SIST ISO 18400-102:2018
Soil quality - Sampling - Part 102: Selection and application of sampling techniques
Soil quality - Sampling - Part 102: Selection and application of sampling techniques
ISO 18400-102:2017 gives guidelines for techniques for taking samples so that these can subsequently be examined for the purpose of providing information on soil quality. It gives information on equipment that is typically applicable in particular sampling situations to enable correct sampling procedures to be carried out and representative samples to be collected. Guidance is given on the selection of the equipment and the techniques to use to enable both disturbed and undisturbed samples to be correctly taken at different depths.
ISO 18400-102:2017 does not cover:
- investigations for geotechnical purposes, though where redevelopment of a site is envisaged, the soil quality investigation and the geotechnical investigation may sometimes be beneficially combined;
- sampling of hard strata such as bedrock;
- methods for the collection of information on soil quality without taking samples such as geophysical methods;
- collection of water samples (these are to be collected in accordance with appropriate International Standards on ground or surface water sampling; for further information, see the ISO 5667 series);
- investigations of soil gas about which guidance is provided in ISO 18400‑204;
- investigation of radioactively contaminated sites.
NOTE 1 "Sampling technique" is defined in ISO 11074.
NOTE 2 Guidance on the investigation and assessment of radioactivity in soils is provided in the ISO 18589 series.
Qualité du sol - Échantillonnage - Partie 102: Choix et application des techniques d'échantillonnage
ISO 18400-102:2017fournit des lignes directrices concernant les techniques de prélèvement d'échantillons de sorte que ceux-ci puissent être examinés dans le but de fournir des informations sur la qualité des sols. Elle donne des informations sur le matériel habituellement utilisé dans des situations particulières d'échantillonnage pour exécuter correctement des procédures d'échantillonnage et de prélever des échantillons représentatifs. Des lignes directrices sont données pour le choix du matériel et des techniques à employer pour permettre d'échantillonner correctement à différentes profondeurs, des échantillons remaniés et des échantillons non remaniés.
ISO 18400-102:2017 ne couvre pas:
- les investigations pour des problématiques géotechniques, même si, lorsque le réaménagement d'un site est envisagé, l'évaluation de la qualité du sol et la reconnaissance géotechnique peuvent être parfois avantageusement combinées;
- l'échantillonnage de couches dures telles que la roche mère;
- les méthodes de collecte d'informations sur la qualité du sol sans prélèvement d'échantillons, telles que les méthodes géophysiques;
- le prélèvement d'échantillons d'eau (ces échantillons d'eau doivent être prélevés conformément à des normes internationales appropriées traitant de l'échantillonnage des eaux souterraines et de l'eau de surface; pour plus d'informations, voir la série de l'ISO 5667);
- l'échantillonnage des gaz du sol à propos desquels des lignes directrices sont fournies dans l'ISO 18400‑204;
- l'étude des sites potentiellement contaminés par des substances radioactives.
NOTE 1 Le terme «Technique d'échantillonnage» est défini dans l'ISO 11074.
NOTE 2 Des lignes directrices pour l'étude et l'évaluation de la radioactivité dans les sols sont fournies dans la série de l'ISO 18589.
Kakovost tal - Vzorčenje - 102. del: Izbira in uporaba tehnik vzorčenja
Ta dokument podaja smernice za tehnike vzorčenja, ki so namenjene naknadnemu pregledovanju vzorcev za zagotavljanje informacij o kakovosti prsti. Podaja tudi informacije o opremi, ki se običajno uporablja v določenih okoliščinah vzorčenja in omogoča pravilno izvajanje postopkov vzorčenja in zbiranje reprezentativnih vzorcev. Podana so tudi navodila za izbiranje opreme in uporabo tehnik z namenom zagotavljanja pravilnega odvzema porušenih in neporušenih vzorcev na različnih globinah.
Ta standard ne zajema:
– preiskav za geotehnične namene, vendar pa je v primeru načrtovane preureditve območja včasih koristno, če se preiskave kakovosti prsti uporabljajo v kombinaciji z geotehničnimi preiskavami;
– vzorčenja trdih plasti, kot je skalna podlaga;
– metod za zbiranje informacij o kakovosti prsti brez odvzema vzorcev, kot so geofizikalne metode;
– zbiranja vzorcev vode (slednje je treba zbrati v skladu z ustreznimi mednarodnimi standardi s področja vzorčenja podtalnice in površinske vode; za dodatne informacije glejte skupino standardov ISO 5667);
– preiskovanja plinov v prsti, za kar so smernice podane v standardu ISO 18400-204;
– preiskovanja radioaktivno onesnaženih območij.
OPOMBA 1: »tehnika vzorčenja« je opredeljena v standardu ISO 11074.
OPOMBA 2: smernice za preiskovanje in ocenjevanje radioaktivnosti prsti so podane v skupini standardov ISO 18589.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-julij-2018
1DGRPHãþD
SIST ISO 10381-2:2006
SIST ISO 10381-6:2011
.DNRYRVWWDO9]RUþHQMHGHO ,]ELUDLQXSRUDEDWHKQLNY]RUþHQMD
Soil quality - Sampling - Part 102: Selection and application of sampling techniques
Qualité du sol - Échantillonnage - Partie 102: Choix et application des techniques
d'échantillonnage
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 18400-102:2017
ICS:
13.080.05 Preiskava tal na splošno Examination of soils in
general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18400-102
First edition
2017-01
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 102:
Selection and application of sampling
techniques
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 102: Choix et application des techniques d’échantillonnage
Reference number
©
ISO 2017
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Principle . 3
5 General aspects . 4
5.1 Health and safety . 4
5.2 Preliminary information . 4
5.3 Sample types . 5
5.4 Sample size . 7
5.5 Available techniques . 7
6 Selection of sampling techniques .20
6.1 General .20
6.2 Drilling rigs and ancillary equipment .22
7 General aspects of application .22
7.1 General aspects of field work .22
7.2 Environmental considerations .23
7.3 Cross-contamination .25
7.4 Preparing to sample .26
7.5 Breaking out .26
7.6 Collection of samples .27
7.7 Transport, storage, and preservation of samples.27
7.8 Backfilling of exploratory holes .27
7.9 Disposal of waste materials .28
7.10 Personnel .28
8 Taking samples of top-soil and other near surface materials .28
8.1 Undisturbed samples .28
8.1.1 General.28
8.1.2 Procedure for use of sampling cylinders.29
8.2 Disturbed samples .29
8.2.1 General.29
8.2.2 Procedure .30
9 Sampling at greater depths .30
9.1 Undisturbed samples .30
9.1.1 Sampling from trial pits .30
9.1.2 Other sampling methods.31
9.2 Disturbed samples .31
9.2.1 General.31
9.2.2 Agricultural sites, etc. .31
9.2.3 Contaminated sites .31
10 Sampling stockpiles .32
10.1 General .32
10.2 Sampling equipment .32
Annex A (informative) Application of particular techniques .34
Annex B (informative) Manually and power-operated sampling equipment .40
Annex C (informative) Illustration of some selected drilling and sampling equipment .47
Annex D (informative) Sampling equipment for stockpiles .64
Annex E (informative) Examples of large samplers .66
Bibliography .69
iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www . i so .org/ iso/ foreword .html
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 2,
Sampling.
This first edition of ISO 18400-102, together with ISO 18400-104, ISO 18400-105 and ISO 18400-206,
cancels and replaces ISO 10381-2:2002 and ISO 10381-6:2009, which have been technically and
structurally revised. The new ISO 18400 series is based on a modular structure and cannot be compared
to ISO 10381-2 and ISO 10381-6 clause by clause.
A list of all parts in the ISO 18400 series can be found on the ISO website.
Introduction
This document is one of a group of International Standards intended to be used in conjunction with each
other where necessary. It deals with various aspects of sampling for the purposes of soil investigation
including agricultural, forestry, and contamination investigations, but is not applicable to investigations
for geotechnical purposes. These are dealt with in the ISO 22475 series.
ISO 22475-1 specifies the technical principles for the execution of sampling and groundwater
measurements for geotechnical purposes. It describes and provides guidance on the application of many
of the sampling techniques included in this document albeit in a different context. Many contractors
engaged to carry out work in connection with environmental studies will be familiar with its often
prescriptive requirements. It includes detailed design information for some equipment. It is to be
noted that the nomenclature used in this document may differ in places from that used in ISO 22475-1
because of the different contexts and traditions in the fields of geotechnical and geo-environmental
investigation.
General principles to be applied in the design of sampling programmes for the purpose of
characterization of soil and identification of sources and effects of contamination of soil and related
1)
1)
material are given in ISO 18400-104 . ISO 18400-104 provides information about where to sample,
the tests to be conducted, the type of sample, the depth of sampling and the required representativeness
of the sampling system for sampling in respect of specific purposes.
This document is part of a series on sampling standards for soil. The role/position of the International
Standards within the total investigation programme is shown in Figure 1.
1) Under preparation.
vi © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Figure 1 — Links between the essential elements of an investigation programme
NOTE 1 The numbers in circles in Figure 1 define the key elements (1 to 7) of the investigation programme.
NOTE 2 Figure 1 displays a generic process which can be amended when necessary.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18400-102:2017(E)
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 102:
Selection and application of sampling techniques
1 Scope
This document gives guidelines for techniques for taking samples so that these can subsequently be
examined for the purpose of providing information on soil quality. It gives information on equipment
that is typically applicable in particular sampling situations to enable correct sampling procedures to
be carried out and representative samples to be collected. Guidance is given on the selection of the
equipment and the techniques to use to enable both disturbed and undisturbed samples to be correctly
taken at different depths.
This document does not cover:
— investigations for geotechnical purposes, though where redevelopment of a site is envisaged, the soil
quality investigation and the geotechnical investigation may sometimes be beneficially combined;
— sampling of hard strata such as bedrock;
— methods for the collection of information on soil quality without taking samples such as geophysical
methods;
— collection of water samples (these are to be collected in accordance with appropriate International
Standards on ground or surface water sampling; for further information, see the ISO 5667 series);
— investigations of soil gas about which guidance is provided in ISO 18400-204;
— investigation of radioactively contaminated sites.
NOTE 1 “Sampling technique” is defined in ISO 11074.
NOTE 2 Guidance on the investigation and assessment of radioactivity in soils is provided in the ISO 18589
series.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3551-1, Rotary core diamond drilling equipment — System A — Part 1: Metric units
ISO 3552-1, Rotary core diamond drilling equipment — System B — Part 1: Metric units
ISO 10097-1, Wireline diamond core drilling equipment — System A — Part 1: Metric units
ISO 11074, Soil quality — Vocabulary
ISO 18400-101, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 101: Framework for the preparation and application of a
sampling plan
ISO 18400-103, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 103: Safety
2)
ISO 18400-104 , Soil quality — Sampling — Part 104: Strategies and statistical evaluations
ISO 18400-105, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 105: Packaging, transport, storage and preservation
of samples
ISO 18400-201, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 201: Physical pretreatment in the field
3)
ISO 18400-202 , Soil quality — Sampling — Part 202: Preliminary investigations
ISO 25177, Soil quality — Field soil description
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11074 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:// www .iso .org/ obp
3.1
cluster sample
composite sample for which the increments are taken over a small area around a predefined
sampling point
2 2
Note 1 to entry: Sampled area is typically about 0,5 m to 1,0 m .
