oSIST ISO/DIS 11798:2022
(Main)Information and documentation — Permanence and durability of writing, printing and copying on paper — Requirements and test methods
Information and documentation — Permanence and durability of writing, printing and copying on paper — Requirements and test methods
This International Standard specifies requirements and test methods for evaluation of the permanence and
durability of writing, printing and copying on paper stored in libraries, archives and other protected environments for
long periods of time.
It is applicable to
images on paper with the exception of documents within the scope of ISO/TC 42, Photography;
multicoloured images.
The information contents of multicoloured images should be retained but not necessarily the full artistic quality of the
coloured image. Documents where the information contents are influenced by small colour changes are not covered
by this International Standard.
It does not apply to
documents stored under harmful conditions, such as high humidity that may promote microbiological attack,
excessive heat, radiation (e.g. light), high levels of pollutants, or the influence of water. Since documents may
be kept in non-protected environments before being transferred to protected environments, resistance to water
and light is, however, of importance;
legal documentation, e.g. banking documents, where the authenticity is of primary interest.
Information et documentation — Permanence et durabilité de l'écriture, de l'impression et de la reprographie sur des documents papier — Prescriptions et méthodes d'essai
La présente Norme internationale spécifie les prescriptions et les méthodes d'essai pour l'évaluation de la
permanence et de la durabilité de l'écriture, de l'impression et de la reprographie sur des documents papier
entreposés pendant de longues périodes dans des bibliothèques, centres d'archives et autres environnements
protégés.
Elle s'applique
aux images sur papier, à l'exception des documents relevant du domaine d'application de l'ISO/TC 42,
Photographie;
aux images en couleurs.
Il convient de conserver le contenu informationnel de ces dernières, mais il n'est pas nécessaire que ces images
gardent leur parfaite qualité artistique. Les documents dont le contenu informationnel peut être altéré par de légers
changements de couleur ne relèvent pas de la présente Norme internationale.
Elle ne s'applique pas
aux documents conservés dans des conditions inappropriées, par exemple en présence d'un fort taux
d'humidité susceptible de favoriser les agressions microbiennes, de chaleur excessive, de rayonnements
(lumineux par exemple), de forts taux de polluants, ou d'action de l'eau. Comme il peut arriver que des
documents soient conservés dans des environnements non protégés avant d'être transportés dans des
environnements protégés, la résistance à l'eau et à la lumière est un élément important;
aux documents juridiques, tels que ceux du secteur bancaire, dont l'authenticité est une priorité majeure.
Informatika in dokumentacija - Trajnost in obstojnost pisanja, tiskanja in razmnoževanje na papir - Zahteve in preskusne metode
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 11798
Second edition
2023-06
Information and documentation —
Permanence and durability of writing,
printing and copying on paper —
Requirements and test methods
Information et documentation — Permanence et durabilité de
l'écriture, de l'impression et de la reprographie sur des documents
papier — Prescriptions et méthodes d'essai
Reference number
ISO 11798:2023(E)
© ISO 2023
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ISO 11798:2023(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
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ISO 11798:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Preparation of specimens .4
4.1 Performance testing paper . 4
4.2 Conditioning of document substrates and recording atmosphere . 4
4.3 Guidance for sample preparation . 4
4.4 Conditioning of specimens . 5
4.5 Reference material used for testing of mechanical properties . 5
5 Required characteristics . 5
5.1 General . 5
5.2 Colour fastness . 5
5.3 Visual appearance . 6
5.4 Lightfastness . 7
5.5 Water resistance . 7
5.6 Transfer of recording . 7
5.7 Abrasion resistance . . . 7
5.8 Resistance to heat . 7
5.9 Effects of recording on the mechanical strength of the paper . 7
5.9.1 General . 7
5.9.2 Tensile energy absorption. 8
5.9.3 Folding endurance . . . 8
6 Test method and procedure . 8
6.1 General . 8
6.2 Colour fastness . 8
6.3 Visual appearance . 9
6.4 Lightfastness . 9
6.5 Water resistance . 10
6.6 Transfer of recording . 10
6.7 Abrasion resistance . . . 11
6.8 Resistance to heat . 12
6.9 Effects of recording on the mechanical strength of the paper .12
6.9.1 General .12
6.9.2 Tensile energy absorption.12
6.9.3 Folding endurance . . .13
7 Test report .14
Annex A (normative) Performance testing paper .15
Annex B (normative) Specimen preparation .16
Annex C (normative) Printout templates for sample preparation of printers and copying
machines .18
Annex D (informative) Reporting forms .24
Bibliography .27
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ISO 11798:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use
of (a) patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed
patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received
notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are
cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent
database available at www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all
such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation,
Subcommittee SC 10, Requirements for document storage and conditions for preservation.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 11798:1999), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows.
— The reference material used for the testing of mechanical properties is defined and shall, prior to
testing, be handled according to 4.5.
— CIELAB measurements replaces optical density measurements, i.e. evaluation of monocoloured
printing shall be performed by CIELAB measurements. Accordingly, microdensitometers or
densitometers are no longer needed.
— Testing of colour fastness (5.2 and 6.2) shall be followed to evaluate recording (monocoloured and
multicoloured) for lightfastness (6.4), water resistance (6.5) and resistance to heat (6.8).
— Table 1 (see 5.1) presents, for printing devices, elaborated CIELAB lightness and colour shift
* * * *
requirements ΔL , Δa , Δb and, in addition, a new requirement of ΔE (Euclidean distance
ab
between two CIELAB coordinates).
— Table 2 (see 5.1) presents, for pens and stamps, requirement of maximum CIELAB lightness change
*
ΔL .
— Abrasion resistance (formerly referred to as resistance to wear) shall be evaluated by the degree of
abrasion (6.7) and is determined by CIELAB measurements prior to, and after, abrasion.
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ISO 11798:2023(E)
— Detailed descriptions of specimen preparation for pens and stamps, three printout templates
for specimen preparation from printers and copying machines and reporting forms are given in
Annexes.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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ISO 11798:2023(E)
Introduction
It is of great importance that recording of images on paper which, during long-term storage in libraries,
archives, and other protected environments, undergo little or no change in properties that affects its
use. The documents must preserve their information content and, thus, enable information storage and
information supply for the future. Accordingly, it is important to study the permanence and durability
of recording on paper.
Writing materials and printing equipment meeting the requirements given in this document can be
used in the preparation of paper documents intended for long-term storage and recurrent use. Such
documents contain permanent and durable images, i.e. images likely to be stable and thus undergo
little or no change in properties that influence legibility and the possibility of copying or converting the
paper documents to other data carriers.
Permanent paper and archival paper, used in the preparation of documents, may differ widely in
properties of importance for the quality and permanence of the image. Some properties of an image,
such as abrasion resistance, depend on the combination of the image and the paper. The testing
conditions of this document are chosen so that results, representative of most papers on the market to
be used for a particular imaging process, shall be obtained.
In this document, the requirements are given in the following attributes:
— visual image colour strength and appearance;
— lightfastness;
— water resistance;
— transfer of recorded image;
— abrasion resistance;
— resistance to heat;
— effect of recording on the mechanical strength of the paper.
Experience has shown that images written with carbon black ink as well as printed images using
commercial printing inks have proved to be consistently reliable. There are, however, many documents
where acidic inks have affected the paper to such an extent that the paper has degraded. Images
produced from dry or liquid toner are also susceptible to ageing problems.
Images printed with modern material and machinery are often completely different from old images
with respect to composition and properties. The rapid development of new printing techniques makes
this testing very important. One printing technology may be replaced by a newer technology within
a few years on the market. Therefore, conclusions based on studies of old documents in libraries and
archives are of limited use when discussing the permanence of modern documents.
