oSIST prEN IEC 60034-2-2:2023
(Main)Rotating electrical machines - Part 2-2: Specific methods for determining separate losses of large machines from tests - Supplement to IEC 60034-2-1
Rotating electrical machines - Part 2-2: Specific methods for determining separate losses of large machines from tests - Supplement to IEC 60034-2-1
Drehende elektrische Maschinen - Teil 2-2: Besondere Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Einzelverluste großer elektrischer Maschinen aus Prüfungen - Ergänzung zu IEC 60034-2-1
Machines électriques tournantes - Partie 2-2: Méthodes spécifiques pour déterminer les pertes séparées des machines de grande taille à partir d'essais - Complément à l'IEC 60034-2-1
Električni rotacijski stroji - 2-2. del: Posebne metode za ugotavljanje posameznih izgub velikih strojev s preskušanjem - Dodatek k IEC 60034-2-1
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN IEC 60034-2-2:2023
01-januar-2023
Električni rotacijski stroji - 2-2. del: Posebne metode za ugotavljanje posameznih
izgub velikih strojev s preskušanjem - Dodatek k IEC 60034-2-1
Rotating electrical machines - Part 2-2: Specific methods for determining separate losses
of large machines from tests - Supplement to IEC 60034-2-1
Drehende elektrische Maschinen - Teil 2-2: Besondere Verfahren zur Bestimmung der
Einzelverluste großer elektrischer Maschinen aus Prüfungen - Ergänzung zu IEC 60034-
2-1
Machines électriques tournantes - Partie 2-2: Méthodes spécifiques pour déterminer les
pertes séparées des machines de grande taille à partir d'essais - Complément à l'IEC
60034-2-1
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN IEC 60034-2-2:2022
ICS:
29.160.01 Rotacijski stroji na splošno Rotating machinery in
general
oSIST prEN IEC 60034-2-2:2023 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN IEC 60034-2-2:2023
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oSIST prEN IEC 60034-2-2:2023
2/2109/CDV
COMMITTEE DRAFT FOR VOTE (CDV)
PROJECT NUMBER:
IEC 60034-2-2 ED2
DATE OF CIRCULATION: CLOSING DATE FOR VOTING:
2022-11-18 2023-02-10
SUPERSEDES DOCUMENTS:
2/2079/CD, 2/2095A/CC
IEC TC 2 : ROTATING MACHINERY
SECRETARIAT: SECRETARY:
United Kingdom Mr Charles Whitlock
OF INTEREST TO THE FOLLOWING COMMITTEES: PROPOSED HORIZONTAL STANDARD:
Other TC/SCs are requested to indicate their interest, if any, in
this CDV to the secretary.
FUNCTIONS CONCERNED:
EMC ENVIRONMENT QUALITY ASSURANCE SAFETY
SUBMITTED FOR CENELEC PARALLEL VOTING NOT SUBMITTED FOR CENELEC PARALLEL VOTING
Attention IEC-CENELEC parallel voting
The attention of IEC National Committees, members of
CENELEC, is drawn to the fact that this Committee Draft for Vote
(CDV) is submitted for parallel voting.
The CENELEC members are invited to vote through the
CENELEC online voting system.
This document is still under study and subject to change. It should not be used for reference purposes.
Recipients of this document are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.
TITLE:
Rotating electrical machines – Part 2-2: Specific methods for determining separate losses of large machines
from tests – Supplement to IEC 60034-2-1
PROPOSED STABILITY DATE: 2026
NOTE FROM TC/SC OFFICERS:
Copyright © 2022 International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC. All rights reserved. It is permitted to download this
electronic file, to make a copy and to print out the content for the sole purpose of preparing National Committee positions.
You may not copy or "mirror" the file or printed version of the document, or any part of it, for any other purpose without
permission in writing from IEC.