Note 2 to entry: Material sampled is taken from within the same stratum or from material with the same
characteristics.
3.2
cutting cylinder
cylindrical device with removable top and base forced into the surface of exposed soil to obtain an
undisturbed sample (3.7)
3.3
disturbed sample
sample obtained from the ground without any attempt to preserve the soil structure
EXAMPLE Sample obtained by using a hand auger.
[SOURCE: ISO 11074:2015, 4.4.8, modified — changed to read: …from the ground…]
3.4
Kubiëna tin
metal box with removable top and base which can be forced into the surface of exposed soil to obtain an
undisturbed sample (3.7)
Note 1 to entry: Usually made to desired size from aluminium, galvanized steel, or stainless steel sheet. Size
varies, but a typical example might have an area of about 55 mm × 75 mm with a depth of 40 mm. The sample,
once obtained, can be used to determine bulk density or may be impregnated with resin prior to the production
of thin sections for microscopic examination.
2) Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/DIS 18400-104:2016.
3) Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/DIS 18400-202:2016.
2 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
3.5
spatial sample
composite sample formed from evenly spaced increments of the same size taken over a predetermined
area which are then bulked together
Note 1 to entry: The increments may be located according to a regular grid, random, or other pattern. In
agricultural/horticultural land investigations, “N”, “S”, “W”, and “X” sampling patterns are commonly used.
Note 2 to entry: The general premise is that the distribution of soil constituents is relatively homogeneous. Along
the outline of such a pattern, a number of samples or increments are taken which are bulked and mixed to provide
one (composite) sample for analysis.
3.6
spot sample
sample from a discrete location made up of one or more contiguous increments
Note 1 to entry: May be a disturbed (3.3) or undisturbed sample (3.7).
3.7
undisturbed sample
sample obtained from the ground with soil structure unaltered during sampling procedure
Note 1 to entry: Special sampling equipment is used so that the soil particles and voids cannot change from
the distribution which exists in the ground before sampling (these can provide volume-proportional or mass-
proportional results).
4 Principle
Sampling technique should be chosen taking into account all the needs of the investigation including
planned distribution of sampling locations, the depth(s) from which samples are to be taken, the size
and type of sample(s) required, the nature of any potential contaminants, and the nature of the site
including any problems the site poses to carrying out the investigation.
The sampling technique(s) should be selected to enable:
— the collection of samples of soil and soil materials that can be presented to the laboratory for
examination or analysis to establish basic information on the pedology and distribution of naturally
occurring or man-made soils, their chemical, mineralogical and biological composition, and their
physical properties at selected locations, as appropriate, to meet the objectives of the investigation;
— examination and recording of in situ materials exposed by the investigation.
NOTE 1 Detailed guidance on general aspects of sampling relevant to the selection and application of sampling
techniques are given in 5.1 to 5.4 and about available techniques in 5.5. Detailed guidance on the selection of
sampling techniques is provided in Clause 6 and on their application in Clause 7.
Among the decisions to be made is whether to use manual methods or machinery. Sampling may be
required at or near the ground surface at some depth below the ground surface, or from locations deep
below the ground surface. Methods of achieving the desired depth for sampling include formation of
excavations (e.g. trial pits), by driven probes, or by drilling (e.g. boreholes).
Depending on the purpose for which sampling is being carried out, either disturbed or undisturbed,
samples may be taken (5.3). Undisturbed samples could be required, for example, for soil physical
testing or for determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
NOTE 2 What constitutes a sufficiently undisturbed sample depends on the purpose for which the sample is
required and can be a matter of judgement. For example, some compression of the sample might be acceptable
when VOCs are to be determined, but would not be acceptable when the bulk density is to be determined. The
ISO 22475 series defines classes of sample suitable for geotechnical testing.
Soil sampling techniques usually consists of the following two steps:
a) gaining access to the point of sampling (avoiding services, as well as removing any hard cover, etc.,
digging, or drilling a hole to reach the desired depth of sampling);
b) taking the soil sample.
These steps are interdependent and should both meet the requirements of the sampling principles.
NOTE 3 A distinction can also be made between:
— sampling by drilling (continuous sampling);
— sampling using samplers (sampling devices) to obtain disturbed or undisturbed samples as required once a
borehole or excavation has been formed;
— block sampling (in which a large undisturbed sample is obtained).
Combinations of these sampling methods are possible and sometimes required due to the geological
conditions and the purpose of the investigation.
5 General aspects
5.1 Health and safety
All necessary measures shall be taken when selecting and applying sampling techniques to protect the
health and safety of those carrying out the work, anyone entering the site (with or without permission),
and the general public (e.g. the occupants of neighbouring properties) and to avoid harm to the
environment.
The guidance in ISO 18400-103 shall be followed.
ISO 18400-103 should be read in conjunction with relevant national and international legislation and
regulations regarding health and safety at work and associated guidance produced by statutory bodies
and trade associations.
5.2 Preliminary information
A preliminary investigation comprising a desk study and site reconnaissance (walk-over survey, site
inspection) should be carried out as specified in ISO 18400-202 prior to undertaking any sampling.
The selection of the sampling technique, the sampling equipment to be used, and the method of taking
soil samples depend upon the objectives of the sampling, the strata to be sampled, the nature of possible
contamination, and the examination or analysis to be carried out on the samples.
Information should be compiled and assessed about the following:
a) the objectives of the sampling;
b) required accuracy of measurements;
c) planned locations for boreholes and excavations;
d) the anticipated depths from which samples are to be taken taking into consideration the future use
of the site including depth of excavations or foundations (see ISO 18400-104);
e) potential risks to the health and safety of the site personnel;
f) potential risks to the environment from the investigation including the potential to pollute
groundwater and to spread infective agents;
g) emergency arrangements;
4 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
h) the size and topography of the area to be sampled;
i) accessibility for different types and sizes of equipment and factors such as the likely bearing
capacity of the ground, see Reference [1];
j) the nature of the ground to be sampled;
k) possible lateral and vertical variations of soil type or strata;
l) the geology of the site and surrounding area;
m) the assumed depth to groundwater;
n) previous usage or treatment of the site;
o) the presence of buildings and obstructions such as foundations, buried tanks, and underground
services (e.g. electricity, sewers, mains, cables, gas);
p) the presence of concrete or tarmac pathways, roadways, or hard-standings;
q) the growth of vegetation leading to extensive root development;
r) the presence of unexpected surface-water pools or water-saturated ground;
s) the presence of fences, walls, or earthworks designed to prevent access to the site;
t) the presence of tipped material above the general level of the site or material from the demolition
of buildings;
u) the presence of artefacts of archaeological or heritage value;
v) possible presence of unexploded ordinance, see Reference [2];
w) the presence of protected species, ecosystems, and other features of scientific value;
x) the presence of invasive or noxious plant species (e.g. Japanese Knotweed – Fallopia japonica, Giant
Hogweed – Heracleum mantegazzianum) or infective agents (these may affect humans, animals, or
plants) (see also 7.2, last paragraph);
y) location of water bodies at risk from contamination including surface and ground water;
z) the planned flow of information.
NOTE For guidance on accessibility for light percussion drilling rigs, see Reference [1].
5.3 Sample types
The samples taken should be of appropriate type(s) to enable the objectives of the investigation to be
achieved in accordance with the guidance provided in ISO 18400-104. Special consideration is required
regarding the following:
— whether to take disturbed or undisturbed samples;
— whether to take spot samples or cluster samples or to employ a form of spatial composite sampling
(see Table 1);
— how to comply with any statutory or authoritative guidance relating to judging whether guideline
values (assessment criteria) have been exceeded;
— whether statistical analysis of the data obtained will be required;
— the expected distribution of contaminants or other substances of interest;
— how to reduce uncertainty in the results of the investigation.
Composite samples should not be used when soil characteristics that may suffer changes during the
composition process, such as concentrations of volatile compounds, are to be determined. They also
should not be used if peak concentrations of any substance or variations of soil characteristics are to be
determined.
The use of cluster samples can reduce sampling uncertainties. This method of sampling is particularly
appropriate when using trial pits when surface samples (e.g. 0,0 mbgl to 0,10 mbgl) are being taken and
when carrying out validation sampling of imported topsoil.
Where composite sampling is used to determine the characteristics of in situ soil, the sample should
represent a single stratum.
NOTE Table 1 provides information on different types of sample and their application.
Table 1 — Types of sample
a
Type of sample Uses Means of sampling
Disturbed sample Disturbed samples are suitable for Samples can be collected using one
most purposes except, e.g. for of a variety of sampling techniques.
See 3.3
determination of volatile organic
Disturbed samples may be taken
compounds (VOCs), some physical
as
measurements, profile descrip-
single spot samples or as compos-
tions,
ite
and microbiological examinations
samples where this is appropriate
for which undisturbed samples are
for the objectives of the
required.
investigation.
Undisturbed sample Undisturbed samples are inher- Samples can be collected using one
ently of a number of techniques de-
See 3.7
spot samples, i.e. taken from a signed
specific material at a specific to preserve the soil structure
location and depth. and/or to prevent the loss of
volatiles.
The initial undisturbed field
sample
may sometimes be taken over a
depth range or of extended lateral
extent (e.g. when a core is taken
for
later examination) and
subsequently subsampled in the
laboratory.
Spot sample Suitable for identifying distribu- Samples can be collected using one
tion of a variety of sampling techniques.
See 3.6
and concentration of particular
Where undisturbed samples are
elements or compounds in
required, specific drilling methods
geological or contamination
or special equipment
investigations.
(see Clause 8)
are used to collect the sample
while
maintaining the original ground
structure.
a
See ISO 18400-104 for detailed guidance.
6 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Table 1 (continued)
a
Type of sample Uses Means of sampling
Cluster sample Suitable for identifying distribu- Samples are typically collected
tion using hand tools on exposed
See 3.1
and concentration of particular surfaces, but may also be taken
elements or compounds in from locations within a bucket of
geological or contamination excavated material.
investigations involving disturbed
samples.
Spatial (composite) sample Appropriate for assessing the Samples normally collected using
overall quality or nature of the auger, trowel, or similar imple-
Spatial sample, see 3.5
ground in an area, e.g. for ment
agricultural purposes. for speed and repeatability.
Not normally recommended for
investigations of land potentially
affected by contamination How-
ever,
some jurisdictions specify the use
of
a form of composite sampling for
the assessment of surface and
near-surface soils.
a
See ISO 18400-104 for detailed guidance.
5.4 Sample size
Instructions regarding the size of the samples to be sent to laboratories should be provided in the
sampling plan (as specified in ISO 18400-101) in accordance with the guidance in ISO 18400-104 taking
into account, among other things:
— the range of pedological, chemical, physical, and/or biological examinations and tests that are to be
carried out;
— the particle size distribution of the material be sampled;
— the specific requirements of the laboratory(ies) carrying out the examinations and tests.
Any subsampling from the sample extracted by the equipment or measures to reduce the volume of
material to be transported to the laboratory should be carried out in accordance with ISO 18400-201.
When potentially expansive slags are to be sampled for expansion tests, specialist advice should be
sought. These tests commonly require samples of about 50 kg or more to be taken, see References [3]
and [4].
