-10:2010
60695-1-10 © IEC:2009 – 5 – FIRE HAZARD TESTING –
Part 1-10: Guidance for assessing
the fire hazard of electrotechnical products –
General guidelines
1 Scope This part of IEC 60695-1 provides general guidance on how to reduce to acceptable levels the risk of fire and the potential effects of fires involving electrotechnical products. It also serves as a signpost standard to the other guidance publications in the IEC 60695 series. It describes the relationship between fire risk and the potential effects of fire, and provides guidance to IEC product committees on the applicability of qualitative and quantitative fire tests to the fire hazard assessment of electrotechnical products. It emphasises the importance of the scenario approach to fire hazard and risk assessment and discusses criteria intended to ensure the development of technically sound hazard-based fire test methods.
It discusses the different types of fire tests, in particular, the nature of qualitative and quantitative fire tests. It also describes the circumstances under which it is appropriate for IEC product committees to maintain or develop qualitative fire tests. This standard is intended as guidance to IEC committees, and should be used with respect to their individual applications. This basic safety publication is intended for use by technical committees in the preparation of standards in accordance with the principles laid down in IEC Guide 104 and ISO/IEC Guide 51. One of the responsibilities of a technical committee is, wherever applicable, to make use of basic safety publications in the preparation of its publications. The requirements, test methods or test conditions of this basic safety publication will not apply unless specifically referred to or included in the relevant publications. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. IEC 60695 (all parts), Fire hazard testing IEC 60695-1-11: Fire hazard testing – Part 1-11: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products – Fire hazard assessment2 IEC 60695-1-30:2008, Fire hazard testing – Part 1-30: Guidance for assessing the fire hazard of electrotechnical products – Preselection testing process – General guidelines ___________ 2 To be published. SIST EN 60695-1-10:2010
– 6 – 60695-1-10 © IEC:2009 IEC/TS 62441:2006, Accidentally caused candle flame ignition for audio/video, communication and information technology equipment IEC Guide 104:1997, The preparation of safety publications and the use of basic safety publications and group safety publications ISO/IEC Guide 51:1999, Safety aspects – Guidelines for their inclusion in standards ISO 197063:2007, Guidelines for assessing the fire threat to people 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1
fire 〈uncontrolled〉 self-supporting combustion that has not been deliberately arranged to provide useful effects and is not limited in its extent in time and space [ISO/IEC 13943, definition 4.98] 3.2
fire hazard physical object or condition with a potential for an undesirable consequence from fire [ISO/IEC 13943, definition 4.112] 3.3
fire risk probability of a fire combined with a quantified measure of its consequence NOTE It is often calculated as the product of probability and consequence. [ISO/IEC 13943, definition 4.124] 3.4
fire-safety engineering application of engineering methods based on scientific principles to the development or assessment of designs in the built environment through the analysis of specific fire scenarios or through the quantification of risk for a group of fire scenarios [ISO/IEC 13943, definition 4.126] 3.5
fire scenario qualitative description of the course of a fire with respect to time, identifying key events that characterise the studied fire and differentiate it from other possible fires NOTE It typically defines the ignition and fire growth processes, the fully developed fire stage, the fire decay stage, and the environment and systems that impact on the course of the fire. [ISO/IEC 13943, definition 4.129] 3.6
intermediate-scale fire test
fire test performed on a test specimen of medium dimensions ___________ 3
ISO 9122-1, Toxicity testing of fire effluents – Part 1: General, has been withdrawn and replaced by ISO 19706. SIST EN 60695-1-10:2010
60695-1-10 © IEC:2009 – 7 – NOTE A fire test performed on a test specimen for which the maximum dimension is between 1 m and 3 m is usually called an intermediate-scale fire test. [ISO/IEC 13943, definition 4.200] 3.7
large-scale fire test
fire test that cannot be carried out in a typical laboratory chamber, performed on a test specimen of large dimensions NOTE A fire test performed on a test specimen of which the maximum dimension is greater than 3 m is usually called a large-scale fire test. [ISO/IEC 13943, definition 4.205] 3.8
qualitative fire test fire test which is either: a) a pass/fail test; or b) a test which categorizes the behaviour of the test specimen by determining its position in a rank order of performance 3.9
quantitative fire test fire test which takes into account the circumstances of product use in which the test conditions are based on, or are relatable to, the circumstances of use of the test specimen, and which measures a parameter or parameters, expressed in well defined terms and using rational scientific units, which can be used in the quantitative assessment of fire risk 3.10
reaction to fire response of a test specimen when it is exposed to fire under specified conditions in a fire test NOTE Fire resistance is regarded as a special case and is not normally considered as a ‘reaction to fire’ property. [ISO/IEC 13943, definition 4.272] 3.11
real-scale fire test
fire test that simulates a given application, taking into account the real scale, the real way the item is installed and used, and the environment NOTE Such a fire test normally assumes that the products are used in accordance with the conditions laid down by the specifier and/or in accordance with normal practice. [ISO/IEC 13943, definition 4.273] 3.12
small-scale fire test
fire test performed on a test specimen of small dimensions NOTE A fire test performed on a test specimen of which the maximum dimension is less than 1 m is usually called a small-scale fire test. [ISO/IEC 13943, definition 4.292] 4 Fire hazards associated with electrotechnical products The transmission, distribution, storage and utilization of electrical energy can have the potential to contribute to fire hazard. SIST EN 60695-1-10:2010
– 8 – 60695-1-10 © IEC:2009 With electrotechnical products the most frequent causes of ignition are overheating and arcing. The likelihood of ignition will depend on the product and system design, the use of safety devices and systems, and type of materials used.