Strictly speaking, the only way to test the permanence and durability of documents is to handle them
and to store them under the relevant conditions for long periods of time. In practice, one can only rely on
the observations made on documents kept for a few decades and evaluate the effect of factors known to
influence the permanence and durability of the image. Therefore, the testing according to this document
does not correlate to lifetime of documents, but rather the documents that satisfy the requirements can
be stored for a long time in the future in archives and protected environments, probably for several
hundred years.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11798:2023(E)
Information and documentation — Permanence and
durability of writing, printing and copying on paper —
Requirements and test methods
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements and test methods for evaluation of the permanence and
durability of writing, printing and copying on paper stored in libraries, archives, and other protected
environments for long periods of time, in which the information recorded on paper must be retained
but not necessarily the full artistic quality.
It is applicable to:
— images on white permanent paper according to ISO 9706 or ISO 11108;
— recording obtained from pens, stamps, copying machines and printers (that can produce
monocoloured and/or multicoloured images).
It does not apply to:
— documents stored under harmful conditions, such as high humidity that promotes microbiological
attack, excessive heat, radiation (e.g. light), high levels of pollutants, or the risk of water damage
(or water contact). Since documents might be kept in non-protected environments before being
transferred to protected environments, resistance to water and light is, however, of importance;
— legal documents, e.g. banking documents, where the authenticity is of primary interest;
— documents where the information contents are influenced by small colour changes;
— documents within the scope of ISO/TC 42, Photography.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 536, Paper and board — Determination of grammage
ISO 1924-2, Paper and board — Determination of tensile properties — Part 2: Constant rate of elongation
method (20 mm/min)
ISO 2470-1, Paper, board and pulps — Measurement of diffuse blue reflectance factor — Part 1: Indoor
daylight conditions (ISO brightness)
ISO 4892-2, Plastics — Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources — Part 2: Xenon-arc lamps
ISO 5626, Paper — Determination of folding endurance
ISO 9352, Plastics — Determination of resistance to wear by abrasive wheels
ISO 9706, Information and documentation — Paper for documents — Requirements for permanence
ISO 11108, Information and documentation — Archival paper — Requirements for permanence and
durability
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ISO 11798:2023(E)
ISO 12757-1, Ball point pens and refills — Part 1: General use
ISO 13655, Graphic technology — Spectral measurement and colorimetric computation for graphic arts
images
ISO 14145-1, Roller ball pens and refills — Part 1: General use
ISO 27668-1, Gel ink ball pens and refills — Part 1: General use
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
abrasion resistance
rub resistance
characteristic of a document with recording (3.14) against losses of image or text from the action of
abrasion (i.e. the ability of materials and structures to withstand mechanical wear or rubbing by means
of friction)
Note 1 to entry: Abrasion resistance is measured in this standard as the degree of abrasion resistance, R (3.4).
a
3.2
archival paper
paper of high permanence (3.11) and high durability (3.6)
[SOURCE: ISO 11108:1996, 3.1]
3.3
CIELAB colour shift
* * * *
lightness and colour change (ΔL , Δa , Δb and ΔE ) measured between two coordinates in the
ab
CIELAB colour space
Note 1 to entry: CIELAB colour space is a three-dimensional, approximately uniform colour space, produced by
plotting, in rectangular coordinates L*, a*, b*. It was defined by the International Commission on Illumination
(CIE) in 1976 (Synonymously referred to as CIE 1976 L*a*b*. CIELAB colour space or CIELAB values.).
Note 2 to entry: The quantity L* is a measure of the lightness, where L* = 0 corresponds to black and L* = 100
corresponds to the perfect reflecting diffuser. Visually, the quantities a* and b* represent respectively the red-
green and yellow-blue axes in colour space, such that:
— +a* is a measure of the degree of redness;
— −a* is a measure of the degree of greenness;
— +b* is a measure of the degree of yellowness;
— −b* is a measure of the degree of blueness.
If both a* and b* are equal to zero, the test piece is grey
Note 3 to entry: Synonymously referred to as CIE 1976 L*a*b*, CIELAB colour space or CIELAB values.
Note 4 to entry: Adapted from ISO/TS 21331:2020, 3.3.5.
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ISO 11798:2023(E)
3.4
degree of abrasion resistance
R
a
measure of the magnitude of retain of recorded image (or text) on paper because of abrasion (or wear,
or rubbing)
Note 1 to entry: Degree of abrasion resistance is evaluated by measuring the % of changes in L* of a printed image
or text prior to and after the abrasion test, according to ISO 13655, and is calculated according to Formula (5) in
6.7.
3.5
document
recorded information which can be treated as a unit in a documentation process
[SOURCE: ISO 5127:2017, 3.1.1.38, modified — "material object" and Notes to entry have been deleted
from the definition.]
3.6
durability
ability to resist the effect of physical stress, such as wear and tear, pressure, or damage during recurrent
use
3.7
image
visual representation with colourants (such as dyes or pigments) distributed on paper as text
characters, lines, colour patches or other visually identifiable patterns
3.8
monochromatic image
image (3.7) with recording (3.14) uniformly in one colour
Note 1 to entry: Images produced in one colour from a black and white printer, or any colour from a printer that
can produce other colours, such as black, cyan, magenta and yellow.
3.9
multicoloured image
image (3.7) composed of recording (3.14) in more than one colour, where the colours constitute part of
the information contents
Note 1 to entry: It can be separated into different base colours (e.g. black, cyan magenta and yellow).
Note 2 to entry: Not to be confused with a coloured image. A coloured image is in this standard referred to as an
image recorded in any colour as a monochromatic image (3.8).
3.10
performance testing paper
permanent paper (3.13) or archival paper (3.2) used for sample preparation
Note 1 to entry: The performance testing paper shall be handled according to clause 4.1 and meet the
requirements of Annex A.
3.11
permanence
ability to remain chemically and physically stable over long periods of time
3.12
permanent image
image (3.7) which, during long-term storage in libraries, archives and other protected environments
will undergo little or no change in properties that affect its use
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ISO 11798:2023(E)
3.13
permanent paper
paper of high permanence (3.11) in accordance with ISO 9706
3.14
recording
process of performing writing, printing and copying on paper
3.15
spot colour image
specialized ink mixes to create a specific predetermined uniform colour in commercial printing
3.16
sample
aggregate of all the specimens (3.17) taken to be representative of a lot
[SOURCE: ISO 4046-5:2016, 5.100]
3.17
specimen
portion of a paper or board sample (in this context performance testing paper with recording from the
tested writing, printing, or copying material) sufficient in size so that test pieces (3.18) can be obtained
from it
[SOURCE: ISO 4046-5:2016, 5.106, modified — text in brackets has been added.]
3.18
test piece
piece or pieces of paper or board on which the measurement is carried out in accordance with the
stipulations of the method of test
[SOURCE: ISO 4046-5:2016, 5.118, modified — Note to entry has been omitted.]
4 Preparation of specimens
4.1 Performance testing paper
Paper used for production of specimens shall meet the requirements of Annex A.
For the use of archival paper (in accordance with ISO 11108) as performance testing paper, watermarks
may be present on various spots throughout the specimens. Such imprints are basically attenuations
of the paper and indicate authenticity. To avoid misleading testing results, the watermarks shall be
avoided for the test piece preparation when tested according to 6.2, 6.4, 6.5, 6.7, 6.8 and 6.9.
4.2 Conditioning of document substrates and recording atmosphere
Preferably, material (including paper) should be conditioned for at least 15 h at (23 ± 1) °C and (50 ± 2) %
RH before recording. The recording should be performed in the same atmosphere. If this is not possible,
instructions from the manufacturer of the recording equipment to be tested shall be followed.