NOTE Often, laboratories carrying out the chemical analyses will require more than one sample from a
location with those for different tests being of an appropriate size and placed in an appropriate container (e.g.
plastic tub, glass jar) rather than a single large sample that can be subdivided or subsampled in the laboratory.
5.5 Available techniques
Available techniques for accessing and obtaining samples are listed in Table 2 together with
qualitative information about their advantages and disadvantages. Table 3 provides further detail on
the applicability and characteristics of the techniques while Table 4 provides further information on
practical aspects of their application, such as the operating footprint and access requirements.
The use of other methods which might be suitable in specific locations or other methods which are
developed in the future are not precluded by this document (see Clause 7).
Extreme natural circumstances such as permafrost, laterization, calcretion, or other indurations might
require techniques other than those listed in Tables 2 and 3, in order to obtain samples.
Other situations where special procedures might be required include, for example:
— sampling water-saturated soil (influenced by groundwater) in order to avoid negative influences on
structure and physical properties, as well as loss or displacement of substances of interest;
— sampling when asbestos or asbestos-containing materials are present in the ground (it is essential
to comply with national regulations concerning asbestos in relation to protection of workers,
preventing spread of the asbestos, and the disposal of asbestos-containing wastes) (see References
[5] and [6]).
NOTE 1 ISO 22475-1 specifies the technical principles for the execution of sampling and groundwater
measurements for geotechnical purposes. It describes and provides guidance on the application of many of the
sampling techniques included in this document, albeit in a different context. Many contractors engaged to carry
out work in connection with environmental studies will be familiar with its often prescriptive requirements.
NOTE 2 When sampling from a trial pit, samples may be taken using a trowel, or similar, or samplers with a
cutting action may be used (9.1.1), or block samples recovered. In cohesive soils, block samples can be cut by hand.
Continuous sampling (sampling by drilling) allows the following:
— identification and description of the soil at the site penetrated by the borehole;
— the differentiation of distinct soil layers and changes of soil material;
— the sampling, as well as the investigation of samples from all strata and depths.
Sampling using samplers (sampling devices) can be used in conjunction with many drilling methods.
The drilling diameter should be chosen so that the sampler can be lowered to the borehole bottom
without hindrance.
8 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Table 2 — Principle techniques for taking samples
Methods Advantages Disadvantages
Table 2 should be read in conjunction with Table 3 which gives further information on the applicability of
ground excavation, drilling, and sampling techniques.
Thin diagnostic layer scraping Allows collection of loosely —
compacted layers, especially
Can be formed by scraping off a thin
organic horizons and a thin A
layer (10 mm to 50 mm) from the
horizon in forest areas.
exposed surface using a small
shovel, trowel, spatula, or similar
tool.
Increments may be taken in this
way from a number (e.g. 5 to 10) of
squares and combined in a
composite sample.
Digging trial pits and trenches Allows detailed examination of The investigation depth is
ground conditions (in three limited
Can be formed by hand digging
dimensions). by the size of the machine
vacuum excavation or using
(generally, approximately
wheeled or tracked excavators Easy to obtain discrete samples
4,5 m)
depending on the requirements of (where entry is appropriate) and
(see Table 3).
the investigation. bulk samples.
There can be significant safety
For health and safety reasons, trial Rapid and inexpensive if dug by
issues (see ISO 18400-103,
pits cannot normally be entered, hand or machinery is available.
A.1.3 and Reference [7]).
unless shored, see Reference [7].
Applicable to a wide range of
Media are exposed to air and
A suitably wide bucket is chosen ground conditions.
there
according to the depth to be
is a risk of changes to contam-
Can be used for integrated
excavated which allows a good
inants
contamination and geotechnical
view of the excavation, but
and loss of volatile components.
investigations.
minimizes the amount of material
excavated. Excavations (including separate Not suitable for sampling
faces) and excavated material below
can water and groundwater table.
be photographed. It is good
Greater potential for disruption
practice
of/
to use an identifier board giving
damage to the site than bore-
the
holes/
trial pit reference and also a
probe holes. Care is required to
scale,
ensure that surrounding area
e.g. surveyor’s staff.
is not
Use of a board showing standard affected by excavated spoil and
colours can also be helpful. that
reinstatement does not leave
contaminants exposed or result
in
settlement of trafficked surface.
Can generate more waste for
disposal than boreholes.
There is more potential for
escape
of contaminants to air/water.
Might be necessary to import
clean
material to site for backfilling
(to ensure clean surface).
a
See A.2.
Table 2 (continued)
Methods Advantages Disadvantages
Hand augering Allows examination of soil Only limited depths can be
profile achieved
Many designs available for different
and collection of samples at if obstructions present, e.g.
soil types, conditions, and sampling
pre-set stones.
requirements. Preferred forms take
depths.
a core sample. Ease of use very dependent on
Easier to use in sandy soils, i.e. soil
where there are no obstructions, type.
such as stones.
Can lead to cross-contamina-
Portable and useful for locations tion
with poor access. from material falling down
auger
Limited operating expense.
hole. This can be prevented by
the
use of plastic casing.
Only small sample volumes
obtainable.
Equipment can be physically
difficult to operate.
Samples are heavily disturbed.
Not recommended for sampling
for
a
volatiles.
Forming power driven auger Can achieve greater depths than Greater risk of physical injury
boreholes hand augers. to
operator due to lack of guards
Rotary drilling using solid stem More rapid than hand augering
and
auger for
potential for snagging
shallow investigations.
(due to obstructions).
Can be used to install water and
There is a need to avoid
ground gas monitoring wells if
cross-contamination of sam-
hole
ples and
remains open after withdrawal
contamination due to fuel/
of
exhaust
auger.
gases.
Sampling is only possible when
auger withdrawn and if bore-
hole
remains open.
Not suitable for sampling for
volatiles.
a
See A.2.
10 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Table 2 (continued)
Methods Advantages Disadvantages
Forming hollow stem auger Forms a fully cased hole avoid- Less amenable to visual in-
boreholes ing spection
potential problems of of strata than cable percussion
Uses a continuous flight auger with
cross-contamination arising boreholes.
hollow central shaft. Withdrawing
with
centre bit and plug allows access Less suitable for deeper bore-
cable percussion techniques.
down the stem for sampling. holes
Soil samples can be taken than cable percussion, unless
through large
hollow stem allowing accurate rigs used.
estimation of depth.
Not suitable for sampling for
Can be used for installation of volatiles.
water
Difficulties in measuring water
and ground gas monitoring wells.
strikes, particularly where
Usually more rapid than cable water is
percussion. used during drilling.
Good recovery possible of very
coarse samples (e.g. river ter-
race
gravels) compared to cable
percussion.
Driven tube sampling Continuous intact samples of the Limited opportunity to inspect
complete soil profile can be strata.
Consist of a hollow metal tube
recovered.
(possibly with a plastic sleeve) that Sample volumes can be rela-
is driven into the ground with a A variety of measuring devices tively
hydraulic or pneumatic hammer. can small depending upon the
be installed once hole is formed. diameter
of the driven tube.
Less potential for adverse ef-
fects on Cannot penetrate obstructions,
health and safety and above- e.g.
ground brick.
environment than trial pits and
Can cause smearing of hole
boreholes.
walls in
Can be used either for shallow some strata.
sampling or at depths down to
Poor sample recovery in
10 m
non-cohesive granular material.
with appropriately sized
equipment.
Causes compression of some
strata,
Substantially faster than cable
e.g. peat.
percussion.
Holes not cased and could open
Portable so can be used in poor
up
and
migration pathways.
limited access areas.
Limited possibility of sampling
Enables groundwater samples
for
to be
volatiles.
collected since ground is not
disturbed.
Difficulties in measuring water
strikes, particularly where
Enables monitoring well instal-
water
lation
is used during drilling.
by using a driven point slotted
well
screen.
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18400-102
First edition
2017-01
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 102:
Selection and application of sampling
techniques
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 102: Choix et application des techniques d’échantillonnage
Reference number
©
ISO 2017
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Principle . 3
5 General aspects . 4
5.1 Health and safety . 4
5.2 Preliminary information . 4
5.3 Sample types . 5
5.4 Sample size . 7
5.5 Available techniques . 7
6 Selection of sampling techniques .20
6.1 General .20
6.2 Drilling rigs and ancillary equipment .22
7 General aspects of application .22
7.1 General aspects of field work .22
7.2 Environmental considerations .23
7.3 Cross-contamination .25
7.4 Preparing to sample .26
7.5 Breaking out .26
7.6 Collection of samples .27
7.7 Transport, storage, and preservation of samples.27
7.8 Backfilling of exploratory holes .27
7.9 Disposal of waste materials .28
7.10 Personnel .28
8 Taking samples of top-soil and other near surface materials .28
8.1 Undisturbed samples .28
8.1.1 General.28
8.1.2 Procedure for use of sampling cylinders.29
8.2 Disturbed samples .29
8.2.1 General.29
8.2.2 Procedure .30
9 Sampling at greater depths .30
9.1 Undisturbed samples .30
9.1.1 Sampling from trial pits .30
9.1.2 Other sampling methods.31
9.2 Disturbed samples .31
9.2.1 General.31
9.2.2 Agricultural sites, etc. .31
9.2.3 Contaminated sites .31
10 Sampling stockpiles .32
10.1 General .32
10.2 Sampling equipment .32
Annex A (informative) Application of particular techniques .34
Annex B (informative) Manually and power-operated sampling equipment .40
Annex C (informative) Illustration of some selected drilling and sampling equipment .47
Annex D (informative) Sampling equipment for stockpiles .64
Annex E (informative) Examples of large samplers .66
Bibliography .69
iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www . i so .org/ iso/ foreword .html
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 2,
Sampling.
This first edition of ISO 18400-102, together with ISO 18400-104, ISO 18400-105 and ISO 18400-206,
cancels and replaces ISO 10381-2:2002 and ISO 10381-6:2009, which have been technically and
structurally revised. The new ISO 18400 series is based on a modular structure and cannot be compared
to ISO 10381-2 and ISO 10381-6 clause by clause.
A list of all parts in the ISO 18400 series can be found on the ISO website.
Introduction
This document is one of a group of International Standards intended to be used in conjunction with each
other where necessary. It deals with various aspects of sampling for the purposes of soil investigation
including agricultural, forestry, and contamination investigations, but is not applicable to investigations
for geotechnical purposes. These are dealt with in the ISO 22475 series.
ISO 22475-1 specifies the technical principles for the execution of sampling and groundwater
measurements for geotechnical purposes. It describes and provides guidance on the application of many
of the sampling techniques included in this document albeit in a different context. Many contractors
engaged to carry out work in connection with environmental studies will be familiar with its often
prescriptive requirements. It includes detailed design information for some equipment. It is to be
noted that the nomenclature used in this document may differ in places from that used in ISO 22475-1
because of the different contexts and traditions in the fields of geotechnical and geo-environmental
investigation.
General principles to be applied in the design of sampling programmes for the purpose of
characterization of soil and identification of sources and effects of contamination of soil and related
1)
1)
material are given in ISO 18400-104 . ISO 18400-104 provides information about where to sample,
the tests to be conducted, the type of sample, the depth of sampling and the required representativeness
of the sampling system for sampling in respect of specific purposes.