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CONTENTS
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms and definitions . 6
4 Symbols and abbreviations . 7
4.1 Symbols . 7
4.2 Additional subscripts . 8
5 Basic requirements . 8
5.1 Direct and indirect efficiency determination . 8
5.1.1 Direct . 8
5.1.2 Indirect . 8
5.2 Uncertainty . 8
6 Additional test methods for the determination of the efficiency of large machines . 10
6.1 General . 10
6.1.1 Efficiency. 10
6.1.2 Total loss. 11
6.2 Method 2-2-A ̶ Calibrated machine . 11
6.2.1 General . 11
6.2.2 Test procedure . 12
6.2.3 Direct efficiency determination . 13
6.2.4 Determination of separate losses . 13
6.3 Method 2-2-B ̶ Retardation method . 13
6.3.1 General . 13
6.3.2 Test procedure . 15
6.3.3 Determination of deceleration and retardation constant . 17
6.3.4 Determination of separate losses . 19
6.4 Method 2-2-C ̶ Calorimetric method . 20
6.4.1 General . 20
6.4.2 Calorimetric instrumentation . 21
6.4.3 Test procedure . 24
6.4.4 Determination of losses . 25
Annex A (informative) Summation of losses for permanent-magnet synchronous
machines . 30
A.1 General . 30
A.2 No-load test with magnetized rotor . 30
A.3 No-load test with unmagnetized rotor. 30
A.4 Iron losses . 31
A.5 Test with rotor removed . 31
A.6 Rated stator winding losses and additional load losses . 32
A.7 Total losses . 32
Figure 1 – Efficiency determination according to method 2-2-A . 11
Figure 2 – Efficiency determination according to method 2-2-B . 14
Figure 3 – Method of the chord . 17
Figure 4 – Efficiency determination according to method 2-2-C . 20
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Figure 5 – Reference surface . 21
Figure 6 – Four coolers connected in parallel, single calorimeter, single coolant . 23
Figure 7 – Series connected coolers, two coolants . 23
Figure 8 – Bypass piping . 23
Figure 9 – Parallel piping . 24
Figure 10 – Characteristics of pure water as a function of temperature . 26
Table 1 – Preferred methods for large machines . 10
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INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINES –
Part 2-2: Specific methods for determining
separate losses of large machines from tests –
Supplement to IEC 60034-2-1
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
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8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 60034-2-2 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 2:
Rotating machinery.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
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NOTE A table of cross-references of all IEC TC 2 publications can be found in the IEC TC 2 dashboard on the
IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this amendment and the base publication will
remain unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under
"http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the
publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
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1 ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINES –
2
3 Part 2-2: Specific methods for determining
4 separate losses of large machines from tests –
5 Supplement to IEC 60034-2-1
6
7
8
9 1 Scope
10 This part of IEC 60034 applies to large rotating electrical machines and establishes additional
11 methods of determining separate losses and to define an efficiency supplementing
12 IEC 60034-2-1. These methods apply when full-load testing is not practical and result in a
13 greater uncertainty.
14 NOTE In situ testing according to the calorimetric method for full-load conditions is recognized.
15 The specific methods described are:
16 – Calibrated-machine method.
17 – Retardation method.
18 – Calorimetric method.
19 – Summation of losses for permanent magnet excited synchronous machines.
20 2 Normative references
21 The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
22 For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
23 of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
24 IEC 60034-1, Rotating electrical machines – Part 1: Rating and performance
25 IEC 60034-2-1, Rotating electrical machines – Part 2-1: Standard methods for determining
26 losses and efficiency from tests (excluding machines for traction vehicles)
