SIST-TS CEN ISO/TS 12025:2015
(Main)Nanomaterials - Quantification of nano-object release from powders by generation of aerosols (ISO/TS 12025:2012)
Nanomaterials - Quantification of nano-object release from powders by generation of aerosols (ISO/TS 12025:2012)
This Technical Specification provides methodology for the quantification of nano-object release from
powders as a result of treatment, ranging from handling to high energy dispersion, by measuring aerosols
liberated after a defined aerosolization procedure. In addition to information in terms of mass, the
aerosol is characterized for particle concentrations and size distributions. This Technical Specification
provides information on factors to be considered when selecting from the available methods for powder
sampling and treatment procedures and specifies minimum requirements for test sample preparation,
test protocol development, measuring particle release and reporting data. In order to characterize the
full size range of particles generated, the measurement of nano-objects as well as agglomerates and
aggregates is recommended in this Technical Specification.
This Technical Specification does not include the characterization of particle sizes within the powder.
Tribological methods are excluded where direct mechanical friction is applied to grind or abrade the material.
Nanomaterialien - Quantifizierung der Freisetzung von Nanoobjekten aus Pulvern durch Aerosolerzeugung (ISO/TS 12025:2012)
Diese Technische Spezifikation liefert eine Methodik zur Quantifizierung der Nanoobjekt-Freisetzung aus Pulvern als Ergebnis des gesamten Verfahrens, vom Handling bis zu hoch-energetischer Dispergierung, durch Messung des entstehenden Aerosols nach definierter Pulverbeanspruchung. Neben gravimetrischen Angaben, wird das entstehende Aerosol über die Partikelanzahlkonzentration und Partikelgrößenverteilung beschrieben. Diese Technische Spezifikation liefert Angaben über zu beachtende Faktoren bei der Auswahl aus den zur Verfügung stehenden Verfahren zur Probennahme als auch der Beanspruchung und legt Mindestanforderungen an die Probenherstellung, die Erarbeitung des Prüfprotokolls, die Messung der Partikelfreisetzung und die anzugebenden Daten fest. Damit der vollständige Größenbereich der erzeugten Partikel beschrieben werden kann, wird in dieser Technischen Spezifikation neben der Messung von Nanoobjekten auch die Messung von Agglomeraten und Aggregaten empfohlen.
Diese Technische Spezifikation behandelt nicht die Charakterisierung von Partikelgrößen innerhalb des Pulvers. Tribologische Verfahren, bei denen das Material mittels direkter mechanischer Reibung bearbeitet wird, um es abzureiben oder zu schleifen, sind von dieser Technischen Spezifikation ausgenommen.
Nanomatériaux - Quantification de la libération de nano-objets par les poudres par production d'aérosols (ISO/TS 12025:2012)
L'ISO/TS 12025:2012 fournit une méthodologie pour la quantification de la libération de nano-objets par les poudres en conséquence d'un traitement, allant de la manipulation à une dispersion à haute énergie, par mesurage des aérosols libérés après un mode opératoire défini d'aérosolisation. Outre les informations en termes de masse, la caractérisation de l'aérosol concerne les concentrations de particules et les distributions granulométriques.
L'ISO/TS 12025:2012 fournit des informations sur les facteurs à prendre en compte lors de la sélection parmi les méthodes disponibles pour l'échantillonnage des poudres et les modes opératoires de traitement. Elle spécifie également les exigences minimales pour la préparation des échantillons d'essai, le développement du protocole d'essai, le mesurage de la libération de particules et la consignation des données. Afin de caractériser toute la plage granulométrique des particules produites, le mesurage des nano-objets, ainsi que des agglomérats et des agrégats, est recommandé dans l'ISO/TS 12025:2012.