4.3 Guidance for sample preparation
Specimens for testing purposes shall be prepared as described in an International Standard dealing with
the specific type of recording equipment. If no such standard is available, the preparation of specimens
shall be performed according to the instructions of the manufacturer of the recording equipment.
The test patterns shall be recorded to conform with Clause 6 using the same printing/writing method,
ink, and paper combination, identical to the intended application or user case. Characters, spacing, etc.
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ISO 11798:2023(E)
shall represent normal use of the recording equipment intended for testing. Specimen preparation shall
also meet the requirements of Annex B.
Three printout templates and the number of specimens that shall be used for sample preparation are
given in Table C.1 of Annex C.
For printers and other recording devices, in addition to their manufacturer/brand, model number and
serial number, note the print adjustment settings (such as paper setting, driver setting, colour mode
and printing speed used), if specific print adjustments are to be made.
NOTE Print adjustments and other settings on a printer may have major impact on the permanence of the
printed images. Accordingly, the print adjustments and print settings are two very important parameters to
report, because different settings can drastically change the quality of the recorded information and thus impact
its permanence.
4.4 Conditioning of specimens
Printed specimens shall be dried or cured and conditioned to the level of the intended use prior to
testing. The specimens shall be kept at (23 ± 1) °C and (50 ± 2) % RH for at least 24 h (depending on the
type of printing method) prior to further test piece preparation and testing. Inks that must evaporate
or cure, such as water-based inkjet-printed specimens, shall be conditioned at least 7 days prior to the
testing. When testing the mechanical strength of the paper (see 6.9), the preparation of test pieces,
conditioning and testing atmosphere shall be in accordance with ISO 1924-2 and ISO 5626.
The specimens shall not be touched with bare hands.
4.5 Reference material used for testing of mechanical properties
Tensile energy absorption (see 6.9.2) and folding endurance (see 6.9.3) are both comparative tests
between test specimens (performance testing paper with recording) and reference specimens
(performance testing paper without recording). Accordingly, for a reliable comparison, all the
performance testing paper used, for both test and reference specimens, shall be ensured to come from
the same batch and also from the same section of the paper roll (i.e. sorted paper). In addition, paper is a
sensitive material and is strongly affected by the surrounding climate, so the reference specimens shall
be handled and stored in a similar manner as the test specimens prior to testing. Due to such unique
handling, the reference specimens are restricted to the corresponding test specimens and cannot be
used for other comparative tests.
EXAMPLE If test specimens are prepared for, such as a printer outside the laboratory, the reference
specimens are brought to all environments where test specimens are produced and are stored together,
preferably in the same box, prior to preparation of test pieces in the laboratory.
5 Required characteristics
5.1 General
Paper documents conforming to this document shall meet the following requirements. Specimens for
testing shall be prepared as described in Clause 4 and tested according to Clause 6.
5.2 Colour fastness
The colour fastn
...
ISO/FDIS 11798 (E)
ISO/TC 46/SC 10
Date: 2023-01-25
Information and documentation — Permanence and durability of writing, printing and copying
on paper — Requirements and test methods
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© ISO 2022/FDIS 11798:2023(E)
ISO/TC 46/SC 10
Date: 2023-02-20
Secretariat: SIS
Information and documentation — Permanence and durability of writing, printing and copying
on paper — Requirements and test methods
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ISO/FDIS 11798:2023(E)
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no
part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without
prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or
ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.orgwww.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 11798:2023(E)
Contents
Foreword . 4
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Preparation of specimens . 4
4.1 Performance testing paper . 4
4.2 Conditioning of document substrates and recording atmosphere . 5
4.3 Guidance for sample preparation . 5
4.4 Conditioning of specimens . 5
4.5 Reference material used for testing of mechanical properties . 5
5 Required characteristics . 6
5.1 General . 6
5.2 Colour fastness . 6
5.3 Visual appearance . 7
5.4 Lightfastness . 7
5.5 Water resistance . 7
5.6 Transfer of recording . 7
5.7 Abrasion resistance . 8
5.8 Resistance to heat . 8
5.9 Effects of recording on the mechanical strength of the paper . 8
5.9.1 General . 8
5.9.2 Tensile energy absorption . 8
5.9.3 Folding endurance . 8
6 Test method and procedure . 8
6.1 General . 8
6.2 Colour fastness . 9
6.3 Visual appearance . 10
6.4 Lightfastness . 10
6.5 Water resistance . 10
6.6 Transfer of recording . 11
6.7 Abrasion resistance . 11
6.8 Resistance to heat . 12
6.9 Effects of recording on the mechanical strength of the paper . 13
6.9.1 General . 13
6.9.2 Tensile energy absorption . 13
6.9.3 Folding endurance . 14
7 Test report . 14
Annex A (normative) Performance testing paper . 16
Annex B (normative) Specimen preparation . 17
Annex C (normative) Printout templates for sample preparation of printers and copying
machines . 19
Annex D (informative) Reporting forms . 25
Bibliography . 28
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ISO/FDIS 11798:2023(E)
Foreword . iv
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Preparation of specimens . 5
4.1 Performance testing paper . 5
4.2 Conditioning of document substrates and recording atmosphere . 5
4.3 Guidance for sample preparation . 5
4.4 Conditioning of specimens . 5
4.5 Reference material used for testing of mechanical properties. 5
5 Required characteristics . 6
5.1 General . 6
5.2 Colour fastness . 6
5.3 Visual appearance . 8
5.4 Lightfastness . 8
5.5 Water resistance . 8
5.6 Transfer of recording . 8
5.7 Abrasion resistance . 9
5.8 Resistance to heat . 9
5.9 Effects of recording on the mechanical strength of the paper. 9
5.9.1 General . 9
5.9.2 Tensile energy absorption . 9
5.9.3 Folding endurance . 9
6 Test method and procedure . 9
6.1 General . 9
6.2 Colour fastness . 10
6.3 Visual appearance . 11
6.4 Lightfastness . 11
6.5 Water resistance . 12
6.6 Transfer of recording . 12
6.7 Abrasion resistance . 13
6.8 Resistance to heat . 14
6.9 Effects of recording on the mechanical strength of the paper. 14
6.9.1 General . 14
6.9.2 Tensile energy absorption . 15
6.9.3 Folding endurance . 15
7 Test report . 16
Annex A (normative) Performance testing paper . 17
Annex B (normative) Specimen preparation . 18
Annex C (normative) Printout templates for sample preparation of printers and copying
machines . 20
Annex D (informative) Reporting forms . 30
Bibliography . 34
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ISO/FDIS 11798:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directiveswww.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patentswww.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World
Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.htmlwww.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation,
Subcommittee SC 10, Requirements for document storage and conditions for preservation.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 11798:1999), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows.
— The reference material used for the testing of mechanical properties are defined and shall, prior to
testing, be handled according to 4.5.
— CIELAB measurements replaces optical density measurements, i.e. evaluation of monocoloured
printing shall be performed by CIELAB measurements. Accordingly, microdensitometers or
densitometers are no longer needed.
— Testing of colour fastness (5.2 and 6.2) shall be followed to evaluate recording (monocoloured and
multicoloured) for lightfastness (6.4), water resistance (6.5) and resistance to heat (6.8).
— Table 1 (see 5.1) presents, for printing devices, elaborated CIELAB lightness and colour shift
* * *
* * * * *
Field Code Changed
requirements ∆L ∆L , ∆a ∆a , ∆b ,∆b and, in addition, a new requirement of ∆E ∆E
ab ab
Field Code Changed
(Euclidean distance between two CIELAB coordinates).
Field Code Changed
— Table 2 (see 5.1) presents, for pens and stamps, requirement of maximum CIELAB lightness change
Field Code Changed
* *
∆L ∆L .