27 IEC 60034-4-1:2018, Rotating electrical machines – Part 4-1: Methods for determining
28 synchronous machine quantities from tests
29 3 Terms and definitions
30 For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60034-1 and
31 IEC 60034-2-1 apply, as well as the following.
32 3.1
33 calibrated machine
34 machine whose mechanical power input/output is determined, with low uncertainty, using
35 measured electrical output/input values according to a defined test procedure
36 3.2
37 calibrated-machine method
38 method in which the mechanical input/output to/from an electrical machine under test is
39 determined from the measurement of the electrical input/output of a calibrated machine
40 mechanically coupled to the test machine
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41 3.3
42 retardation method
43 method in which the separate losses in a machine under test are deduced from the
44 measurements of the deceleration rate of its rotating components when only these losses are
45 present
46 3.4
47 calorimetric method
48 method in which the losses in a machine are deduced from the measurements of the heat
49 generated by them
50 3.5
51 thermal equilibrium
52 the state reached when the temperature rises of the several parts of the machine do not vary
53 by more than rate of change 1 K per half hour
54 [IEV 411-51-08]
55 4 Symbols and abbreviations
56 4.1 Symbols
2
57 A is an area, m ,
2 2
58 C is the retardation constant, kg m s ,
59 c is the specific heat capacity of the cooling medium, J/(kg K),
p
2
60 h is the coefficient of heat transfer, W/(m K),
2
61 J is the moment of inertia, kg m ,
–1
62 n is the operating speed, s ,
63 P is the input power, W,
1
64 P is the excitation power supplied by a separate source, W,
1E
65 is the output power, W,
P
2
2
66 P is the I R armature-winding losses (interpole, compensation and series field
a
67 winding loss in case of d.c. machines), W,
68 P is the brush losses, W,
b
69 P is the constant losses, W,
c
70 P is the excitation circuit losses, W,
e
71 P is the exciter losses, W,
Ed
72 P is the electrical power, excluding excitation, W,
el
73 P is the excitation (field winding) losses, W,
f
74 P is the iron losses, W,
fe
75 P is the friction and windage losses, W,
fw
76 P is the short-circuit losses, W,
k
77 P is the additional load losses, W,
LL
78 is the mechanical power, W,
P
mech
2
79 P is the I R rotor winding losses, W,
r
2
80 P is the stator I R winding losses, W,
s
81 P is the total losses, W,
T
3
82 Q is the volume rate of flow of the cooling medium, m /s,
83 t is the time, s,
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84 v is the exit velocity of cooling medium, m/s,
85 ∆p is the difference between the static pressure in the intake nozzle and ambient
2
86 pressure, N/m ,
87 ∆θ is the temperature rise of the cooling medium, or the temperature difference
88 between the machine reference surface and the external ambient temperature, K,
89 δ is the per unit deviation of rotational speed from rated speed,
3
90 ρ is the density of the cooling medium, kg/m ,
91 θ is the temperature, °C.
92 4.2 Additional subscripts
93 c for the cooling circuit,
94 E for exciter,
95 ers for outside reference surface,
96 i for inner voltage
97 irs for inside reference surface,
98 rs for the reference surface,
99 RR for test with rotor removed,
100 t test,
101 0 no-load,
102 1 input,
103 2 output.
104 5 Basic requirements
105 5.1 Direct and indirect efficiency determination
106 Tests can be grouped in the following categories.
107 5.1.1 Direct
108 Input-output measurements on a single machine are considered to be direct. This involves the
109 measurement of electrical or mechanical power into, and mechanical or electrical power out of
110 a machine.
111 5.1.2 Indirect
112 Measurements of the separate losses in a machine under a particular condition are
113 considered to be indirect. This is not usually the total loss but comprises certain loss
114 components. The method may, however, be used to calculate the total loss or to calculate a
115 loss component.
116 The determination of total loss shall be carried out by one of the following methods:
117 – direct measurement of total losses;
118 – summation of separate losses.
119 NOTE The methods for determining the efficiency of machines are based on a number of assumptions. Therefore,
120 it is not possible to make a comparison between the values of efficiency obtained by different methods.
121 5.2 Uncertainty
122 Uncertainty as used in this standard is the uncertainty of determining a true efficiency. It
123 reflects variations in the test procedure and the test equipment.