Nanomateriali - Kvantifikacija sproščanja nanoobjektov iz prahu s proizvodnjo aerosola (ISO/TS 12025:2012)
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TS CEN ISO/TS 12025:2015
01-julij-2015
1DQRPDWHULDOL.YDQWLILNDFLMDVSURãþDQMDQDQRREMHNWRYL]SUDKXVSURL]YRGQMR
DHURVROD ,6276
Nanomaterials - Quantification of nano-object release from powders by generation of
aerosols (ISO/TS 12025:2012)
Nanomaterialien - Quantifizierung der Freisetzung von Nanoobjekten aus Pulvern durch
Aerosolerzeugung (ISO/TS 12025:2012)
Nanomatériaux - Quantification de la libération de nano-objets par les poudres par
production d'aérosols (ISO/TS 12025:2012)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN ISO/TS 12025:2015
ICS:
07.120 Nanotehnologije Nanotechnologies
SIST-TS CEN ISO/TS 12025:2015 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST-TS CEN ISO/TS 12025:2015
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SIST-TS CEN ISO/TS 12025:2015
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
CEN ISO/TS 12025
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
May 2015
ICS 07.030
English Version
Nanomaterials - Quantification of nano-object release from
powders by generation of aerosols (ISO/TS 12025:2012)
Nanomatériaux - Quantification de la libération de nano- Nanomaterialien - Quantifizierung der Freisetzung von
objets par les poudres par production d'aérosols (ISO/TS Nanoobjekten aus Pulvern durch Aerosolerzeugung
12025:2012) (ISO/TS 12025:2012)
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 16 May 2015 for provisional application.
The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their
comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available
promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS)
until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN ISO/TS 12025:2015 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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CEN ISO/TS 12025:2015 (E)
Contents
Page
Foreword .3
2
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CEN ISO/TS 12025:2015 (E)
Foreword
The text of ISO/TS 12025:2012 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 229 “Nanotechnologies”
of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as
CEN ISO/TS 12025:2015 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 352 “Nanotechnologies” the secretariat of which is
held by AFNOR.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany,
Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO/TS 12025:2012 has been approved by CEN as CEN ISO/TS 12025:2015 without any
modification.
3
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SIST-TS CEN ISO/TS 12025:2015
TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 12025
First edition
2012-11-01
Nanomaterials — Quantification of
nano-object release from powders by
generation of aerosols
Nanomatériaux — Quantification de la libération de nano-objets par
les poudres par production d’aérosols
Reference number
ISO/TS 12025:2012(E)
©
ISO 2012
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SIST-TS CEN ISO/TS 12025:2015
ISO/TS 12025:2012(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2012
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the
address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved
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ISO/TS 12025:2012(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 1
3.1 General terms . 1
3.2 Terms related to particle properties and measurement . 2
4 Symbols . 4
5 Factors influencing results of nano-object release from powders .5
5.1 Test method selection . 5
5.2 Material properties influencing nano-object release from powder . 5
5.3 Test stages . 6
6 Test requirements . 7
6.1 General . 7
6.2 Safety assessment . 7
6.3 Sample preparation . 8
6.4 Sample treatment . 8
6.5 Measurement of aerosolized nano-objects .10
7 Requirements for test setups and protocols .14
8 Data reporting .15
Annex A (informative) Considerations for the selection of the treatment procedure .16
Annex B (informative) Rotating drum and continuous drop methods .18
Annex C (informative) Vortex shaker method .21
Annex D (informative) Dynamic method .23
Annex E (informative) Disagglomeration principles .26
Annex F (informative) Selection of the nano-object measuring method .27
Bibliography .30
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies
casting a vote.
In other circumstances, particularly when there is an urgent market requirement for such documents, a
technical committee may decide to publish other types of document:
— an ISO Publicly Available Specification (ISO/PAS) represents an agreement between technical
experts in an ISO working group and is accepted for publication if it is approved by more than 50 %
of the members of the parent committee casting a vote;
— an ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS) represents an agreement between the members of a
technical committee and is accepted for publication if it is approved by 2/3 of the members of the
committee casting a vote.
An ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is reviewed after three years in order to decide whether it will be confirmed for
a further three years, revised to become an International Standard, or withdrawn. If the ISO/PAS or
ISO/TS is confirmed, it is reviewed again after a further three years, at which time it must either be
transformed into an International Standard or be withdrawn.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/TS 12025 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 229, Nanotechnologies.
