oSIST prEN ISO 21911-1:2022
(Main)Solid recovered fuels - Determination of self-heating - Part 1: Isothermal calorimetry (ISO/DIS 21911-1:2022)
Solid recovered fuels - Determination of self-heating - Part 1: Isothermal calorimetry (ISO/DIS 21911-1:2022)
This International Standard specifies analytical methods for quantification of the spontaneous
heat generation from solid recovered fuels (SRF).
This International Standard gives guidance on the applicability and use of the specified
analytical methods. It further establishes specific procedures for sampling and sample
handling of SRF fractions prior to the analysis of spontaneous heat generation.
This International Standard gives guidance on the applicability and use of the data on
spontaneous heat generation from the analytical methods specified.
Feste Sekundärbrennstoffe – Bestimmung der Selbsterhitzung – Teil1: Isotherme Kalorimetrie (ISO/DIS 21911-1:2022)
Combustibles solides de récupération - Détermination de l'auto-échauffement - Partie 1: Détermination calorimétrique isotherme (ISO/DIS 21911-1:2022)
Trdna alternativna goriva - Določanje samosegrevanja - 1. del: Izotermalna kalorimetrija (ISO/DIS 21911-1:2022)
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 21911-1:2022
01-marec-2022
Trdna alternativna goriva - Določanje samosegrevanja - 1. del: Izotermalna
kalorimetrija (ISO/DIS 21911-1:2022)
Solid recovered fuels - Determination of self-heating - Part 1: Isothermal calorimetry
(ISO/DIS 21911-1:2022)
Feste Sekundärbrennstoffe – Bestimmung der Selbsterhitzung – Teil1: Isotherme
Kalorimetrie (ISO/DIS 21911-1:2022)
Combustibles solides de récupération - Détermination de l'auto-échauffement - Partie 1:
Détermination calorimétrique isotherme (ISO/DIS 21911-1:2022)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 21911-1
ICS:
75.160.10 Trda goriva Solid fuels
oSIST prEN ISO 21911-1:2022 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN ISO 21911-1:2022
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oSIST prEN ISO 21911-1:2022
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 21911-1
ISO/TC 300 Secretariat: SFS
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2022-01-05 2022-03-30
Solid recovered fuels — Determination of self-heating —
Part 1:
Isothermal calorimetry
ICS: 75.160.10
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
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WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 21911-1:2022(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. © ISO 2022
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oSIST prEN ISO 21911-1:2022
ISO/DIS 21911-1:2022(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
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oSIST prEN ISO 21911-1:2022
ISO/DIS 21911-1:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 2
5 Apparatus . 2
5.1 Isothermal calorimeter . 2
5.2 Sample vial . 3
5.3 Balance . 3
6 Sample handling .4
6.1 General . 4
6.2 Sampling . 4
6.3 Sample transport and storage . 4
6.4 Sample preparation . 4
7 Test procedure .4
7.1 Temperature stabilisation . 4
7.2 Sample vial preparation . 5
7.2.1 Preparation procedure . 5
7.2.2 Procedure to find proper test portion in case of influence from oxygen
deficiency . 5
7.3 Reference vial preparation . 5
7.4 Measurement . 6
7.4.1 First baseline measurement . 6
7.4.2 Sample measurement . 6
7.4.3 Second baseline measurement . 6
7.4.4 Measurement data file . 6
8 Results . . 7
8.1 Test data . 7
8.2 Reported data . 7
9 Test report . 7
Annex A (normative) Calibration of the calorimeter . 9
Annex B (informative) Example of isothermal calorimetric measurements of solid
recovered fuel .11
Bibliography .13
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oSIST prEN ISO 21911-1:2022
ISO/DIS 21911-1:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 300 Solid recovered materials, including
solid recovered fuels.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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oSIST prEN ISO 21911-1:2022
ISO/DIS 21911-1:2022(E)
Introduction
There is a continuous global growth in trading and use of solid recovered fuels (SRF). This results in
increased probability for fires and increased consequences thereof when handling, transporting and
storage of SRF.
SRF can generate heat spontaneously by exothermic biological, chemical and physical processes. The
heat build-up can be significant in large storage volumes if the heat conduction in the material is
low. During some conditions the heat generation can lead to pyrolysis and spontaneous ignition. The
potential for self-heating varies considerably for different types and qualities of SRF and it is important
to be able to identify SRF fractions with high heat generation potential to avoid fires in stored materials.
The increasing number of incidents is a clear indicator that safety needs to be prioritized, first of all
for human safety and environmental concerns but also because interruptions in energy supply will
have significant consequences. SRF fires throughout the supply chain will, in addition to safety and
environmental issues and direct economic losses, also have a negative impact on the confidence in the
SRF as a reliable energy source. It can also lead to difficulty to obtain insurance coverage.