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124 Although uncertainty should be expressed as a numerical value, such a requirement needs
125 sufficient testing to determine representative and comparative values.
126
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127 6 Additional test methods for the determination of the efficiency of large
128 machines
129 6.1 General
130 For the determination of performance when machine load and/or size exceed test capabilities
131 (described in IEC 60034-2-1), the following test methods may be used.
132 Table 1 – Additional methods for large machines
Required
Ref Method Description Subclause Application
facility
2-2-A Calibrated Loss 6.2 All types of Calibrated
Machine measurement machines machine
via calibrated
machine
2-2-B Retardation Loss 6.3 Applicable for
Method measurement by factory and on-
site
retardation
measurements
2-2-C Calorimetric Loss 6.4 Applicable for
Method measurement in factory and on-
the primary and site
secondary measurements
coolant
133 NOTE These methods are generally applicable to large machines where the facility cost for other methods is not
134 economical.
135 Losses relative to machine load (with lowest uncertainty) are best determined from actual
136 measurements. For example: measurements of current, resistance, etc. under full-load
137 operation.
138 When this is not possible, these values shall be obtained from calculation of the parameters
139 during the design stage.
140 Determination of losses not itemized in this part may be found in IEC 60034-2-1.
141 6.1.1 Efficiency
142 Efficiency is:
P + P − P
P
1 1 T
E 2
143
η= =
P + P P + P
1 1E 2 T
144 where
145 P is the input power excluding excitation power from a separate source;
1
146 P is the output power;
2
147 P is the excitation power supplied by a separate source;
1E
148 P is the total loss
T
149 NOTE 1 Input power P and output power P are as follows:
1 2
150 in motor operation: P = P ; P = P ;
1 el 2 mech
151 in generator operation: P = P ; P = P
1 mech 2 el.
152 NOTE 2 P includes the excitation power P of the machine where applicable.
T e
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153 6.1.2 Total loss
154 When the total loss is determined as the sum of the separate losses the following formulae
155 apply:
156 For direct current machines:
157 P = P + P + P + P + P
T c a b LL e
158 P = P + P
e f Ed
159 P = P + P
c fw fe
160 For induction machines:
161 P = P + P + P + P
T c s r LL
162 P = P + P
c fw fe
163 For synchronous machines:
164 P = P + P + P + P
T c s LL e
165 P = P + P + P
e f Ed b
166 P = P + P
c fw fe
167 6.2 Method 2-2-A ̶ Calibrated machine
168 6.2.1 General
169 The calibrated machine method may be used to determine the test machine efficiency either
170 directly or by separate losses.
171 For an overview, Figure 1 provides a flowchart for efficiency determination by this test
172 method.
173 Figure 1 – Efficiency determination according to method 2-2-A
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174 This method is generally applied as a factory test.
175 The tested machine shall be equipped with winding ETDs.
176 The tested machine shall be completely assembled with essential components as for normal
177 operation.
178 This method requires a calibrated machine mechanically coupled to the machine under test
179 and is used when a torque meter is not available. The mechanical input of the tested machine
180 is calculated from the electrical input of the calibrated machine.
181 When a gear-box is directly connected to the machine it shall be considered as part of the
182 calibrated machine.
183 Calibrate an electric machine, preferably a direct-current machine, according to one of the
184 procedures in IEC 60034-2-1 at a sufficient number of thermally stable loads (including no-
185 load) to determine an accurate relationship of output power as a function of input power
186 adjusted for the temperature of the cooling air/medium at inlet. This is generally developed in
187 the form of a curve.
188 NOTE It is generally advisable to take several readings of all instruments at each load-point during short periods
189 of time and average the results to obtain a more accurate test value.
190 6.2.2 Test procedure
191 Before starting the test, record the winding resistances and the ambient temperature.
192 The machine for which the performance is to be determined shall be mechanically coupled to
193 the calibrated machine and be operated at a speed equivalent to its synchronous/rated speed.