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 11798:2023(E)
— Abrasion resistance (formerly referred to as resistance to wear) shall be evaluated by the degree of
abrasion (6.7) and is determined by CIELAB measurements prior to, and after, abrasion.
— Detailed descriptions of specimen preparation for pens and stamps, three printout templates for
specimen preparation from printers and copying machines and reporting forms are given in Annexes.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at
www.iso.org/members.htmlwww.iso.org/members.html.
vi © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 11798:2023(E)
Introduction
It is of great importance that recording of images on paper which, during long-term storage in libraries,
archives, and other protected environments, undergo little or no change in properties that affects its use.
The documents must preserve their information content and, thus, enable information storage and
information supply for the future. Accordingly, it is important to study the permanence and durability of
recording on paper.
Writing materials and printing equipment meeting the requirements given in this document can be used
in the preparation of paper documents intended for long-term storage and recurrent use. Such
documents contain permanent and durable images, i.e. images likely to be stable and thus undergo little
or no change in properties that influence legibility and the possibility of copying or converting the paper
documents to other data carriers.
This document specifies requirements and testing methods for evaluation of the permanence and
durability of images. It is primarily intended for recording on writing, printing, and photo-copying papers
in accordance with ISO 9706 (permanent paper) or ISO 11108 (archival paper). This document does not
specifically evaluate permanence and durability of books, but if permanent/archival paper is used in
combination with recording that meets the requirements in this document, the book content will most
likely become permanent. However, book bindings and covers are not included.
Permanent paper and archival paper, used in the preparation of documents, may differ widely in
properties of importance for the quality and permanence of the image. Some properties of an image,
e.g.such as abrasion resistance, depend on the combination of the image and the paper. The testing
conditions of this document are chosen so that results, representative of most papers on the market to
be used for a particular imaging process, shall be obtained.
In this document, the requirements are given in the following attributes:
— visual image colour strength and appearance;
— lightfastness;
— water resistance;
— transfer of recorded image;
— abrasion resistance;
— resistance to heat;
— effect of recording on the mechanical strength of the paper.
Experience has shown that images written with carbon black ink as well as printed images using
commercial printing inks have proved to be consistently reliable. There are, however, many documents
where acidic inks have affected the paper to such an extent that the paper has degraded. Images produced
from dry or liquid toner are also susceptible to ageing problems.
Images printed with modern material and machinery are often completely different from old images with
respect to composition and properties. The rapid development of new printing techniques makes this
testing very important. One printing technology may be replaced by a newer technology within a few
years on the market. Therefore, conclusions based on studies of old documents in libraries and archives
are of limited use when discussing the permanence of modern documents.
Strictly speaking, the only way to test the permanence and durability of documents is to handle them and
to store them under the relevant conditions for long periods of time. In practice, one can only rely on the
observations made on documents kept for a few decades and evaluate the effect of factors known to
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved vii
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 11798:2023(E)
influence the permanence and durability of the image. Therefore, the testing according to this document
does not correlate to lifetime of documents, but rather the documents that satisfy the requirements can
be stored for a long time in the future in archives and protected environments, probably for several
hundred years.
viii © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 11798:2023(E)
Information and documentation — Permanence and durability of
writing, printing and copying on paper — Requirements and test
methods
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements and test methods for evaluation of the permanence and durability
of writing, printing, and copying on paper stored in libraries, archives, and other protected environments
for long periods of time, in which the information recorded on paper must be retained but not necessarily
the full artistic quality.
It is applicable to:
— images on white permanent paper in accordance withaccording to ISO 9706 or ISO 11108;
— recording obtained from pens, stamps, copying machines and printers (that can produce
monocoloured and/or multicoloured images).
It does not apply to:
— documents stored under harmful conditions, such as high humidity that promotes microbiological
attack, excessive heat, radiation (e.g. light), high levels of pollutants, or the risk of water damage (or
water contact). Since documents might be kept in non-protected environments before being
transferred to protected environments, resistance to water and light is, however, of importance;
— legal documents, e.g. banking documents, where the authenticity is of primary interest;
— documents where the information contents are influenced by small colour changes;
— documents within the scope of ISO/TC 42, Photography.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 536, Paper and board — Determination of grammage
ISO 1924-2, Paper and board — Determination of tensile properties — Part 2: Constant rate of elongation
method (20 mm/min)
ISO 2470-1, Paper, board and pulps — Measurement of diffuse blue reflectance factor — Part 1: Indoor
daylight conditions (ISO brightness)
ISO 4892-2, Plastics — Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources — Part 2: Xenon-arc lamps
ISO 5626, Paper — Determination of folding endurance
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 11798:2023(E)
ISO 9352, Plastics — Determination of resistance to wear by abrasive wheels
ISO 9706, Information and documentation — Paper for documents — Requirements for permanence
ISO 11108, Information and documentation — Archival paper — Requirements for permanence and
durability
ISO 12757-1, Ball point pens and refills — Part 1: General use
ISO 13655, Graphic technology — Spectral measurement and colorimetric computation for graphic arts
images
ISO 14145-1, Roller ball pens and refills — Part 1: General use
ISO 27668--1, Gel ink ball pens and refills — Part 1: General use
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obphttps://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
abrasion resistance
rub resistance
characteristic of a document with recording (3.14) against losses of image or text from the action of
abrasion (i.e. the ability of materials and structures to withstand mechanical wear or rubbing by means
of friction)
Note 1 to entry: Abrasion resistance is measured in this standard as the degree of abrasion resistance, R (3.4)
a
3.2
archival paper
paper of high permanence (3.11) and high durability (3.6)
[SOURCE: ISO 11108:1996, 3.1]
3.3
CIELAB colour spaceshift
*
* * *
Field Code Changed
lightness and CIELAB valuescolour change (∆L , ∆a , ∆b and ∆E ) measured between two
ab
Field Code Changed
coordinates in the CIELAB colour space
Field Code Changed
three-dimensional, approximately uniform colour space, produced by plotting, in rectangular
Field Code Changed
coordinates L*, a*, b*
Note 1 to entry: The quantity L* is a measure of the lightness, where L* = 0 corresponds to black and L* = 100
corresponds to the perfect reflecting diffuser. Visually, the quantities a* and b* represent respectively the red-green
and yellow-blue axes in colour space, such that:
— +a* is a measure of the degree of redness;
2 © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 11798:2023(E)
— −a* is a measure of the degree of greenness;
— +b* is a measure of the degree of yellowness;
— −b* is a measure of the degree of blueness.
If both a* and b* are equal to zero, the test piece is grey
Note 2 to entry: Synonymously referred to as CIE 1976 L*a*b*.*, CIELAB colour space or CIELAB values.
[SOURCE:Note 3 to entry: Adapted from ISO/TS 21331:2020, 3.3.5 modified — introduction of Note 1 to entry].
3.4
degree of abrasion resistance,
R
a
measure of the magnitude of retain of recorded image (or text) on paper because of abrasion (or wear,
or rubbing)
Note 1 to entry: Degree of abrasion resistance is evaluated by measuring the % of changes in L* of a printed image
or text prior to and after the abrasion test, according to ISO 13655, and is calculated according to Formula (5) in
6.7.
3.5
document
recorded information which can be treated as a unit in a documentation process
[SOURCE: ISO 5127:2017, 3.1.1.38, modified — "material object" and Notes to entry have been deleted
from the definition.]
3.6
durability
ability to resist the effect of physical stress, such as wear and tear, pressure, or damage during recurrent
use
3.7
image
visual representation with colourants (such as dyes or pigments) distributed on paper as text characters,
lines, colour patches or other visually identifiable patterns
3.8
monochromatic image
image (3.7) with recording (3.14) uniformly in one colour
Note 1 to entry: Images produced in one colour from a black and white printer, or any colour from a printer that can
produce other colours, such as black, cyan, magenta, and yellow.