It is today difficult both for SRF producers, logistics providers, SRF users, equipment suppliers/
manufacturers, consultants, authorities and insurance providers to determine reasonable safety
measures and an appropriate level of protection due to lack of standards and recommendations.
As part of the determination and the assessment of risks for SRF, defined test methods and standards
are established or need to be developed. However, the ageing and degradation due to handling and
storage of SRF in actual environments will affect their characteristics, so safety margins have to be
established in relation to actual analysis results.
The test method described in this document, isothermal calorimetry, is a method where the heat flow
generated from the test portion is measured directly. The operating temperature for an isothermal
calorimeter is normally in the range from 5 °C to 90 °C (some calorimeters can reach even higher
temperatures) and can therefore measure low temperature reactions such as those from bacteria and
other microbes. However, isothermal calorimetry is used for monitoring the thermal activity or heat
flow of both chemical, physical and biological processes. The technique is most commonly used in
the fields of pharmaceuticals, energetic materials, and cement. Isothermal calorimetry has also been
[5],[6],[7],[8] [9]
applied for the measurement of heat flow from the self-heating of solid biofuel pellets and .
For investigating heat generation at high temperatures, other types of test methods might be more
suitable, such as basket heating tests.
Data on spontaneous heat generation determined using this document is only associated with the
specific quality, composition and age of the sample material.
The information derived using this document is for use in quality control and in hazard and risk
assessments.
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oSIST prEN ISO 21911-1:2022
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 21911-1:2022(E)
Solid recovered fuels — Determination of self-heating —
Part 1:
Isothermal calorimetry
1 Scope
This document specifies an analytical method for quantification of the spontaneous heat generation
from solid recovered fuels using isothermal calorimetry.
This document gives guidance on the applicability and use of the specified analytical method. It further
establishes procedures for sampling and sample handling of solid recovered fuels prior to the analysis
of spontaneous heat generation.
The test procedure given in this document quantifies the thermal power (heat flow) of the sample
during the test, it does not identify the source of self-heating in the test portion analysed.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 21637, Solid recovered fuels — Vocabulary
ISO 21645, Solid recovered fuels — Methods for sampling
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 21637 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
analysis temperature
temperature of the analysis environment, i.e. the calorimeter temperature
3.2
self-heating
rise in temperature in a material resulting from an exothermic reaction within the material
[SOURCE: ISO 13943:2017, definition 3.341, modified by omitting “” in the beginning of the
definition]
3.3
test portion
sub-sample either of a laboratory sample (3.5) or a test sample (3.4) required for the specific
measurement
1
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oSIST prEN ISO 21911-1:2022
ISO/DIS 21911-1:2022(E)
3.4
test sample
laboratory sample (3.5) after an appropriate preparation made by the laboratory
3.5
laboratory sample
part of the sample sent to or received by the laboratory
3.6
thermal power
heat rate produced by the sample during the test and commonly expressed, with reference to the unit
mass of SRF
-1 -1 -1
Note 1 to entry: Expressed in W g or J s g .
[SOURCE: CEN/TR 16632:2014, definition 8.3 ― "cement" was substituted with “SRF” and the Formula
in the note was modified]
4 Principle
Isothermal calorimetry is one of the sensitive techniques for studying heat production or heat
consumption from samples of different kinds. It is non-destructive and non-invasive to the sample. Heat
production due to any physical, chemical or biological changes in a sample can be measured. When heat
is produced or consumed by any process, a temperature gradient is developed across the sensor. This
will generate a voltage, which is proportional to the heat flow across the sensor and to the rate of the
process taking place in the sample ampoule. The signal is recorded continuously and in real time.
NOTE 1 A commercial instrument for isothermal calorimetry normally has multiple channels and can thus be
used for measurements of several samples simultaneously.
For each sample (channel) there is an inert reference that is on a parallel heat flow sensor. During
the time that the heat flow is monitored, any temperature fluctuations entering the instrument will
influence both the sample and the reference sensors equally. This architecture allows a very accurate
determination of heat that is produced or consumed by the sample alone while other non-sample related
heat disturbances are efficiently removed. The measured heat flow is normalized against the weight of
the sample and the result is expressed in mW/g.
NOTE 2 The operating temperature for an isothermal calorimeter is typical in the range of 5 °C to 90 °C.
However, there are calorimeters with somewhat higher span for operating temperature.
5 Apparatus
5.1 Isothermal calorimeter
The isothermal calorimeter consists of a sample holder for the sample vial and the reference vial, each
thermally connected to heat flow sensors, which are thermally
...
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