194 Operate the calibrated machine with the test machine at either rated-load, partial-load; no-
195 load not excited, with or without brushes; no-load excited at rated voltage; or short-circuited,
196 which enables specific categories of losses to be determined.
197 When the test machine is operated at each specified test condition and has reached thermal
198 stability, record:
199 NOTE The following example represents testing with a motor as the calibrated machine.
200 – for the calibrated machine
201 P = input power
1
202 U = input voltage
1
203 I = current
1
204 θ = temperature of inlet cooling air
1c
205 θ = winding temperature (by variation of resistance if possible)
1w
206 n = speed
1
207 – for the test machine (direct determination as a generator)
208 P = output power
2
209 U = output voltage or armature voltage (when excited open-circuit)
2
210 I = armature load current
2
211 θ = windings temperature (either directly by ETDs or by resistance variation)
2w
212 n = speed
2
213 Upon completion of each test, stop the machines and record in the given order:
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214 – test machine winding resistance;
215 – calibrated machine winding resistance.
216 Finally operate the calibrated machine without electrical connection to the test machine and
217 record as specified above.
218 From the curve developed in 6.2.1 and using the calibrated machine input values, select the
219 appropriate output power to the test machine.
220 Adjust the output power for the standardized coolant temperature.
221 Determination of excitation power shall be in accordance with IEC 60034-2-1.
222 6.2.3 Direct efficiency determination
223 When the test machine is operated with rated conditions, the test machine efficiency is:
P
2
224 η= test machine working as a generator, calibrated machine working as a motor
P
1
225 where
226 P is the output power of test generator
2
227 P is the calculated input power to the test generator
1
228 and:
P
2
229 η= test machine working as a motor, calibrated machine working as a generator
P
1
230 where
231 P is the input power to test motor
1
232 P is the calculated output power from the test motor.
2
233 6.2.4 Determination of separate losses
234 Using values of P determined from the calibrated machine curve, it is possible to determine
235 the power dissipated by the test machine for other selected conditions that may be used to
236 determine efficiency according to 6.1.1.
237 a) Friction and windage losses at rated speed (when the test machine is not electrically
238 connected);
239 b) Active iron losses, and additional open-circuit losses in d.c. and synchronous machines,
240 (when tested at no-load, open-circuit, excited at rated voltage, minus the windage and
241 friction loss). Field losses from a separate source;
242 c) Stator winding losses and additional load losses in synchronous machines, (when tested
243 under short-circuit conditions, excited at rated armature current, minus the windage and
244 friction loss). Field losses from a separate source.
245 6.3 Method 2-2-B ̶ Retardation method
246 6.3.1 General
247 The retardation method can be used in determining the separate losses of rotating electrical
248 machines having an appreciable rotational inertia.
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249 The retardation method is used to determine:
250 – sum of the friction and windage losses ("mechanical losses") in machines of all types;
251 – sum of losses in active iron and additional open-circuit losses in d.c. and synchronous
252 machines;
2
253 – sum of I R losses in an operating winding and additional load losses ("short-circuit
254 losses") in synchronous machines.
255
256 For an overview, Figure 2 provides a flowchart for efficiency determination by this test
257 method.
258
259 Figure 2 – Efficiency determination according to method 2-2-B
260 The recorded test loss P which retards the machine is proportional to the product of the
t
261 speed at which this loss corresponds and the deceleration at that speed:
dn
262 P =−Cn
t
dt
263 where:
264 P is the loss being measured,
t
265 C is the retardation constant ;
266 n is the speed,
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267 dn/dt is the deceleration
268 NOTE The accuracy of the retardation method is directly related to the accuracy of the retardation constant C
269 which depends solely on the moment of inertia J .
270 The test machine shall be assembled, with all essential components, as for normal operation,
271 but uncoupled from other rotating parts. A suitable speed sensor shall be attached to the
272 rotating element.
273 NOTE
...
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