Electrotechnical products, when operating, generate heat and in some cases arcing and sparking are normal phenomena. These potential risks should not lead to hazardous conditions provided that they have been taken into account initially at the design stage, and subsequently during installation, use and maintenance. Although it is a commonly held belief that most electrical fires are caused by a short-circuit, there are many other possible causes of ignition. These can include improper installation, improper utilization and inadequate maintenance. Examples are: operation under overload for temporary or extended periods; operation under conditions not provided for by the manufacturer or contractor; inadequate heat dissipation; and faulty ventilation. Table 1 lists common ignition phenomena encountered in electrotechnical products. Unless otherwise indicated, the sources of ignition are considered to be internal to the electrotechnical product. It includes the most frequently encountered cases. The sequence indicated is not related to the magnitude or frequency of occurrence. Fires involving electrotechnical products can also be initiated from external non-electrical sources. Hazardous conditions, which do not arise from the use of the electrotechnical product itself, can and often do involve that product. Considerations of this nature are dealt with in the overall hazard assessment, individual product safety standards, or for example by the provisions of IEC/TS 62441. When designing products, the prevention of ignition in normal and abnormal operating conditions requires a higher priority compared to minimizing eventual spread of flames. After ignition has occurred, for whatever reason, the effects of the subsequent fire must be assessed. Factors to be taken into account include: a) fire growth and flame spread; b) heat release; c) smoke generation (visibility); d) production of toxic fire effluent; e) production of potentially corrosive fire effluent; f) the potential of explosion. References to TC 89 guidance on items a) through f) can be found in Clause 9. 5 Fundamentals of fire hazard testing 5.1 Objectives The objectives of fire hazard testing of electrotechnical products are to determine which fire properties of the product contribute to the potential effects of fire and/or how the product or part of the product contributes to the initiation, growth and effect of fire, and then to use this knowledge to reduce the risks of fire in electrotechnical products.
5.2 Fire hazard and fire risk 5.2.1 Fire hazard A fire hazard is a physical object or condition with a potential for an undesirable consequence from fire (see 3.2). Fire hazards therefore encompass potential fuels and ignition sources. Ignition of an electrotechnical product can be caused by an electrically energised component SIST EN 60695-1-10:2010
60695-1-10 © IEC:2009 – 9 – part, and the conditions which can cause ignition are of three types: an abnormal temperature rise, a short-circuit, or accidental arcs or sparks. Table 1 lists possible origins of such phenomena and also lists the possible consequential effects. Fires involving electrotechnical products can also be initiated from external non-electrical sources, and an overall risk assessment should include this possibility.
SIST EN 60695-1-10:2010
– 10 –
60695-1-10 © IEC:2009 Table 1 – Common ignition phenomena encountered in electrotechnical products Phenomenon a Origin b Consequential effects Abnormal temperature rises NOTE 1 Some products dissipate heat in normal operation. Overcurrent in a conductor Defective contacts Leakage currents (insulation loss and heating) Failure of a component, an internal part or an associated system (for example, ventilation) Mechanical distortions which modify electrical contacts or the insulation system Seizure of a motor shaft (locked rotor) Premature thermal ageing At start, protection devices b are not activated (except in special protection cases). They may be activated after a variable length of time The temperature rises are gradual and at times very slow. Therefore a significant accumulation of heat and effluent in the vicinity of the product may result, sufficient to support fire as soon as ignition starts Accumulation and diffusion of flammable gases in air may give rise to an ignition or explosion, especially inside hermetically sealed products A locked motor shaft (locked rotor) can cause smouldering or flaming due to excessive heating of the windings of the motor Short-circuit Direct contact of conducting live parts at different potentials (loosening of terminals, disengaged conductors, ingress of conducting foreign bodies, etc.) Gradual degradation of some components causing changes in their insulation impedances After sudden failure of component or internal part The protection devices b are activated The rise in temperature is significant after a very short time and is quite localized Possible emission of light, smoke, flammable gases Release of glowing materials or substances Accidental sparks and arcs NOTE 2 Some products produce arcs and sparks in normal operation. Cause external to the product (overvoltage of the system network, accidental mechanical action exposing live parts or bringing them together, etc.) Internal cause (on-off switching with gradual degradation of some components and ingress of moisture) After sudden failure of a component or an internal part The protection devices b may not always be activated Possible emission of visible light, flammable gases and flames Substantial risk of ignition in potentially explosive atmospheres Ignition may occur locally in surrounding components or gases High transient peak current Defect in the electrical circuit The protection devicesb may not always be activated a Mechanical distortions and structural changes induced by any one of the three phenomena may result in the occurrence of the other two. b The protection devices may include thermal, mechanical, electrical or electronic types. SIST EN 60695-1-10:2010
60695-1-10 © IEC:2009 – 11 – 5.2.2 Fire risk In order to calculate fire risk, it is necessary to quantify the consequences of the fire that is being assessed. The consequences may refer to injury or loss of life from threats such as heat, low oxygen levels, or the concentration of incapacitating fire gases; or the consequences may refer to loss of property, such as the extent of fire damage. A wide range of potential fire scenarios may be analysed quantitatively to establish measures of overall fire risk. If c is the consequence of the fire (i.e. a quantified measure), and p is the probability of the fire occurring within a defined time period, then the fire risk (in that time period) is usually calculated as the product of p and c Fire risk
=
p × c If it is assumed that, within a given time-frame, that there is a probability, p1, of a fire incident involving a given product in a given scenario (scenario 1), and a probability, p2, of a fire incident involving the same product in a different scenario (scenario 2), and so on, covering all relevant scenarios, the total fire risk associat
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