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Introduction
The emissions or release of nano-objects into the surrounding air from powdered nanostructured
materials resulting from handling is an important consideration in the design and operation of many
industrial processes. Released nano-objects may affect human health and the environment, depending
on the nature and quanitity of the nanomaterial. It is therefore important to obtain data about the
propensity of nanomaterials to release nano-objects, thereby allowing exposure to be evaluated,
controlled and minimised.
Three main target groups of experts for the evaluation of the release of nano-objects from powdered
nanostructured materials are:
— material scientists and engineers, who design safe nanomaterials and safe nanomaterial
handling processes;
— occupational, health and safety specialists;
— environmental specialists, who need exposure data in addition to toxicity data for risk assessment
of manufactured nanomaterials (see A.2) and who collect dustiness data (gravimetric as well as
particle concentration and particle size information).
The propensity of nanomaterials to release nano-objects into the air is determined by test methods
devised to apply energy to a sample to stress the intra-particle bonds. This stressing induces abrasion,
erosion or comminution, which causes dissemination of the particles into the gaseous phase, i.e.
generation of aerosols allowing quantification with aerosol instrumentation.
Methods to measure the release of nano-objects from nanomaterials may include dustiness testing
methods but basic differences from conventional dustiness methods should be considered. The
high variability of the flow properties of powders and the influence of the test setup should also be
considered. Conventional dustiness methods for micrometre size particles estimate the amount of dust
generated in terms of dust mass fraction or dustiness indices. The methods of aerosol generation for the
determination of the dustiness of powders containing primary particles of less than 10 μm in diameter
have been found to produce very dissimilar results.
There are a large number of possible combinations of different approaches for the design of dustiness
[1] [2]
methods . The only current standard, EN 15051:2006 , selected two methods: the rotating drum
method and continuous drop method. The measured values are the inhalable, thoracic or respirable
mass fractions, expressed in mg/kg.
[3]
Definitions of the inhalable, thoracic and respirable fractions can be found in EN 481 . Aerodynamic
diameters of 100 µm, 10 µm and 4 µm are the upper limits of the corresponding size fractions. These
mass fractions, which are relevant for inhalation, can be added as measurands in measurement of
aerosolised nano-objects to characterize the complete particle release scenario.
[4]
Schneider and Jensen described approaches using particle size distributions by number to relate
exposure from nano-objects in the indoor environment to source strengths resulting from the release
of nano-objects during the handling of nanostructured powders. They concluded that dustiness testing
combined with online size distribution measurements provides insight into the state of agglomeration
of particles released during handling of bulk powder materials.
Furthermore, the evaluation of the release of nano-objects from powdered nanostructured materials
requires additional methods and measurands compared to the methods assessing the dustiness of
powders. Particle number concentration and size distribution are other measurands necessary for
quantifying the release of nano-objects.
Aerosols of nano-objects are more dynamic than micrometre sized particles because of greater sensitivity
to physical effects such as Brownian diffusion. Porosity and cohesion of the powder can be much higher
than those containing larger particles with more resistance to flow and lower volume-specific surface
area. Nano-objects in powdered materials can dominate relevant properties of the bulk material by
particle-particle interactions that form clusters like agglomerates. There is still a lack of understanding
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in the characterization of these secondary nanostructured particles, consisting of primary nano-objects.
It has been shown for fumed silica, as an example, that the resulting aerosol particle size distribution
[5][6]
depends strongly upon the conditions involved in the different measuring methods .
[7]
Aerosols and powders are also generated by tribological abrasive tests of nano-composites and paints
[8][9]
containing nanoparticles . Such abrasion tests are not addressed by this Technical Specification.
However, the measurement methodology of these publications has been proven for the quantification of
nano-object release from wear powders by generation of aerosols.
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SIST-TS CEN ISO/TS 12025:2015
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 12025:2012(E)
Nanomaterials — Quantification of nano-object release
from powders by generation of aerosols
WARNING — The execution of the provisions of this document should be entrusted only to
appropriately qualified and experienced people, for whose use it has been produced.