3.9
multicoloured image
image (3.7) composed of recording (3.14) in more than one colour, where the colours constitute part of
the information contents
Note 1 to entry: It can be separated into different base colours (e.g. black, cyan magenta and yellow)
Note 2 to entry: Not to be confused with a coloured image. A coloured image is in this standard referred to as an
image recorded in any colour as a monochromatic image (3.8).
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 11798:2023(E)
3.10
performance testing paper
permanent paper (3.13) or archival paper (3.2) used for sample preparation
Note 1 to entry: The performance testing paper shall be handled according to clause 4.1 and meet the requirements
of Annex A
3.11
permanence
ability to remain chemically and physically stable over long periods of time
3.12
permanent image
image (3.7) which, during long-term storage in libraries, archives and other protected environments will
undergo little or no change in properties that affect its use
3.13
permanent paper
paper of high permanence (3.11) in accordance with ISO 9706
3.14
recording
process of performing writing, printing, and copying
...
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 11798
ISO/TC 46/SC 10
Information and documentation —
Secretariat: SIS
Permanence and durability of writing,
Voting begins on:
2023-03-06 printing and copying on paper —
Requirements and test methods
Voting terminates on:
2023-05-01
Information et documentation — Permanence et durabilité de
l'écriture, de l'impression et de la reprographie sur des documents
papier — Prescriptions et méthodes d'essai
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 11798:2023(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2023
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 11798:2023(E)
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 11798
ISO/TC 46/SC 10
Information and documentation —
Secretariat: SIS
Permanence and durability of writing,
Voting begins on:
printing and copying on paper —
Requirements and test methods
Voting terminates on:
Information et documentation — Permanence et durabilité de
l'écriture, de l'impression et de la reprographie sur des documents
papier — Prescriptions et méthodes d'essai
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
ISO copyright office
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
DOCUMENTATION.
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
Email: copyright@iso.org
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO
ISO/FDIS 11798:2023(E)
Website: www.iso.org
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
Published in Switzerland
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
ii
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2023
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 11798:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Preparation of specimens .4
4.1 Performance testing paper . 4
4.2 Conditioning of document substrates and recording atmosphere . 4
4.3 Guidance for sample preparation . 4
4.4 Conditioning of specimens . 5
4.5 Reference material used for testing of mechanical properties . 5
5 Required characteristics . 5
5.1 General . 5
5.2 Colour fastness . 5
5.3 Visual appearance . 6
5.4 Lightfastness . 7
5.5 Water resistance . 7
5.6 Transfer of recording . 7
5.7 Abrasion resistance . . . 7
5.8 Resistance to heat . 7
5.9 Effects of recording on the mechanical strength of the paper . 7
5.9.1 General . 7
5.9.2 Tensile energy absorption. 8
5.9.3 Folding endurance . . . 8
6 Test method and procedure . 8
6.1 General . 8
6.2 Colour fastness . 8
6.3 Visual appearance . 9
6.4 Lightfastness . 9
6.5 Water resistance . 10
6.6 Transfer of recording . 10
6.7 Abrasion resistance . . . 11
6.8 Resistance to heat . 12
6.9 Effects of recording on the mechanical strength of the paper .12
6.9.1 General .12
6.9.2 Tensile energy absorption.12
6.9.3 Folding endurance . . .13
7 Test report .14
Annex A (normative) Performance testing paper .15
Annex B (normative) Specimen preparation .16
Annex C (normative) Printout templates for sample preparation of printers and copying
machines .18
Annex D (informative) Reporting forms .23
Bibliography .26
iii
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 11798:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and nongovernmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation,
Subcommittee SC 10, Requirements for document storage and conditions for preservation.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 11798:1999), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows.
— The reference material used for the testing of mechanical properties are defined and shall, prior to
testing, be handled according to 4.5.
— CIELAB measurements replaces optical density measurements, i.e. evaluation of monocoloured
printing shall be performed by CIELAB measurements. Accordingly, microdensitometers or
densitometers are no longer needed.
— Testing of colour fastness (5.2 and 6.2) shall be followed to evaluate recording (monocoloured and
multicoloured) for lightfastness (6.4), water resistance (6.5) and resistance to heat (6.8).
— Table 1 (see 5.1) presents, for printing devices, elaborated CIELAB lightness and colour shift
* * * *
requirements ΔL , Δa , Δb and, in addition, a new requirement of ΔE (Euclidean distance
ab
between two CIELAB coordinates).
— Table 2 (see 5.1) presents, for pens and stamps, requirement of maximum CIELAB lightness change
*
ΔL .
— Abrasion resistance (formerly referred to as resistance to wear) shall be evaluated by the degree of
abrasion (6.7) and is determined by CIELAB measurements prior to, and after, abrasion.
— Detailed descriptions of specimen preparation for pens and stamps, three printout templates
for specimen preparation from printers and copying machines and reporting forms are given in
Annexes.
iv
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 11798:2023(E)
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
v
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 11798:2023(E)
Introduction
It is of great importance that recording of images on paper which, during longterm storage in libraries,
archives, and other protected environments, undergo little or no change in properties that affects its
use. The documents must preserve their information content and, thus, enable information storage and
information supply for the future. Accordingly, it is important to study the permanence and durability
of recording on paper.
Writing materials and printing equipment meeting the requirements given in this document can be
used in the preparation of paper documents intended for longterm storage and recurrent use. Such
documents contain permanent and durable images, i.e. images likely to be stable and thus undergo
little or no change in properties that influence legibility and the possibility of copying or converting the
paper documents to other data carriers.
This document specifies requirements and testing methods for evaluation of the permanence and
durability of images. It is primarily intended for recording on writing, printing and photo-copying
papers in accordance with ISO 9706 (permanent paper) or ISO 11108 (archival paper). This document
does not specifically evaluate permanence and durability of books, but if permanent/archival paper is
used in combination with recording that meets the requirements in this document, the book content
will most likely become permanent. However, book bindings and covers are not included.
Permanent paper and archival paper, used in the preparation of documents, may differ widely in
properties of importance for the quality and permanence of the image. Some properties of an image,
such as abrasion resistance, depend on the combination of the image and the paper. The testing
conditions of this document are chosen so that results, representative of most papers on the market to
be used for a particular imaging process, shall be obtained.
In this document, the requirements are given in the following attributes:
— visual image colour strength and appearance;
— lightfastness;
— water resistance;
— transfer of recorded image;
— abrasion resistance;
— resistance to heat;
— effect of recording on the mechanical strength of the paper.
Experience has shown that images written with carbon black ink as well as printed images using
commercial printing inks have proved to be consistently reliable. There are, however, many documents
where acidic inks have affected the paper to such an extent that the paper has degraded. Images
produced from dry or liquid toner are also susceptible to ageing problems.
Images printed with modern material and machinery are often completely different from old images
with respect to composition and properties. The rapid development of new printing techniques makes
this testing very important. One printing technology may be replaced by a newer technology within
a few years on the market. Therefore, conclusions based on studies of old documents in libraries and
archives are of limited use when discussing the permanence of modern documents.
Strictly speaking, the only way to test the permanence and durability of documents is to handle them
and to store them under the relevant conditions for long periods of time. In practice, one can only rely on
the observations made on documents kept for a few decades and evaluate the effect of factors known to
influence the permanence and durability of the image. Therefore, the testing according to this document
does not correlate to lifetime of documents, but rather the documents that satisfy the requirements can
be stored for a long time in the future in archives and protected environments, probably for several
hundred years.
vi
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 11798:2023(E)
Information and documentation — Permanence and
durability of writing, printing and copying on paper —
Requirements and test methods
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements and test methods for evaluation of the permanence and
durability of writing, printing and copying on paper stored in libraries, archives, and other protected
environments for long periods of time, in which the information recorded on paper must be retained
but not necessarily the full artistic quality.