This document is part of a series on sampling standards for soil. The role/position of the International
Standards within the total investigation programme is shown in Figure 1.
1) Under preparation.
vi © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Figure 1 — Links between the essential elements of an investigation programme
NOTE 1 The numbers in circles in Figure 1 define the key elements (1 to 7) of the investigation programme.
NOTE 2 Figure 1 displays a generic process which can be amended when necessary.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18400-102:2017(E)
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 102:
Selection and application of sampling techniques
1 Scope
This document gives guidelines for techniques for taking samples so that these can subsequently be
examined for the purpose of providing information on soil quality. It gives information on equipment
that is typically applicable in particular sampling situations to enable correct sampling procedures to
be carried out and representative samples to be collected. Guidance is given on the selection of the
equipment and the techniques to use to enable both disturbed and undisturbed samples to be correctly
taken at different depths.
This document does not cover:
— investigations for geotechnical purposes, though where redevelopment of a site is envisaged, the soil
quality investigation and the geotechnical investigation may sometimes be beneficially combined;
— sampling of hard strata such as bedrock;
— methods for the collection of information on soil quality without taking samples such as geophysical
methods;
— collection of water samples (these are to be collected in accordance with appropriate International
Standards on ground or surface water sampling; for further information, see the ISO 5667 series);
— investigations of soil gas about which guidance is provided in ISO 18400-204;
— investigation of radioactively contaminated sites.
NOTE 1 “Sampling technique” is defined in ISO 11074.
NOTE 2 Guidance on the investigation and assessment of radioactivity in soils is provided in the ISO 18589
series.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3551-1, Rotary core diamond drilling equipment — System A — Part 1: Metric units
ISO 3552-1, Rotary core diamond drilling equipment — System B — Part 1: Metric units
ISO 10097-1, Wireline diamond core drilling equipment — System A — Part 1: Metric units
ISO 11074, Soil quality — Vocabulary
ISO 18400-101, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 101: Framework for the preparation and application of a
sampling plan
ISO 18400-103, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 103: Safety
2)
ISO 18400-104 , Soil quality — Sampling — Part 104: Strategies and statistical evaluations
ISO 18400-105, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 105: Packaging, transport, storage and preservation
of samples
ISO 18400-201, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 201: Physical pretreatment in the field
3)
ISO 18400-202 , Soil quality — Sampling — Part 202: Preliminary investigations
ISO 25177, Soil quality — Field soil description
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11074 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:// www .iso .org/ obp
3.1
cluster sample
composite sample for which the increments are taken over a small area around a predefined
sampling point
2 2
Note 1 to entry: Sampled area is typically about 0,5 m to 1,0 m .
Note 2 to entry: Material sampled is taken from within the same stratum or from material with the same
characteristics.
3.2
cutting cylinder
cylindrical device with removable top and base forced into the surface of exposed soil to obtain an
undisturbed sample (3.7)
3.3
disturbed sample
sample obtained from the ground without any attempt to preserve the soil structure
EXAMPLE Sample obtained by using a hand auger.
[SOURCE: ISO 11074:2015, 4.4.8, modified — changed to read: …from the ground…]
3.4
Kubiëna tin
metal box with removable top and base which can be forced into the surface of exposed soil to obtain an
undisturbed sample (3.7)
Note 1 to entry: Usually made to desired size from aluminium, galvanized steel, or stainless steel sheet. Size
varies, but a typical example might have an area of about 55 mm × 75 mm with a depth of 40 mm. The sample,
once obtained, can be used to determine bulk density or may be impregnated with resin prior to the production
of thin sections for microscopic examination.
2) Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/DIS 18400-104:2016.
3) Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/DIS 18400-202:2016.
2 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
3.5
spatial sample
composite sample formed from evenly spaced increments of the same size taken over a predetermined
area which are then bulked together
Note 1 to entry: The increments may be located according to a regular grid, random, or other pattern. In
agricultural/horticultural land investigations, “N”, “S”, “W”, and “X” sampling patterns are commonly used.
Note 2 to entry: The general premise is that the distribution of soil constituents is relatively homogeneous. Along
the outline of such a pattern, a number of samples or increments are taken which are bulked and mixed to provide
one (composite) sample for analysis.
3.6
spot sample
sample from a discrete location made up of one or more contiguous increments
Note 1 to entry: May be a disturbed (3.3) or undisturbed sample (3.7).
3.7
undisturbed sample
sample obtained from the ground with soil structure unaltered during sampling procedure
Note 1 to entry: Special sampling equipment is used so that the soil particles and voids cannot change from
the distribution which exists in the ground before sampling (these can provide volume-proportional or mass-
proportional results).
4 Principle
Sampling technique should be chosen taking into account all the needs of the investigation including
planned distribution of sampling locations, the depth(s) from which samples are to be taken, the size
and type of sample(s) required, the nature of any potential contaminants, and the nature of the site
including any problems the site poses to carrying out the investigation.
The sampling technique(s) should be selected to enable:
— the collection of samples of soil and soil materials that can be presented to the laboratory for
examination or analysis to establish basic information on the pedology and distribution of naturally
occurring or man-made soils, their chemical, mineralogical and biological composition, and their
physical properties at selected locations, as appropriate, to meet the objectives of the investigation;
— examination and recording of in situ materials exposed by the investigation.
NOTE 1 Detailed guidance on general aspects of sampling relevant to the selection and application of sampling
techniques are given in 5.1 to 5.4 and about available techniques in 5.5. Detailed guidance on the selection of
sampling techniques is provided in Clause 6 and on their application in Clause 7.
Among the decisions to be made is whether to use manual methods or machinery. Sampling may be
required at or near the ground surface at some depth below the ground surface, or from locations deep
below the ground surface. Methods of achieving the desired depth for sampling include formation of
excavations (e.g. trial pits), by driven probes, or by drilling (e.g. boreholes).
Depending on the purpose for which sampling is being carried out, either disturbed or undisturbed,
samples may be taken (5.3). Undisturbed samples could be required, for example, for soil physical
testing or for determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
NOTE 2 What constitutes a sufficiently undisturbed sample depends on the purpose for which the sample is
required and can be a matter of judgement. For example, some compression of the sample might be acceptable
when VOCs are to be determined, but would not be acceptable when the bulk density is to be determined. The
ISO 22475 series defines classes of sample suitable for geotechnical testing.
Soil sampling techniques usually consists of the following two steps:
a) gaining access to the point of sampling (avoiding services, as well as removing any hard cover, etc.,
digging, or drilling a hole to reach the desired depth of sampling);
b) taking the soil sample.
These steps are interdependent and should both meet the requirements of the sampling principles.
NOTE 3 A distinction can also be made between:
— sampling by drilling (continuous sampling);
— sampling using samplers (sampling devices) to obtain disturbed or undisturbed samples as required once a
borehole or excavation has been formed;
— block sampling (in which a large undisturbed sample is obtained).
Combinations of these sampling methods are possible and sometimes required due to the geological
conditions and the purpose of the investigation.
5 General aspects
5.1 Health and safety
All necessary measures shall be taken when selecting and applying sampling techniques to protect the
health and safety of those carrying out the work, anyone entering the site (with or without permission),
and the general public (e.g. the occupants of neighbouring properties) and to avoid harm to the
environment.
The guidance in ISO 18400-103 shall be followed.
ISO 18400-103 should be read in conjunction with relevant national and international legislation and
regulations regarding health and safety at work and associated guidance produced by statutory bodies
and trade associations.
5.2 Preliminary information
A preliminary investigation comprising a desk study and site reconnaissance (walk-over survey, site
inspection) should be carried out as specified in ISO 18400-202 prior to undertaking any sampling.
The selection of the sampling technique, the sampling equipment to be used, and the method of taking
soil samples depend upon the objectives of the sampling, the strata to be sampled, the nature of possible
contamination, and the examination or analysis to be carried out on the samples.
Information should be compiled and assessed about the following:
a) the objectives of the sampling;
b) required accuracy of measurements;
c) planned locations for boreholes and excavations;
d) the anticipated depths from which samples are to be taken taking into consideration the future use
of the site including depth of excavations or foundations (see ISO 18400-104);
e) potential risks to the health and safety of the site personnel;
f) potential risks to the environment from the investigation including the potential to pollute
groundwater and to spread infective agents;
g) emergency arrangements;
4 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
h) the size and topography of the area to be sampled;
i) accessibility for different types and sizes of equipment and factors such as the likely bearing
capacity of the ground, see Reference [1];
j) the nature of the ground to be sampled;
k) possible lateral and vertical variations of soil type or strata;
l) the geology of the site and surrounding area;
m) the assumed depth to groundwater;
n) previous usage or treatment of the site;
o) the presence of buildings and obstructions such as foundations, buried tanks, and underground
services (e.g. electricity, sewers, mains, cables, gas);
p) the presence of concrete or tarmac pathways, roadways, or hard-standings;
q) the growth of vegetation leading to extensive root development;
r) the presence of unexpected surface-water pools or water-saturated ground;
s) the presence of fences, walls, or earthworks designed to prevent access to the site;
t) the presence of tipped material above the general level of the site or material from the demolition
of buildings;
u) the presence of artefacts of archaeological or heritage value;
v) possible presence of unexploded ordinance, see Reference [2];
w) the presence of protected species, ecosystems, and other features of scientific value;
x) the presence of invasive or noxious plant species (e.g. Japanese Knotweed – Fallopia japonica, Giant
Hogweed – Heracleum mantegazzianum) or infective agents (these may affect humans, animals, or
plants) (see also 7.2, last paragraph);
y) location of water bodies at risk from contamination including surface and ground water;
z) the planned flow of information.
NOTE For guidance on accessibility for light percussion drilling rigs, see Reference [1].
5.3 Sample types
The samples taken should be of appropriate type(s) to enable the objectives of the investigation to be
achieved in accordance with the guidance provided in ISO 18400-104. Special consideration is required
regarding the following:
— whether to take disturbed or undisturbed samples;
— whether to take spot samples or cluster samples or to employ a form of spatial composite sampling
(see Table 1);
— how to comply with any statutory or authoritative guidance relating to judging whether guideline
values (assessment criteria) have been exceeded;
— whether statistical analysis of the data obtained will be required;
— the expected distribution of contaminants or other substances of interest;
— how to reduce uncertainty in the results of the investigation.
Composite samples should not be used when soil characteristics that may suffer changes during the
composition process, such as concentrations of volatile compounds, are to be determined. They also
should not be used if peak concentrations of any substance or variations of soil characteristics are to be
determined.
The use of cluster samples can reduce sampling uncertainties. This method of sampling is particularly
appropriate when using trial pits when surface samples (e.g. 0,0 mbgl to 0,10 mbgl) are being taken and
when carrying out validation sampling of imported topsoil.
Where composite sampling is used to determine the characteristics of in situ soil, the sample should
represent a single stratum.
NOTE Table 1 provides information on different types of sample and their application.
Table 1 — Types of sample
a
Type of sample Uses Means of sampling
Disturbed sample Disturbed samples are suitable for Samples can be collected using one
most purposes except, e.g. for of a variety of sampling techniques.