1 Scope
This Technical Specification provides methodology for the quantification of nano-object release from
powders as a result of treatment, ranging from handling to high energy dispersion, by measuring aerosols
liberated after a defined aerosolization procedure. In addition to information in terms of mass, the
aerosol is characterized for particle concentrations and size distributions. This Technical Specification
provides information on factors to be considered when selecting from the available methods for powder
sampling and treatment procedures and specifies minimum requirements for test sample preparation,
test protocol development, measuring particle release and reporting data. In order to characterize the
full size range of particles generated, the measurement of nano-objects as well as agglomerates and
aggregates is recommended in this Technical Specification.
This Technical Specification does not include the characterization of particle sizes within the powder.
Tribological methods are excluded where direct mechanical friction is applied to grind or abrade the material.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/TS 27687:2008, Nanotechnologies — Terminology and definitions for nano-objects — nanoparticle,
nanofibre and nanoplate
ISO/TS 80004-1, Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary — Part 1: Core terms
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/TS 27687 and ISO/TS 80004-1
and the following apply.
3.1 General terms
3.1.1
release from powder
transfer of material from a powder to a liquid or gas as a consequence of a disturbance
3.1.2
nano-object number release
n
total number of nano-objects, released from a sample as a consequence of a disturbance
3.1.3
nano-object release rate
n
t
total number of nano-objects, released per second as a consequence of a disturbance
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3.1.4
mass-specific nano-object number release
n
m
nano-object number release, divided by the mass of the sample before the disturbance
3.1.5
mass loss-specific nano-object number release
n
∆m
nano-object number release, divided by the mass difference of the sample before and after the disturbance
3.1.6
nano-object aerosol number concentration
c
n
number of nano-objects per aerosol volume unit in the sample treatment zone
3.1.7
aerosol volume flow rate
V
t
volume flow rate through the sample treatment zone
3.2 Terms related to particle properties and measurement
3.2.1
aerosol
system of solid or liquid particles suspended in gas
[ISO 15900:2009, definition 2.1]
3.2.2
intraparticle porosity
ratio of the volume of open pores internal to the particle to the total volume occupied by the solid
[ISO 15901-1:2005, definition 3.9]
3.2.3
interparticle porosity
ratio of the volume of space between particles in a powder to the apparent volume of the particles or powder
[ISO 15901-1:2005, definition 3.10]
3.2.4
equivalent spherical diameter
diameter of a sphere that produces a response by a given particle-sizing instrument, that is equivalent
to the response produced by the particle being measured
NOTE 1 The physical property to which the equivalent diameter refers is indicated using a suitable subscript
(ISO 9276-1:1998).
NOTE 2 For discrete-particle-counting, light-scattering instruments, the equivalent optical diameter is used.
NOTE 3 For inertial instruments, the aerodynamic diameter is used. Aerodynamic diameter is the diameter of
-3
a sphere of density 1 000 kg m that has the same settling velocity as the irregular particle.
NOTE 4 [ISO/TS 27687:2008, definition A.3.3]
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3.2.5
particle size distribution
PSD
cumulative distribution or distribution density of a quantity of particle sizes, represented by equivalent
spherical diameters or other linear dimensions
NOTE Quantity measures and types of distributions are defined in ISO 9276-1:1998.
3.2.6
particulate matter smaller 2,5 µm
PM2,5
mass concentration of fine particulate matter having an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to a
nominal 2.5 micrometres (PM )
2,5
NOTE See Reference [10].
3.2.7
particulate matter smaller 10 µm
PM10
mass concentration of fine particulate matter having an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to a
nominal 10 micrometres (PM )
10
NOTE 1 See Reference [11].
NOTE 2 PM10 is used for the thoracic fraction as explained in EN 481:1993.
3.2.8
condensation particle counter
CPC
instrument that measures the particle number concentration of an aerosol using a condensation effect
to increase the size of the aerosolised particles
NOTE 1 The sizes of particles detected are usually smaller than several hundred nanometres and larger than a
few nanometres.
NOTE 2 A CPC is one possible detector for use with a DEMC.
NOTE 3 In some cases, a condensation particle counter may be called a condensation nucleus counter (CNC).
NOTE 4 Adapted from ISO 15900:2009, definition 2.5.
3.2.9
differential electrical mobility classifier
DEMC
classifier that is able to select aerosol particles according to their electrical mobility and pass them to its exit
NOTE A DEMC classifies aerosol particles by balancing the electrical force on each particle with its
aerodynamic drag force in an electrical field. Classified particles are in a narrow range of electrical mobility
determined by the operating conditions and physical dimensions of the DEMC, while they can have different sizes
due to difference in the number of charges that they have.