It is applicable to:
— images on white permanent paper according to ISO 9706 or ISO 11108;
— recording obtained from pens, stamps, copying machines and printers (that can produce
monocoloured and/or multicoloured images).
It does not apply to:
— documents stored under harmful conditions, such as high humidity that promotes microbiological
attack, excessive heat, radiation (e.g. light), high levels of pollutants, or the risk of water damage
(or water contact). Since documents might be kept in nonprotected environments before being
transferred to protected environments, resistance to water and light is, however, of importance;
— legal documents, e.g. banking documents, where the authenticity is of primary interest;
— documents where the information contents are influenced by small colour changes;
— documents within the scope of ISO/TC 42, Photography.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 536, Paper and board — Determination of grammage
ISO 19242, Paper and board — Determination of tensile properties — Part 2: Constant rate of elongation
method (20 mm/min)
ISO 24701, Paper, board and pulps — Measurement of diffuse blue reflectance factor — Part 1: Indoor
daylight conditions (ISO brightness)
ISO 48922, Plastics — Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources — Part 2: Xenon-arc lamps
ISO 5626, Paper — Determination of folding endurance
ISO 9352, Plastics — Determination of resistance to wear by abrasive wheels
ISO 9706, Information and documentation — Paper for documents — Requirements for permanence
ISO 11108, Information and documentation — Archival paper — Requirements for permanence and
durability
1
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 11798:2023(E)
ISO 127571, Ball point pens and refills — Part 1: General use
ISO 13655, Graphic technology — Spectral measurement and colorimetric computation for graphic arts
images
ISO 141451, Roller ball pens and refills — Part 1: General use
ISO 276681, Gel ink ball pens and refills — Part 1: General use
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
abrasion resistance
rub resistance
characteristic of a document with recording (3.14) against losses of image or text from the action of
abrasion (i.e. the ability of materials and structures to withstand mechanical wear or rubbing by means
of friction)
Note 1 to entry: Abrasion resistance is measured in this standard as the degree of abrasion resistance, R (3.4)
a
3.2
archival paper
paper of high permanence (3.11) and high durability (3.6)
[SOURCE: ISO 11108:1996, 3.1]
3.3
CIELAB colour shift
* * * *
lightness and colour change (ΔL , Δa , Δb and ΔE ) measured between two coordinates in the
ab
CIELAB colour space
Note 1 to entry: The quantity L* is a measure of the lightness, where L* = 0 corresponds to black and L* = 100
corresponds to the perfect reflecting diffuser. Visually, the quantities a* and b* represent respectively the red-
green and yellow-blue axes in colour space, such that:
— +a* is a measure of the degree of redness;
— −a* is a measure of the degree of greenness;
— +b* is a measure of the degree of yellowness;
— −b* is a measure of the degree of blueness.
If both a* and b* are equal to zero, the test piece is grey
Note 2 to entry: Synonymously referred to as CIE 1976 L*a*b*, CIELAB colour space or CIELAB values.
Note 3 to entry: Adapted from ISO/TS 21331:2020, 3.3.5.
2
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 11798:2023(E)
3.4
degree of abrasion resistance
R
a
measure of the magnitude of retain of recorded image (or text) on paper because of abrasion (or wear,
or rubbing)
Note 1 to entry: Degree of abrasion resistance is evaluated by measuring the % of changes in L* of a printed image
or text prior to and after the abrasion test, according to ISO 13655, and is calculated according to Formula (5) in
6.7.
3.5
document
recorded information which can be treated as a unit in a documentation process
[SOURCE: ISO 5127:2017, 3.1.1.38, modified — "material object" and Notes to entry have been deleted
from the definition.]
3.6
durability
ability to resist the effect of physical stress, such as wear and tear, pressure, or damage during recurrent
use
3.7
image
visual representation with colourants (such as dyes or pigments) distributed on paper as text
characters, lines, colour patches or other visually identifiable patterns
3.8
monochromatic image
image (3.7) with recording (3.14) uniformly in one colour
Note 1 to entry: Images produced in one colour from a black and white printer, or any colour from a printer that
can produce other colours, such as black, cyan, magenta and yellow.
3.9
multicoloured image
image (3.7) composed of recording (3.14) in more than one colour, where the colours constitute part of
the information contents
Note 1 to entry: It can be separated into different base colours (e.g. black, cyan magenta and yellow)
Note 2 to entry: Not to be confused with a coloured image. A coloured image is in this standard referred to as an
image recorded in any colour as a monochromatic image (3.8).
3.10
performance testing paper
permanent paper (3.13) or archival paper (3.2) used for sample preparation
Note 1 to entry: The performance testing paper shall be handled according to clause 4.1 and meet the
requirements of Annex A
3.11
permanence
ability to remain chemically and physically stable over long periods of time
3.12
permanent image
image (3.7) which, during longterm storage in libraries, archives and other protected environments
will undergo little or no change in properties that affect its use
3
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ISO/FDIS 11798:2023(E)
3.13
permanent paper
paper of high permanence (3.11) in accordance with ISO 9706
3.14
recording
process of performing writing, printing and copying on paper
3.15
spot colour image
specialized ink mixes to create a specific predetermined uniform colour in commercial printing
3.16
sample
aggregate of all the specimens (3.17) taken to be representative of a lot
[SOURCE: ISO 40465:2016, 5.100]
3.17
specimen
portion of a paper or board sample (in this context performance testing paper with recording from the
tested writing, printing, or copying material) sufficient in size so that test pieces (3.18) can be obtained
from it
[SOURCE: ISO 4046-5:2016, 5.106, modified — text in brackets has been added]
3.18
test piece
piece or pieces of paper or board on which the measurement is carried out in accordance with the
stipulations of the method of test
[SOURCE: ISO 4046-5:2016, 5.118, modified — Note to entry has been omitted.]
4 Preparation of specimens
4.1 Performance testing paper
Paper used for production of specimens shall meet the requirements of Annex A.
For the use of archival paper (in accordance with ISO 11108) as performance testing paper, watermarks
may be present on various spots throughout the specimens. Such imprints are basically attenuations
of the paper and indicate authenticity. To avoid misleading testing results, the watermarks shall be
avoided for the test piece preparation when tested according to 6.2, 6.4, 6.5, 6.7, 6.8 and 6.9.
4.2 Conditioning of document substrates and recording atmosphere
Preferably, material (including paper) should be conditioned for at least 15 h at (23 ± 1) °C and (50 ± 2) %
RH before recording. The recording should be performed in the same atmosphere. If this is not possible,
instructions from the manufacturer of the recording equipment to be tested shall be followed.
4.3 Guidance for sample preparation
Specimens for testing purposes shall be prepared as described in an International Standard dealing with
the specific type of recording equipment. If no such standard is available, the preparation of specimens
shall be performed according to the instructions of the manufacturer of the recording equipment.
The test patterns shall be recorded to conform with Clause 6 using the same printing/writing method,
ink, and paper combination, identical to the intended application or user case. Characters, spacing, etc.
4
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ISO/FDIS 11798:2023(E)
shall represent normal use of the recording equipment intended for testing. Specimen preparation shall
also meet the requirements of Annex B.
Three printout templates and the number of specimens that shall be used for sample preparation are
given in Table C.1 of Annex C.
For printers and other recording devices, in addition to their manufacturer/brand, model number and
serial number, note the print adjustment settings (such as paper setting, driver setting, colour mode
and printing speed used), if specific print adjustments are to be made.