See 3.3
determination of volatile organic
Disturbed samples may be taken
compounds (VOCs), some physical
as
measurements, profile descrip-
single spot samples or as compos-
tions,
ite
and microbiological examinations
samples where this is appropriate
for which undisturbed samples are
for the objectives of the
required.
investigation.
Undisturbed sample Undisturbed samples are inher- Samples can be collected using one
ently of a number of techniques de-
See 3.7
spot samples, i.e. taken from a signed
specific material at a specific to preserve the soil structure
location and depth. and/or to prevent the loss of
volatiles.
The initial undisturbed field
sample
may sometimes be taken over a
depth range or of extended lateral
extent (e.g. when a core is taken
for
later examination) and
subsequently subsampled in the
laboratory.
Spot sample Suitable for identifying distribu- Samples can be collected using one
tion of a variety of sampling techniques.
See 3.6
and concentration of particular
Where undisturbed samples are
elements or compounds in
required, specific drilling methods
geological or contamination
or special equipment
investigations.
(see Clause 8)
are used to collect the sample
while
maintaining the original ground
structure.
a
See ISO 18400-104 for detailed guidance.
6 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Table 1 (continued)
a
Type of sample Uses Means of sampling
Cluster sample Suitable for identifying distribu- Samples are typically collected
tion using hand tools on exposed
See 3.1
and concentration of particular surfaces, but may also be taken
elements or compounds in from locations within a bucket of
geological or contamination excavated material.
investigations involving disturbed
samples.
Spatial (composite) sample Appropriate for assessing the Samples normally collected using
overall quality or nature of the auger, trowel, or similar imple-
Spatial sample, see 3.5
ground in an area, e.g. for ment
agricultural purposes. for speed and repeatability.
Not normally recommended for
investigations of land potentially
affected by contamination How-
ever,
some jurisdictions specify the use
of
a form of composite sampling for
the assessment of surface and
near-surface soils.
a
See ISO 18400-104 for detailed guidance.
5.4 Sample size
Instructions regarding the size of the samples to be sent to laboratories should be provided in the
sampling plan (as specified in ISO 18400-101) in accordance with the guidance in ISO 18400-104 taking
into account, among other things:
— the range of pedological, chemical, physical, and/or biological examinations and tests that are to be
carried out;
— the particle size distribution of the material be sampled;
— the specific requirements of the laboratory(ies) carrying out the examinations and tests.
Any subsampling from the sample extracted by the equipment or measures to reduce the volume of
material to be transported to the laboratory should be carried out in accordance with ISO 18400-201.
When potentially expansive slags are to be sampled for expansion tests, specialist advice should be
sought. These tests commonly require samples of about 50 kg or more to be taken, see References [3]
and [4].
NOTE Often, laboratories carrying out the chemical analyses will require more than one sample from a
location with those for different tests being of an appropriate size and placed in an appropriate container (e.g.
plastic tub, glass jar) rather than a single large sample that can be subdivided or subsampled in the laboratory.
5.5 Available techniques
Available techniques for accessing and obtaining samples are listed in Table 2 together with
qualitative information about their advantages and disadvantages. Table 3 provides further detail on
the applicability and characteristics of the techniques while Table 4 provides further information on
practical aspects of their application, such as the operating footprint and access requirements.
The use of other methods which might be suitable in specific locations or other methods which are
developed in the future are not precluded by this document (see Clause 7).
Extreme natural circumstances such as permafrost, laterization, calcretion, or other indurations might
require techniques other than those listed in Tables 2 and 3, in order to obtain samples.
Other situations where special procedures might be required include, for example:
— sampling water-saturated soil (influenced by groundwater) in order to avoid negative influences on
structure and physical properties, as well as loss or displacement of substances of interest;
— sampling when asbestos or asbestos-containing materials are present in the ground (it is essential
to comply with national regulations concerning asbestos in relation to protection of workers,
preventing spread of the asbestos, and the disposal of asbestos-containing wastes) (see References
[5] and [6]).
NOTE 1 ISO 22475-1 specifies the technical principles for the execution of sampling and groundwater
measurements for geotechnical purposes. It describes and provides guidance on the application of many of the
sampling techniques included in this document, albeit in a different context. Many contractors engaged to carry
out work in connection with environmental studies will be familiar with its often prescriptive requirements.
NOTE 2 When sampling from a trial pit, samples may be taken using a trowel, or similar, or samplers with a
cutting action may be used (9.1.1), or block samples recovered. In cohesive soils, block samples can be cut by hand.
Continuous sampling (sampling by drilling) allows the following:
— identification and description of the soil at the site penetrated by the borehole;
— the differentiation of distinct soil layers and changes of soil material;
— the sampling, as well as the investigation of samples from all strata and depths.
Sampling using samplers (sampling devices) can be used in conjunction with many drilling methods.
The drilling diameter should be chosen so that the sampler can be lowered to the borehole bottom
without hindrance.
8 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Table 2 — Principle techniques for taking samples
Methods Advantages Disadvantages
Table 2 should be read in conjunction with Table 3 which gives further information on the applicability of
ground excavation, drilling, and sampling techniques.
Thin diagnostic layer scraping Allows collection of loosely —
compacted layers, especially
Can be formed by scraping off a thin
organic horizons and a thin A
layer (10 mm to 50 mm) from the
horizon in forest areas.
exposed surface using a small
shovel, trowel, spatula, or similar
tool.
Increments may be taken in this
way from a number (e.g. 5 to 10) of
squares and combined in a
composite sample.
Digging trial pits and trenches Allows detailed examination of The investigation depth is
ground conditions (in three limited
Can be formed by hand digging
dimensions). by the size of the machine
vacuum excavation or using
(generally, approximately
wheeled or tracked excavators Easy to obtain discrete samples
4,5 m)
depending on the requirements of (where entry is appropriate) and
(see Table 3).
the investigation. bulk samples.
There can be significant safety
For health and safety reasons, trial Rapid and inexpensive if dug by
issues (see ISO 18400-103,
pits cannot normally be entered, hand or machinery is available.
A.1.3 and Reference [7]).
unless shored, see Reference [7].
Applicable to a wide range of
Media are exposed to air and
A suitably wide bucket is chosen ground conditions.
there
according to the depth to be
is a risk of changes to contam-
Can be used for integrated
excavated which allows a good
inants
contamination and geotechnical
view of the excavation, but
and loss of volatile components.
investigations.
minimizes the amount of material
excavated. Excavations (including separate Not suitable for sampling
faces) and excavated material below
can water and groundwater table.
be photographed. It is good
Greater potential for disruption
practice
of/
to use an identifier board giving
damage to the site than bore-
the
holes/
trial pit reference and also a
probe holes. Care is required to
scale,
ensure that surrounding area
e.g. surveyor’s staff.
is not
Use of a board showing standard affected by excavated spoil and
colours can also be helpful. that
reinstatement does not leave
contaminants exposed or result
in
settlement of trafficked surface.
Can generate more waste for
disposal than boreholes.
There is more potential for
escape
of contaminants to air/water.
Might be necessary to import
clean
material to site for backfilling
(to ensure clean surface).
a
See A.2.
Table 2 (continued)
Methods Advantages Disadvantages
Hand augering Allows examination of soil Only limited depths can be
profile achieved
Many designs available for different
and collection of samples at if obstructions present, e.g.
soil types, conditions, and sampling
pre-set stones.
requirements. Preferred forms take
depths.
a core sample. Ease of use very dependent on
Easier to use in sandy soils, i.e. soil
where there are no obstructions, type.
such as stones.
Can lead to cross-contamina-
Portable and useful for locations tion
with poor access. from material falling down
auger
Limited operating expense.
hole. This can be prevented by
the
use of plastic casing.
Only small sample volumes
obtainable.
Equipment can be physically
difficult to operate.
Samples are heavily disturbed.
Not recommended for sampling
for
a
volatiles.
Forming power driven auger Can achieve greater depths than Greater risk of physical injury
boreholes hand augers. to
operator due to lack of guards
Rotary drilling using solid stem More rapid than hand augering
and
auger for
potential for snagging
shallow investigations.
(due to obstructions).
Can be used to install water and
There is a need to avoid
ground gas monitoring wells if
cross-contamination of sam-
hole
ples and
remains open after withdrawal
contamination due to fuel/
of
exhaust
auger.
gases.
Sampling is only possible when
auger withdrawn and if bore-
hole
remains open.
Not suitable for sampling for
volatiles.
a
See A.2.
10 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Table 2 (continued)
Methods Advantages Disadvantages
Forming hollow stem auger Forms a fully cased hole avoid- Less amenable to visual in-
boreholes ing spection
potential problems of of strata than cable percussion
Uses a continuous flight auger with
cross-contamination arising boreholes.
hollow central shaft. Withdrawing
with
centre bit and plug allows access Less suitable for deeper bore-
cable percussion techniques.
down the stem for sampling. holes
Soil samples can be taken than cable percussion, unless
through large
hollow stem allowing accurate rigs used.
estimation of depth.
Not suitable for sampling for
Can be used for installation of volatiles.
water
Difficulties in measuring water
and ground gas monitoring wells.
strikes, particularly where
Usually more rapid than cable water is
percussion. used during drilling.
Good recovery possible of very
coarse samples (e.g. river ter-
race
gravels) compared to cable
percussion.
Driven tube sampling Continuous intact samples of the Limited opportunity to inspect
complete soil profile can be strata.
Consist of a hollow metal tube
recovered.
(possibly with a plastic sleeve) that Sample volumes can be rela-
is driven into the ground with a A variety of measuring devices tively
hydraulic or pneumatic hammer. can small depending upon the
be installed once hole is formed. diameter
of the driven tube.
Less potential for adverse ef-
fects on Cannot penetrate obstructions,
health and safety and above- e.g.
ground brick.
environment than trial pits and
Can cause smearing of hole
boreholes.
walls in
Can be used either for shallow some strata.
sampling or at depths down to
Poor sample recovery in
10 m
non-cohesive granular material.
with appropriately sized
equipment.
Causes compression of some
strata,
Substantially faster than cable
e.g. peat.
percussion.
Holes not cased and could open
Portable so can be used in poor
up
and
migration pathways.
limited access areas.
Limited possibility of sampling
Enables groundwater samples
for
to be
volatiles.
collected since ground is not
disturbed.
Difficulties in measuring water
strikes, particularly where
Enables monitoring well instal-
water
lation
is used during drilling.
by using a driven point slotted
well
screen.
a
See A.2.
Table 2 (continued)
Methods Advantages Disadvantages
Dynamic sampling, window Permits collection of continuous Generally, poor recovery in
sampling, windowless sampling, intact samples dense
closed piston sampling sands and gravels loose sands
Can be used for installation of
below the water table and
Cylindrical steel tubes are driven water
certain
into the ground by a percussive and ground gas monitoring wells.
types of made ground.
hammer
Very compact rigs are available
Limited depth of penetration
Steel tubes are often provided with which can be used inside build-
compared to other drilling
disposable plastic liners. ings
methods,
or where space is limited.