3.2.10
differential mobility analysing system
DMAS
system to measure the size distribution of sub-micrometre aerosol particles consisting of a DEMC, flow
meters, a particle detector, interconnecting plumbing, a computer and suitable software
NOTE [ISO 15900:2009, definition 2.8]
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3.2.11
nano-object
material with one, two or three external dimensions in the nanoscale
NOTE 1 Generic term for all discrete nanoscale objects.
NOTE 2 [ISO/TS 27687:2008, definition 2.2]
3.2.12
nanoscale
size range from approximately 1 nm to 100 nm
NOTE 1 Properties that are not extrapolations from a larger size will typically, but not exclusively, be exhibited
in this size range. For such properties the size limits are considered approximate.
NOTE 2 The lower limit in this definition (approximately 1 nm) is introduced to avoid single and small groups
of atoms from being designated as nano-objects or elements of nanostructures, which might be implied by the
absence of a lower limit.
NOTE 3 [ISO/TS 27687:2008, definition 2.1]
3.2.13
agglomerate
collection of loosely bound particles or aggregates or mixtures of the two held together by weak forces where
the resulting external surface area is similar to the sum of the surface areas of the individual components
NOTE 1 The weak forces, for example, are van der Waals forces or simple physical entanglement.
NOTE 2 Agglomerates are secondary particles and the original source particles are primary particles.
NOTE 3 Adapted from ISO/TS 27687:2008, definition 3.2.
3.2.14
aggregate
particle comprising strongly bonded or fused particles held together by strong forces where the
resulting external surface area is significantly smaller than the sum of calculated surface areas of the
individual components
NOTE 1 The strong forces, for example, are covalent bonds, or those resulting from sintering or complex
physical entanglement.
NOTE 2 Aggregates are secondary particles and the original source particles are primary particles.
NOTE 3 Adapted from ISO/TS 27687:2008, definition 3.3.
3.2.15
dustiness
propensity of materials to produce airborne dust during handling
NOTE 1 For the purposes of this document, dustiness is derived from the amount of dust emitted during a
standard test procedure.
NOTE 2 [EN 15051:2006, definition 3.4]
4 Symbols
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols apply:
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Symbol Quantity SI unit
n nano-object number release dimensionless
−1
n nano-object release rate s
t
−3
c nano-object aerosol number concentration m
n
−1
n mass specific nano-object number release kg
m
−1
n mass loss specific nano-object number release from a treated sample kg
∆m
with
a mass loss ∆m
3 −1
V aerosol volume flow rate m s
t
5 Factors influencing results of nano-object release from powders
5.1 Test method selection
The purpose of the planned test or experimental program should be carefully defined during selection.
Selection of the test method depends on the following considerations:
a) powder properties listed in Table 1;
[2]
b) applicability of standardized dustiness test methods or of other powder treatment methods to
simulate the typical powder handling process in practice as well as selection of the appropriate
treatment parameters.
The outcome of the planned test will be dependent on the experimental conditions selected.
EXAMPLE 1 Determination of the nano-object release and of the dustiness of a powder to predict release of
particles during handling in typical industrial processes.
EXAMPLE 2 Estimation of nano-object and agglomerate/aggregate release from powder during very high
energy testing.
5.2 Material properties influencing nano-object release from powder
Properties influencing generation and measurements of aerosolized powders containing nano-objects
are summarized in Table 1. Presently, many of these properties might not be easily measured, however,
they should be considered.
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Table 1 — Representative properties influencing nano-object release from powders
Property Description
Particle size Fundamental property. The value of the particle size depends on the sizing method
and the corresponding equivalent diameter (e.g. aerodynamic diameter, electrical
mobility diameter, equivalent area diameter).
The particle size of primary particles or aggregates will not change during the
handling of nanostructured powders. Particle size of agglomerates will change
under certain process and handling conditions. Therefore it may behave like a
process parameter.
The measured size distribution of particles will depend on the type of instrument.
The instru
...
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