NOTE Print adjustments and other settings on a printer may have major impact on the permanence of the
printed images. Accordingly, the print adjustments and print settings are two very important parameters to
report, because different settings can drastically change the quality of the recorded information and thus impact
its permanence.
4.4 Conditioning of specimens
Printed specimens shall be dried or cured and conditioned to the level of the intended use prior to
testing. The specimens shall be kept at (23 ± 1) °C and (50 ± 2) % RH for at least 24 h (depending on the
type of printing method) prior to further test piece preparation and testing. Inks that must evaporate
or cure, such as water-based inkjet-printed specimens, shall be conditioned at least 7 days prior to the
testing. When testing the mechanical strength of the paper (see 6.9), the p
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST ISO/DIS 11798:2022
01-december-2022
Informatika in dokumentacija - Trajnost in obstojnost pisanja, tiskanja in
razmnoževanje na papir - Zahteve in preskusne metode
Information and documentation — Permanence and durability of writing, printing and
copying on paper — Requirements and test methods
Information et documentation — Permanence et durabilité de l'écriture, de l'impression et
de la reprographie sur des documents papier — Prescriptions et méthodes d'essai
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO/DIS 11798
ICS:
01.140.20 Informacijske vede Information sciences
oSIST ISO/DIS 11798:2022 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST ISO/DIS 11798:2022
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oSIST ISO/DIS 11798:2022
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 11798
ISO/TC 46/SC 10 Secretariat: SIS
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2022-08-04 2022-10-27
Information and documentation — Permanence and
durability of writing, printing and copying on paper —
Requirements and test methods
Information et documentation — Permanence et durabilité de l'écriture, de l'impression et de la
reprographie sur des documents papier — Prescriptions et méthodes d'essai
ICS: 01.140.20
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 11798:2022(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. © ISO 2022
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oSIST ISO/DIS 11798:2022
ISO/DIS 11798:2022(E)
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 11798
ISO/TC 46/SC 10 Secretariat: SIS
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
Information and documentation — Permanence and
durability of writing, printing and copying on paper —
Requirements and test methods
Information et documentation — Permanence et durabilité de l'écriture, de l'impression et de la
reprographie sur des documents papier — Prescriptions et méthodes d'essai
ICS: 01.140.20
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
© ISO 2022
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester. BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
ISO copyright office
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
Email: copyright@iso.org
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
Website: www.iso.org ISO/DIS 11798:2022(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
Published in Switzerland
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
ii
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. © ISO 2022
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oSIST ISO/DIS 11798:2022
ISO/DIS 11798:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Preparation of specimens .4
4.1 Performance testing paper . 4
4.2 Conditioning of document substrates and recording atmosphere . 4
4.3 Specifications for sample preparation . 4
4.4 Conditioning of specimens . 4
4.5 Reference material used for testing of mechanical properties . 5
5 Required characteristics . 5
5.1 Colour fastness . 5
5.2 Visual appearance . 6
5.3 Lightfastness . 6
5.4 Water resistance . 6
5.5 Transfer of recording . 6
5.6 Abrasion resistance . . . 7
5.7 Resistance to heat . 7
5.8 Effects of recording on the mechanical strength of the paper . 7
5.8.1 Tensile energy absorption. 7
5.8.2 Folding endurance . . . 7
6 Testing. 7
6.1 Colour fastness . 7
6.2 Visual appearance . 8
6.3 Lightfastness . 9
6.4 Water resistance . 9
6.5 Transfer of recording . 9
6.6 Abrasion resistance . . . 9
6.7 Resistance to heat . 10
6.8 Effects of recording on the mechanical strength of the paper . 11
6.8.1 Tensile energy absorption. 11
6.8.2 Folding endurance . . . 11
7 Test report .12
Annex A (normative) Performance testing paper .13
Annex B (normative) Specimen preparation .14
Annex C (normative) Printout templates for sample preparation of printers and copying
machines .16
Annex D (informative) Reporting forms .21
iii
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oSIST ISO/DIS 11798:2022
ISO/DIS 11798:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 46, Subcommittee SC 10 Requirements for
document storage and conditions for preservation.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 11798:1999), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— The reference material used for the testing of mechanical properties has been defined and shall,
prior to testing, be handled according to clause 4.5
— CIELAB measurements replaces optical density measurements, i.e. evaluation of monocoloured
printing shall be performed by CIELAB measurements (formerly evaluated by optical density
measurements). Accordingly, microdensitometers or densitometers are no longer needed
— Colour fastness (clause 5.1 and 6.1) shall be followed to evaluate recording (monocoloured and
multicoloured) for lightfastness (clause 6.3), water resistance (clause 6.4) and resistance to heat
(clause 6.8)
— Table 1 (clause 5.1) presents, for printing devices, elaborated CIELAB lightness and colour shift
* * * *
requirements ΔL , Δa , Δb , and in addition, a new requirement of ΔE (Euclidean distance
ab
between two CIELAB coordinates)
— Table 2 (clause 5.1) presents, for pens and stamp pads, requirement of maximum CIELAB lightness
*
change ΔL
— Abrasion resistance (formerly referred to as resistance to wear) shall be evaluated by the degree of
abrasion (clause 6.6) and is determined by CIELAB measurements prior to, and after, abrasion
— Detailed descriptions of specimen preparation for pens and stamp pads, three printout templates
for specimen preparation from printers and copying machines and reporting forms are given in
Annexes
iv
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oSIST ISO/DIS 11798:2022
ISO/DIS 11798:2022(E)
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
v
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oSIST ISO/DIS 11798:2022
ISO/DIS 11798:2022(E)
Introduction
It is of great importance that recording of images on paper which, during long-term storage in libraries,
archives, and other protected environments, will undergo little or no change in properties that affects
its use. The documents must preserve their information content and thus enable information storage
and information supply for the future. Accordingly, it is important to study the permanence and
durability of recording on paper.
Writing materials and printing equipment meeting the requirements given in this document can be
used in the preparation of paper documents intended for long-term storage and recurrent use. Such
documents contain permanent and durable images, i.e. images likely to be stable and thus undergo
little or no change in properties that influence legibility and the possibility of copying or converting the
paper documents to other data carriers.
This document specifies requirements and testing methods for evaluation of the permanence and
durability of images. It is primarily intended for recording on writing, printing, and photo-copying
papers in accordance with ISO 9706 (permanent paper) or ISO 11108 (archival paper). The standard
does not specifically evaluate permanence and durability of books, but if permanent/archival paper is
used in combination with recording that meets the requirements in this standard, the book content will
most likely become permanent. However, book bindings and covers are not included.
Permanent paper and archival paper, used in the preparation of documents, may differ widely in
properties of importance for the quality and permanence of the image. Some properties of an image, e.g.
abrasion resistance, depend on the combination of the image and the paper. The testing conditions of
this document are chosen so that results, representative of most papers on the market to be used for a
particular imaging process, shall be obtained.
In this document, the requirements are given in the following attributes:
— visual image colour strength and appearance;
— lightfastness;
— water resistance;
— transfer of recorded image;
— abrasion resistance;
— resistance to heat;
— effect of recording on the mechanical strength of the paper
Experience has shown that images written with carbon black ink as well as printed images using
commercial printing inks have proved to be consistently reliable. There are, however, many documents
where acidic inks have affected the paper to such an extent that the paper has corroded, and images
produced from dry or liquid toner are also susceptible to ageing problems.
Images prepared with modern material and machinery are often completely different from old images
with respect to composition and properties. The rapid development of new printing techniques makes
this testing very important. One printing device may have a successor only within a few years after it
was launched. Therefore, conclusions based on studies of old documents in libraries and archives are of
limited use when discussing the permanence of modern documents.