(Some dynamic sampling rigs are particularly for the smallest
capable of rotary drilling also.) Does not require flush to be rigs.
used
Where used, a percussive
minimizing the risk of
hammer
cross-contamination and waste
is noisy. Could be unsuitable in
generated
certain locations where noise
Effective at retaining volatiles, is an
especially in cohesive soils issue
where
Cannot penetrate through hard
a plastic liner is used and be-
rock
cause a
or obstructions (except where
r
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 18400-102
Première édition
2017-01
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 102:
Choix et application des techniques
d’échantillonnage
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 102: Selection and application of sampling techniques
Numéro de référence
©
ISO 2017
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2017, Publié en Suisse
Droits de reproduction réservés. Sauf indication contraire, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée
sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie, l’affichage sur
l’internet ou sur un Intranet, sans autorisation écrite préalable. Les demandes d’autorisation peuvent être adressées à l’ISO à
l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2017 – Tous droits réservés
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .v
Introduction .vi
1 Domaine d’application . 1
2 Références normatives . 1
3 Termes et définitions . 2
4 Principe . 3
5 Aspects généraux . 4
5.1 Santé et sécurité . 4
5.2 Informations préliminaires . 4
5.3 Types d’échantillons . 6
5.4 Taille des échantillons. 7
5.5 Techniques disponibles . 8
6 Choix des techniques d’échantillonnage .18
6.1 Généralités .18
6.2 Machines de forage et équipements auxiliaires .20
7 Aspects généraux .20
7.1 Aspects généraux du travail de terrain .20
7.2 Considérations environnementales .21
7.3 Contamination croisée .23
7.4 Préparation pour l’échantillonnage .25
7.5 Démolition des revêtements superficiels.25
7.6 Prélèvement d’échantillons .26
7.7 Transport, stockage et conservation des échantillons.26
7.8 Remblayage des sondages d’exploration .26
7.9 Élimination des déchets .27
7.10 Personnel .28
8 Prélèvement d’échantillons de matériaux de l’horizon superficiel et d’autres
matériaux à faible profondeur .28
8.1 Échantillons non remaniés .28
8.1.1 Généralités .28
8.1.2 Mode opératoire pour l’utilisation des cylindres d’échantillonnage .28
8.2 Échantillons remaniés .29
8.2.1 Généralités .29
8.2.2 Mode opératoire .29
9 Échantillonnage à de plus grandes profondeurs .30
9.1 Échantillons non remaniés .30
9.1.1 Échantillonnage dans des tranchées de reconnaissance .30
9.1.2 Autres méthodes d’échantillonnage.31
9.2 Échantillons remaniés .31
9.2.1 Généralités .31
9.2.2 Sites agricoles, etc .31
9.2.3 Sites pollués .31
10 Échantillonnage de matériaux en tas .32
10.1 Généralités .32
10.2 Matériel d’échantillonnage .32
Annexe A (informative) Application de techniques particulières .34
Annexe B (informative) Matériel d’échantillonnage manuel ou mécanisé.40
Annexe C (informative) Illustration de quelques matériels de forage et
d’échantillonnage choisis .48
Annexe D (informative) Matériel d’échantillonnage pour les matériaux en tas .65
Annexe E (informative) Exemples de carottiers de grande dimension .67
Bibliographie .70
iv © ISO 2017 – Tous droits réservés
Avant-propos
L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d’organismes
nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l’ISO). L’élaboration des Normes internationales est
en général confiée aux comités techniques de l’ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude
a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,
gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l’ISO participent également aux travaux.
L’ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui
concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier de prendre note des différents
critères d’approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a été
rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir www
.iso .org/ directives).
L’attention est attirée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l’objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable
de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence. Les détails concernant
les références aux droits de propriété intellectuelle ou autres droits analogues identifiés lors de
l’élaboration du document sont indiqués dans l’Introduction et/ou dans la liste des déclarations de
brevets reçues par l’ISO (voir www .iso .org/ brevets).
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données
pour information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un
engagement.
Pour une explication de la nature volontaire des normes, la signification des termes et expressions
spécifiques de l’ISO liés à l’évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l’adhésion
de l’ISO aux principes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles
techniques au commerce (OTC), voir le lien suivant: w w w . i s o .org/ avant -propos.
Le présent document a été élaboré par le comité technique ISO/TC 190, Qualité du sol, sous-comité SC 2,
Échantillonnage.
Cette première édition de l’ISO 18400-102, conjointement avec l’ISO 18400-104, l’ISO 18400-105 et
l’ISO 18400-206, annule et remplace l’ISO 10381-2:2002 et l’ISO 10381-6:2009, qui ont fait l’objet
d’une révision technique et structurelle. La nouvelle série de l’ISO 18400 est fondée sur une structure
modulaire et ne peut pas être comparée, article par article, à l’ISO 10381-2 et à l’ISO 10381-6.
Une liste de toutes les parties de la série ISO 18400 se trouve sur le site Web de l’ISO.
Introduction
Le présent document fait partie d’une série de normes internationales destinées à être utilisées
conjointement suivant les besoins. Elle traite de divers aspects de l’échantillonnage en vue d’une
investigation du sol, y compris des investigations agricoles, forestières et de pollution, mais elle ne
s’applique pas aux investigations liées à des problématiques géotechniques. Celles-ci sont traitées dans
la série de l’ISO 22475.
L’ISO 22475-1 spécifie les principes techniques des travaux d’échantillonnage et de mesures
piézométriques pour les projets géotechniques. Elle fournit une description et des lignes directrices
pour l’application de nombreuses techniques d’échantillonnage comprises dans le présent document,
même dans un contexte différent. De nombreuses entreprises chargées d’exécuter des travaux
en relation avec des études environnementales connaissent bien ses exigences qui sont souvent
prescriptives. Elle comprend des informations détaillées sur la conception de certains équipements.
Il est à noter que la nomenclature utilisée dans le présent document peut différer selon les endroits,
par rapport à celle utilisée dans l’ISO 22475-1, en raison des différents contextes et traditions dans les
domaines de la reconnaissance géotechnique et géo-environnementale.
Les principes généraux, à appliquer dans la conception des programmes d’échantillonnage pour la
caractérisation des sols et l’identification des sources et des effets de la pollution des sols et des matériaux
1)
1)
de sol associés, sont donnés dans l’ISO 18400-104 . L’ISO 18400-104 fournit des informations sur les
emplacements où les prélèvements doivent être effectués, les essais à effectuer, le type d’échantillon,
la profondeur d’échantillonnage et la représentativité exigée du système d’échantillonnage pour des
prélèvements à des fins spécifiques.
Le présent document fait partie d’une série de normes d’échantillonnage des sols. Le rôle/la fonction
des Normes internationales au sein du programme d’investigation global est illustré(e) à la Figure 1.
1) En cours d’élaboration.
vi © ISO 2017 – Tous droits réservés
Figure 1 — Liens entre les éléments essentiels d’un programme d’investigation
NOTE 1 Les chiffres figurant dans les cercles de la Figure 1 définissent les éléments clés (1 à 7) du programme
d’investigation.
NOTE 2 La Figure 1 présente un processus générique qui peut être modifié si nécessaire.
NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 18400-102:2017(F)
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 102:
Choix et application des techniques d’échantillonnage
1 Domaine d’application
Le présent document fournit des lignes directrices concernant les techniques de prélèvement
d’échantillons de sorte que ceux-ci puissent être examinés dans le but de fournir des informations sur la
qualité des sols. Elle donne des informations sur le matériel habituellement utilisé dans des situations
particulières d’échantillonnage pour exécuter correctement des procédures d’échantillonnage et de
prélever des échantillons représentatifs. Des lignes directrices sont données pour le choix du matériel
et des techniques à employer pour permettre d’échantillonner correctement à différentes profondeurs,
des échantillons remaniés et des échantillons non remaniés.
Le présent document ne couvre pas:
— les investigations pour des problématiques géotechniques, même si, lorsque le réaménagement d’un
site est envisagé, l’évaluation de la qualité du sol et la reconnaissance géotechnique peuvent être
parfois avantageusement combinées;
— l’échantillonnage de couches dures telles que la roche mère;
— les méthodes de collecte d’informations sur la qualité du sol sans prélèvement d’échantillons, telles
que les méthodes géophysiques;
— le prélèvement d’échantillons d’eau (ces échantillons d’eau doivent être prélevés conformément à
des normes internationales appropriées traitant de l’échantillonnage des eaux souterraines et de
l’eau de surface; pour plus d’informations, voir la série de l’ISO 5667);
— l’échantillonnage des gaz du sol à propos desquels des lignes directrices sont fournies dans
l’ISO 18400-204;
— l’étude des sites potentiellement contaminés par des substances radioactives.
NOTE 1 Le terme «Technique d’échantillonnage» est défini dans l’ISO 11074.
NOTE 2 Des lignes directrices pour l’étude et l’évaluation de la radioactivité dans les sols sont fournies dans la
série de l’ISO 18589.
2 Références normatives
Les documents suivants cités dans le texte constituent, pour tout ou partie de leur contenu, des
exigences du présent document. Pour les références datées, seule l’édition citée s’applique. Pour les
références non datées, la dernière édition du document de référence s’applique (y compris les éventuels
amendements).
ISO 3551-1, Matériel de forage rotatif au diamant avec carottage — Système A — Partie 1: Unités métriques
ISO 3552-1, Matériel de forage rotatif au diamant avec carottage — Système B — Partie 1: Unités métriques
ISO 10097-1, Équipement de forage au diamant à ligne à câble avec carottage — Système A — Partie 1:
Unités métriques
ISO 11074, Qualité du sol — Vocabulaire
ISO 18400-101, Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage — Partie 101: Cadre pour la préparation et l’application
d’un plan d’échantillonnage
ISO 18400-103, Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage — Partie 103: Sécurité
2)
ISO 18400-104 , Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage — Partie 104: Stratégies
ISO 18400-105, Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage — Partie 105: Emballage, transport, stockage et
conservation des échantillons
ISO 18400-201, Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage — Partie 201: Prétraitement physique sur le terrain
3)
ISO 18400-202 , Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage — Partie 202: Enquêtes préliminaires
ISO 25177, Qualité du sol — Description du sol sur le terrain
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions donnés dans l’ISO 11074 ainsi que les
suivants s’appliquent.
L’ISO et l’IEC tiennent à jour des bases de données terminologiques destinées à être utilisées en
normalisation, consultables aux adresses suivantes:
— IEC Electropedia: disponible à l’adresse http:// www .electropedia .org/ .
— ISO Online browsing platform: disponible à l’adresse http:// www .iso .org/ obp.
3.1
échantillon de zone
échantillon composite pour lequel les prélèvements élémentaires sont effectués dans une petite zone
autour d’un point d’échantillonnage prédéfini
2 2
Note 1 à l’article: La zone échantillonnée varie en général de 0,5 m à 1,0 m .
Note 2 à l’article: Le matériau est prélevé dans la même couche ou dans un matériau présentant les mêmes
caractéristiques.
3.2
cylindre coupant
dispositif cylindrique à couvercle et fond amovibles, introduit en force dans la surface du sol exposé
pour obtenir un échantillon non remanié (3.7)
3.3
échantillon remanié
échantillon de sol obtenu sans souci de préserver la structure du sol
EXEMPLE Échantillon obtenu en utilisant une tarière manuelle.
[SOURCE: ISO 11074:2015, 4.4.8, modifiée pour lire: … de sol…]
2) En cours d’élaboration. Stade à la date de publication: ISO/DIS 18400-104:2016.
3) En cours d’élaboration. Stade à la date de publication: ISO/DIS 18400-202:2016.
2 © ISO 2017 – Tous droits réservés
3.4
boîte de Kubiëna
boîte métallique à couvercle et fond amovibles, pouvant être introduite en force dans la surface du sol
exposé pour obtenir un échantillon non remanié (3.7)
Note 1 à l’article: Habituellement fabriquée aux dimensions souhaitées à partir de tôle d’aluminium, d’acier
galvanisé ou d’acier inoxydable. Les dimensions sont variables mais un exemple type peut avoir une surface
d’environ 55 mm × 75 mm avec une profondeur de 40 mm. Une fois obtenu, l’échantillon peut être utilisé pour
déterminer la masse volumique apparente ou il peut être imprégné de résine avant la production de lames minces
pour examen microscopique.
3.5
échantillon spatial
échantillon composite constitué à partir de prélèvements élémentaires de même taille, également
répartis, recueillis dans une zone prédéfinie puis homogénéisés
Note 1 à l’article: Les prélèvements élémentaires peuvent être localisés selon un maillage régulier, de façon
aléatoire ou selon un autre schéma. Dans le cadre d’études de terrains agricoles/horticoles, les grilles
d’échantillonnage «N», «S», «W» et «X» sont couramment utilisées.
Note 2 à l’article: On part du principe général selon lequel la répartition des constituants du sol est relativement
homogène. Le long du contour d’une grille de ce type, un certain nombre d’échantillons ou de prélèvements
élémentaires sont prélevés, puis sont homogénéisés et mélangés afin d’obtenir un seul échantillon (composite) à
des fins d’analyse.
3.6
échantillon ponctuel
échantillon prélevé en un emplacement discret, constitué d’un ou de plusieurs prélèvements
élémentaires contigus
Note 1 à l’article: Il peut s’agir d’un échantillon remanié (3.3) ou non remanié (3.7).
3.7
échantillon non remanié
échantillon de sol obtenu sans perturber la structure du sol pendant la procédure d’échantillonnage
Note 1 à l’article: Un matériel d’échantillonnage particulier est utilisé afin que les particules et les pores du sol ne
puissent pas varier par rapport à la répartition effective dans le sol avant l’échantillonnage (les résultats obtenus
sont proportionnels au volume ou proportionnels à la masse).
4 Principe
Il convient que la technique d’échantillonnage soit choisie en tenant compte de tous les besoins de
l’étude, y compris la distribution planifiée des prélèvements, les profondeurs auxquelles les échantillons
doivent être prélevés, la taille et le type de(s) échantillon(s) requis, la nature des polluants potentiels et
la nature du site ainsi que les problèmes posés par le site pour la réalisation de l’étude.
Il convient que la (les) techniques d’échantillonnage soit (soient) choisie(s) de manière à permettre:
— le prélèvement d’échantillons de sol et de matériaux de sol pouvant être présentés au laboratoire
pour examen ou analyse afin d’obtenir des informations de base concernant la pédologie et la
répartition de sols d’origine naturelle ou anthropique, leur composition chimique, minéralogique
et biologique, ainsi que leurs propriétés physiques à des endroits choisis, selon le cas, pour la
réalisation des objectifs de l’étude;
— l’examen et la traçabilité de matériaux in situ exposés pour les besoins de l’étude.
NOTE 1 Des lignes directrices détaillées concernant les aspects généraux de l’échantillonnage, sont données en
5.1 à 5.4 pour le choix et l’application des techniques d’échantillonnage et en 5.5 pour les techniques disponibles.
Des lignes directrices détaillées sont données à l’Article 6 pour le choix des techniques d’échantillonnage et à
l’Article 7 pour l’application de ces techniques.
L’utilisation de méthodes manuelles ou de méthodes mécanisées figurent parmi les décisions à
prendre. Un échantillonnage peut être requis au niveau ou près de la surface du sol, à une certaine
profondeur au-dessous de la surface du sol, ou en des endroits profonds. Les méthodes utilisées pour
atteindre la profondeur souhaitée pour l’échantillonnage comprennent les procédés tel que l’excavation
(par exemple des tranchées de reconnaissance), l’utilisation de sondes contrôlées, ou par forage (par
exemple trous de forage).
En fonction de l’objectif pour lequel l’échantillonnage est effectué, il est possible de prélever des
échantillons non remaniés ou des échantillons remaniés (5.3). Il est possible que des échantillons non
remaniés soient requis, par exemple, pour des essais physiques ou pour la détermination de composés
organiques volatils (COV).
NOTE 2 La constitution d’un échantillon suffisamment non remanié dépend de l’objectif pour lequel
l’échantillonnage est requis et peut être une affaire d’appréciation. Par exemple, une certaine compression
de l’échantillon peut être admise pour la détermination des COV, mais pas pour la détermination de la masse
volumique apparente. La série de normes ISO 22475 définit les classes d’échantillons appropriés pour les essais
géotechniques.
Les techniques d’échantillonnage du sol comprennent habituellement les deux étapes suivantes:
a) l’accès au point d’échantillonnage (en évitant les branchements aux services ainsi que l’élimination
de toute couverture rigide, etc., l’excavation ou le forage d’un trou pour atteindre la profondeur
souhaitée pour l’échantillonnage);
b) l’échantillonnage du sol.
Ces étapes sont interdépendantes et il convient qu’elles répondent aux exigences des principes
d’échantillonnage.
NOTE 3 Il est également possible de faire une distinction entre:
— l’échantillonnage par forage (carottage continu);
— l’échantillonnage par carottiers (dispositifs d’échantillonnage) pour obtenir les échantillons remaniés ou non
après la réalisation d’un trou de forage ou d’une excavation;
— l’échantillonnage de blocs (permettant d’obtenir un grand nombre d’échantillons non remaniés).
Il est possible de combiner ces méthodes d’échantillonnage et il est parfois nécessaire de le faire en
raison des conditions géologiques et des objectifs de l’étude.
5 Aspects généraux
5.1 Santé et sécurité
Lors du choix et de l’application des techniques d’échantillonnage, toutes les mesures nécessaires
doivent être prises pour protéger la santé et assurer la sécurité des personnes exécutant les travaux, de
toute personne pénétrant sur le site (avec ou sans autorisation) et du public de manière générale (par
exemple les occupants de sites voisins) et pour éviter de nuire à l’environnement.
Les lignes directrices de l’ISO 18400-103 doivent être suivies.
Il convient que l’ISO 18400-103 soit lue conjointement avec les lois et les réglementations nationales
et internationales applicables en matière de santé et de sécurité au travail et aux directives associées
émanant d’organismes réglementaires et d’associations professionnelles.
5.2 Informations préliminaires
Il convient qu’un diagnostic préliminaire, comprenant une étude sur documents et une reconnaissance
du site (levé de surface, inspection du site), tel que spécifié dans l’ISO 18400-202, soit effectué avant
d’entreprendre toute opération d’échantillonnage.
4 © ISO 2017 – Tous droits réservés
Le choix de la technique d’échantillonnage, du matériel d’échantillonnage à utiliser et de la méthode de
prélèvement d’échantillons de sol dépend des objectifs de l’échantillonnage, des couches de sol à prélever,
de la nature la pollution potentielle et de l’examen ou de l’analyse à effectuer sur les échantillons.
Il convient de compiler et d’évaluer les informations concernant:
a) les objectifs de l’échantillonnage;
b) l’exactitude requise des mesures;
c) les emplacements prévus pour les trous de forage et les excavations;
d) les profondeurs auxquelles il a été prévu de prélever des échantillons, en tenant compte de l’usage
futur du site, y compris la profondeur des excavations ou des fondations (voir l’ISO 18400-104);
e) les risques potentiels pour la santé et la sécurité du personnel sur le site;
f) les risques potentiels pour l’environnement liés à l’investigation, y compris le risque de pollution
des eaux souterraines et de dispersion d’agents infectieux;
g) les dispositions en cas d’urgence;
h) les dimensions et la topographie de la zone à échantillonner;
i) l’accessibilité pour les différents types et tailles d’équipements et facteurs tels que la capacité
portante probable du sol, voir Référence [1];
j) la nature du sol à échantillonner;
k) les possibles variations latérales et verticales du type de sol ou des couches;
l) la géologie du site et des alentours;
m) la profondeur supposée pour atteindre les eaux souterraines;
n) l’usage ou le traitement antérieur du site;
o) la présence de bâtiments et d’obstacles, telles que des fondations, des réservoirs enterrés et des
canalisations enterrées (par exemple électricité, égouts, réseaux, câbles, gaz);
p) la présence de voies de passages, de chaussées ou d’aires de stationnement en béton, ou autres
revêtements;
q) la croissance de la végétation conduisant à un développement important des racines;
r) la présence de bassins d’eau de surface ou de sol saturé d’eau imprévus;
s) la présence de clôtures, de murs ou de terrassements destinés à empêcher l’accès au site;
t) la présence de matériaux déchargés au-dessus du niveau général du site, ou de matériaux provenant
de la démolition de bâtiments;
u) la présence d’objets ayant une valeur archéologique ou patrimoniale;
v) la présence éventuelle de munitions explosives non explosées, voir Référence [2];
w) la présence d’espèces protégées, d’écosystèmes et d’autres éléments ayant une valeur scientifique;
x) la présence d’espaces végétales invasives ou nuisibles (par exemple renouée du Japon – Fallopia
japonica, berce du Caucase – Heracleum mantegazzianum) ou d’agents infectieux (pouvant affecter
les humains, les animaux ou les végétaux) (voir aussi 7.2, dernier alinéa);
y) des étendues d’eau exposées à un risque de pollution, y compris les eaux de surface et les eaux
souterraines;
z) l’échange prévu d’informations.
NOTE Pour les lignes directrices concernant l’accessibilité des petites machines de forage par percussion,
voir la Référence [1].
5.3 Types d’échantillons
Il convient que les échantillons prélevés soient de type(s) approprié(s) pour permettre de réaliser les
objectifs de l’étude conformément aux lignes directrices fournies dans l’ISO 18400-104. Il est nécessaire
d’accorder une attention particulière aux éléments suivants:
— s’il faut prélever des échantillons remaniés ou des échantillons non remaniés;
— s’il faut prélever des échantillons ponctuels ou des échantillons de zone, ou s’il faut employer une
méthode d’échantillonnage composite (voir Tableau 1);
— comment se conformer à des directives émanant d’organismes réglementaires ou d’organismes
faisant autorité indiquant si des valeurs recommandées (critères d’évaluation) ont été dépassées;
— si une analyse statistique des données obtenues sera requise;
— la répartition escomptée des polluants ou d’autres substances présentant un intérêt;
— comment réduire l’incertitude des résultats de l’étude.
Il convient de ne pas utiliser d’échantillons composites lorsque des caractéristiques du sol pouvant subir
des variations au cours du processus de composition, c’est le cas lorsque les concentrations en composés
volatils doivent être déterminées. Il convient également de ne pas utiliser d’échantillons composites
lorsque les pics de concentration d’une substance quelconque ou les variations des caractéristiques du
sol doivent être déterminées.
L’utilisation d’échantillons de zone peut réduire les incertitudes associées à l’échantillonnage.
Cette méthode d’échantillonnage convient particulièrement lors de l’utilisation de tranchées de
reconnaissance, lors du prélèvement d’échantillons de surface (par exemple de 0,0 mbgl à 0,10 mbgl) et
lors de la réalisation d’un échantillonnage de validation d’un horizon superficiel importé.
Lorsqu’un échantillonnage composite est utilisé pour déterminer les caractéristiques d’un sol in situ, il
convient que l’échantillon représente une seule strate.
NOTE Le Tableau 1 fournit des informations sur différents types d’échantillons et sur leur application.
6 © ISO 2017 – Tous droits réservés
Tableau 1 — Types d’échantillon
a
Type d’échantillon Utilisations Moyens d’échantillonnage
Échantillon remanié Les échantillons remaniés conviennent Les échantillons peuvent être prélevés
pour la plupart des objectifs, à l’excep- à l’aide de l’une des grandes variétés de
Voir 3.3
tion par exemple de la détermination des techniques d’échantillonnage.
composés organiques volatils (COV), de
Les échantillons remaniés peuvent être
certaines mesures physiques, descrip-
prélevés en tant qu’échantillons ponctuels
tions de profils, et de certains examens
uniques ou en tant qu’échantillons com-
biologiques pour lesquels des échantil-
posites lorsque cela est approprié pour
lons non remaniés sont requis.
les objectifs de l’étude.
Échantillon non remanié Les échantillons non remaniés sont Les échantillons peuvent être prélevés à
intrinsèquement des échantillons l’aide de l’une des nombreuses techniques
Voir 3.7
ponctuels, c’est-à-dire prélevés dans un destinées à préserver la structure du sol
matériau spécifique à un endroit et à une et/ou à empêcher la perte de composants
profondeur spécifiques. volatils.
L’échantillon non remanié initial sur le
terrain peut être parfois prélevé sur une
plage de profondeurs ou sur une impor-
tante étendue latérale (par exemple
lorsqu’une carotte est prélevée pour un
examen ultérieur), puis transformé en
sous-échantillons au laboratoire.
Échantillon ponctuel Convient pour l’identification de la répar- Les échantillons peuvent être prélevés
tition et de la concentration d’éléments à l’aide de l’une des grandes variétés de
Voir 3.6
ou de composés particuliers lors d’études techniques d’échantillonnage.
géologiques ou d’études de pollution.
Lorsque des échantillons non remaniés
sont requis, des méthodes de forage spé-
cifiques ou un matériel spécial (voir Ar-
ticle 8) sont utilisés pour prélever l’échan-
tillon tout en préservant la structure du
sol d’origine.
Échantillon de zone Convient pour l’identification de la répar- Les échantillons sont habituellement
tition et de la concentration d’éléments prélevés à l’aide d’outils manuels dans des
Voir 3.1
ou de composés particuliers lors d’études surfaces exposées, mais ils peuvent être
géologiques ou d’études de pollution également prélevés dans des endroits dans
impliquant des échantillons remaniés. un godet contenant de la terre excavée.
Échantillon (composite) Convient pour l’évaluation de la qualité Échantillons normalement prélevés à
spatial globale ou de la nature du sol dans une l’aide d’une tarière, d’une truelle ou d’un
zone prévue, par exemple, pour des acti- dispositif similaire pour des raisons de
Échantillon spatial,
vités agricoles. rapidité et de répétabilité.
voir 3.5
Normalement non recommandé pour
les études de terrains potentiellement
pollués. Toutefois, certaines autorités
compétentes spécifient l’utilisation d’une
forme d’échantillonnage composite pour
l’évaluation des sols en surface et à faible
profondeur.
a
Voir l’ISO 18400-104 pour des lignes directrices détaillées.
5.4 Taille des échantillons
Il convient que les instructions concernant la taille des échantillons devant être envoyés aux laboratoires
figurent dans le plan d’échantillonnage (tel que spécifié dans l’ISO 18400-101) conformément aux lignes
directrices fournies dans l’ISO 18400-104, en tenant compte, entre autres:
— de la portée des examens et des essais pédologiques, chimiques, physiques et/ou biologiques devant
être réalisés;
— de la distribution granulométrique du matériau à prélever;
— des exigences spécifiques du (des) laboratoire(s) réalisant les examens et les essais.
Il convient que tout sous-échantillonnage issu de l’échantillon extrait à l’aide du matériel ou toutes
mesures prises pour réduire le volume du matériau à transporter au laboratoire soient effectués
conformément à l’ISO 18400-201.
Il convient de demander l’avis d’un expert dès lors qu’il s’agit de prélever des scories potentiellement
expansives pour des essais d’expansion. Ces essais nécessitent en général le prélèvement d’échantillons
d’environ 50 kg ou plus, voir Références [3] et [4].
NOTE Plutôt que d’exiger un seul échantillon de grande taille pouvant être subdivisé ou sous-échantillonné
au laboratoire, les laboratoires réalisant les analyses chimiques exigeront plusieurs échantillons prélevés dans
un emplacement, avec ceux requis pour différents essais, ceux-ci étant de taille appropriée et placés dans un
conteneur adapté (par exemple récipient en plastique, flacon en verre).
5.5 Techniques disponibles
Le Tableau 2 énumère les techniques disponibles pour l’accès et l’obtention d’échantillons et fournit des
informations qualitatives sur les avantages et les inconvénients de ces techniques. Le Tableau 3 fournit
des détails supplémentaires concernant l’applicabilité et les caractéristiques des techniques, tandis que
le Tableau 4 fournit d’autres informations portant sur les aspects pratiques de leur application tels que
les exigences relatives au tracé de l’emplacement et à l’accès au site.
L’utilisation d’autres méthodes pouvant s’avérer appropriées dans des emplacements spécifiques, ou
d’autres méthodes élaborées ultérieurement, n’est pas exclue par le présent document (voir Article 7).
Des circonstances naturelles extrêmes, telles que pergélisol, latéritisation, calcrétion ou autres
indurations, sont susceptibles de nécessiter des techniques, autres que celles énumérées dans les
Tableaux 2 et 3, afin d’obtenir des échantillons.
D’autres situations, susceptibles de nécessiter des procédures particulières, comprennent, par exemple:
— l’échantillonnage d’un sol saturé d’eau (influencé par les eaux souterraines) afin d’éviter les influences
négatives sur la structure et sur les propriétés physiques, ainsi que la perte ou le déplacement de
substances recherchées;
— l’échantillonnage, lorsque de l’amiante ou des matériaux contenant de l’amiante sont présents dans
le sol (il est indispensable de se conformer aux réglementations nationales sur l’amiante en termes
de protection des travailleurs, de prévention de la dispersion de l’amiante et de l’évacuation des
déchets contenant de l’amiante) (voir Références [5] et [6]).
NOTE 1 L’ISO 22475-1 spécifie les principes techniques des travaux d’échantillonnage et des mesures
piézométriques pour les projets géotechniques. Elle fournit une description et des lignes directrices pour
l’application de nombreuses techniques d’échantillonnage comprises dans le présent document, même dans
un contexte différent. De nombreuses entreprises chargées d’exécuter des travaux en relation avec des études
environnementales connaissent bien ces exigences qui sont souvent prescriptives.
NOTE 2 Lors d’un échantillonnage effectué dans une tranchée de reconnaissance, les échantillons peuvent
être prélevés à l’aide d’une truelle ou autre outil similaire, ou des dispositifs de prélèvement ayant une action de
coupe peuvent être utilisés (9.1.1), ou des échantillons de blocs peuvent être récupérés. Dans les sols cohérents,
les échantillons de blocs peuvent être découpés manuellement.
Le carottage continu (échantillonnage par forage) permet:
— la dénomination et la description du sol sur le site traversé par le forage;
— la différenciation des différentes couches de sol et les variations des matériaux du sol;
— l’échantillonnage ainsi que l’investigation et les essais sur des échantillons issus de toutes les
couches et de toutes les profondeurs.
8 © ISO 2017 – Tous droits réservés
L’échantillonnage au moyen de carottiers (dispositif d’échantillonnage) peut être associé à de
nombreuses méthodes de forage. Il convient que le diamètre de forage soit choisi de sorte que le
carottier puisse descendre sans encombre jusqu’au fond du trou de forage.
Tableau 2 — Principales techniques de prélèvement d’échantillons
Méthodes Avantages Inconvénients
Il convient de consulter le Tableau 2 conjointement avec le Tableau 3 qui fournit des informations supplémentaires sur l’applicabilité des
techniques d’excavation, de forage et d’échantillonnage des sols.
Grattage d’une fine couche Permet l’échantillonnage de couches légère- —
ment compactées, notamment des horizons
Peut être réalisé en grattant une fine couche
organiques et un horizon A fin dans les
(10 mm à 50 mm) dans la surface exposée à
zones forestières.
l’aide d’une petite pelle, d’une truelle, d’une
spatule ou d’un outil similaire.
Des prélèvements élémentaires peuvent être
prélevés de la sorte à partir d’un certain
nombre (par exemple 5 à 10) de carrés et
combinés en un échantillon composite.
Fosses et tranchées Permet un examen détaillé des conditions La profondeur d’investigation est limitée à la
du sol (en trois dimensions). taille de la machine (en règle générale, 4,5 m
Peuvent être réalisées en creusant manuel-
environ) (voir Tableau 3).
lement une excavation, ou en utilisant des Permet d’obtenir facilement des échantil-
engins mécaniques à roues ou à chenilles, lons discrets (lorsque l’entrée est appro- Cela peut entraîner de sérieux problèmes de
selon les exigences de l’investigation. priée) et des échantillons en vrac. sécurité (voir l’ISO 18400-103, A.1.3, et la
Référence [7]).
Pour des raisons de santé et de sécurité, il Opération rapide et peu onéreuse en cas
n’est pas permis de pénétrer dans les tran- de creusement manuel; autrement, des Le fait que les milieux soient exposés à l’air
chées de reconnaissance, à moins que celles- machines sont disponibles. présente un risque de modifications des
ci n’aient été étayées, voir la Référence [7]. polluants et une perte des composés volatils.
Applicables à une vaste gamme de condi-
Un godet de largeur appropriée est choisi tions de sol. Ne conviennent pas pour l’échantillonnage
selon la profondeur à creuser; ce godet doit sous l’eau et sous une nappe d’eau.
Peuvent être utilisées pour des travaux
permettre une bonne visibilité de l’excava-
intégrés d’étude de contamination et de Risque plus important de perturbation/
tion, mais il doit limiter autant que possible
reconnaissance géotechnique. d’endommagement du site que par les trous
la quantité de matériaux excavés.
de forage/trous de sondage. Il est nécessaire
Les excavations (comprenant les faces
de veiller à s’assurer que la zone environ-
séparées) et les matériaux excavés peuvent
nante n’est pas affectée par les déblais et
être photographiés. Il est de bonne pratique
que la remise en état du site ne laisse pas
d’utiliser un identifiant indiquant la réfé-
de contaminants exposés ou ne provoque
rence de la tranchée de reconnaissance, et
pas un tassement de la surface de la zone de
également, une échelle, par exemple le per-
circulation.
sonnel de l’organisation chargée de l’étude.
Peut générer plus de déchets à éliminer que
L’utilisation d’un nuancier indiquant les
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.
Loading comments...