Strictly speaking, the only way to test the permanence and durability of documents is to handle them
and to store them under the relevant conditions for long periods of time. In practice, one must rely upon
observations made on documents kept for a few decades only, and on evaluation of the effect of factors
known to influence the permanence and durability of the image. Accordingly, the testing according
to this International Standard does not correlate to lifetime of documents, but rather that documents
that fulfil the requirements can be stored for a long time in the future in archives and protected
environments, probably for several hundred years.
vi
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oSIST ISO/DIS 11798:2022
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 11798:2022(E)
Information and documentation — Permanence and
durability of writing, printing and copying on paper —
Requirements and test methods
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements and test methods for evaluation of the permanence and
durability of writing, printing, and copying on paper stored in libraries, archives, and other protected
environments for long periods of time, in which the information contents of images must be retained
but not necessarily the full artistic quality.
It is applicable to:
— images on white permanent paper in accordance with ISO 9706 or ISO 11108;
— recording obtained from pens, stamp pads, copying machines and printers (that can produce
monocoloured and/or multicoloured images)
It does not apply to:
— documents stored under harmful conditions, such as high humidity that promotes microbiological
attack, excessive heat, radiation (e.g. light), high levels of pollutants, or the influence of water.
Since documents are kept in non-protected environments before being transferred to protected
environments, resistance to water and light is, however, of importance;
— legal documentation, e.g. banking documents, where the authenticity is of primary interest;
— documents where the information contents are influenced by small colour changes;
— documents within the scope of ISO/TC 42, Photography.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1924-2, Paper and board — Determination of tensile properties — Part 2: Constant rate of elongation
method (20 mm/min)
ISO 2470-1, Paper, board and pulps — Measurement of diffuse blue reflectance factor — Part 1: Indoor
daylight conditions (ISO brightness)
ISO 4892-2, Plastics — Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources — Part 2: Xenon-arc lamps
ISO 5626, Paper — Determination of folding endurance
ISO 9352, Plastics — Determination of resistance to wear by abrasive wheels
ISO 9706, Information and documentation — Paper for documents — Requirements for permanence
ISO 11108, Information and documentation — Archival paper — Requirements for permanence and
durability
ISO 12757-1, Ball point pens and refills — Part 1: General use
1
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oSIST ISO/DIS 11798:2022
ISO/DIS 11798:2022(E)
ISO 12757-2, Ball point pens and refills — Part 2: Documentary use (DOC)
ISO 13655, Graphic technology — Spectral measurement and colorimetric computation for graphic arts
images
ISO 14145-1, Roller ball pens and refills — Part 1: General use
ISO 14145-2, Roller ball pens and refills — Part 2: Documentary use (DOC)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
abrasion resistance (or rub resistance)
characteristic of a document with recording (3.14) against losses of image or text from the action of
abrasion (i.e. the ability of materials and structures to withstand mechanical wear or rubbing by means
of friction)
Note 1 to entry: Abrasion resistance can be evaluated by the degree of abrasion (3.4)
3.2
archival paper
paper of high permanence (3.11) and high durability (3.6) in accordance with ISO 11108
3.3
CIELAB
three-dimensional colour space defined by International Commission on Illumination in 1976
(synonymously referred to as CIE 1976 L*a*b*)
Note 1 to entry: The three coordinates that constitute the colour space (referred to as L*a*b*) represents the
following:
L* = lightness, where 0 represents black and 100 represents white
a* = position between red and green, where negative a signifies green and positive a signifies red
b* = position between blue and yellow, where negative b indicates blue and positive b indicates yellow
[SOURCE: Modified from ISO 11164-4]
3.4
degree of abrasion
measure of the magnitude of loss of recorded image (or text) on paper because of abrasion (or wear, or
rubbing)
Note 1 to entry: Degree of abrasion is evaluated by measuring L* of a printed image or text prior to and after the
abrasion test, according to ISO 13655, and is calculated according to clause 6.6.
3.5
document
recorded information which can be treated as a unit in a documentation process
1)
[SOURCE: ISO 5127-1:1983 ]
1) ISO 5127-1:2017, Documentation and information — Vocabulary — Part 1: Basic concepts.
2
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oSIST ISO/DIS 11798:2022
ISO/DIS 11798:2022(E)
3.6
durability
ability to resist the effects of wear and tear during recurrent use
3.7
image
visual representation with colourants (such as dyes or pigments) distributed on paper as text
characters, lines, colour patches or other visually identifiable patterns
3.8
monochromatic image
image with recording (3.14) in one colour
3.9
multicoloured image
image composed of recording (3.14) in more than one colour, where the colours constitute part of the
information contents
Note 1 to entry: It can be separated into different base colours (e.g. black, cyan magenta and yellow)
Note 2 to entry: Not to be confused with a coloured image. A coloured image is in this standard referred to as an
image recorded uniformly of one colour.
3.10
performance testing paper
permanent paper (3.13) or archival paper (3.2) used for sample preparation
Note 1 to entry: The performance testing paper shall be handled according to clause 4.1 and meet the
requirements of Annex A
3.11
permanence
ability to remain chemically and physically stable over long periods of time
3.12
permanent image
image (3.7) which, during long-term storage in libraries, archives and other protected environments
will undergo little or no change in properties that affect its use
3.13
permanent paper
paper of high permanence (3.11) in accordance with ISO 9706
3.14
recording
the process of performing writing, printing, and copying on paper
3.15
spot-coloured image
specialized ink mixes to create a specific predetermined uniform colour in commercial printing
3.16
sample
aggregate of all the specimens (3.17) taken to be representative of a lot
[SOURCE: ISO 4046-5:2016]
3
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oSIST ISO/DIS 11798:2022
ISO/DIS 11798:2022(E)
3.17
specimen
a portion of a paper or board sample (in this context performance testing paper with recording from the
tested writing, printing, or copying material) sufficient in size so that test pieces (3.18) can be obtained
from it
[SOURCE: Modified from ISO 4046-5:2016, 5.118]
3.18
test piece
piece or pieces of paper or board on which the measurement is carried out in accordance with the
stipulations of the method of test
[SOURCE: ISO 4046-5:2016]
4 Preparation of specimens
4.1 Performance testing paper
Paper used for production of specimens shall meet the requirements of Annex A.
For the use of archival paper (in accordance with ISO 11108) as performance testing paper, watermarks
may be present on various spots throughout the specimens. Such imprints are basically attenuations
of the paper and indicate authenticity. To avoid misleading testing results, the watermarks shall be
avoided for the test piece preparation when tested according to 6.1, 6.3, 6.4, 6.6, 6.7 and 6.8.
4.2 Conditioning of document substrates and recording atmosphere
Preferably, material (including paper) should be conditioned for at least 15 h at (23 ± 1) °C and (50 ± 2) %
RH before recording. The recording should be performed in the same atmosphere. If this is not possible,
instructions from the manufacturer of the recording equipment to be tested shall be followed.
4.3 Specifications for sample preparation
Specimens for testing purposes shall be prepared as described in an International Standard dealing with
the specific type of recording equipment. If no such standard is available, the preparation of specimens
shall be performed according to the instructions of the manufacturer of the recording equipment.
The test patterns shall be recorded to conform with each clause of chapter 6 using the same printing/
writing method, ink, and paper combination, identical to the intended application or user case.
Characters, spacing, etc. shall represent normal use of the recording equipment intended for testing.
Specimen preparation shall also meet the requirements of Annex B.
Three printout templates and number of specimens that shall be used for sample preparation are given
Table C.1 in Annex C.
For printers and other machines, in addition to the product designation, note the serial number and the
print adjustment (such as paper setting, driver setting, colour mode and printing speed used) if specific
print adjustments are to be made.
NOTE Print adjustments and other print settings have major impact on the permanence of images.
Accordingly, the print adjustments and print settings are two very important parameters to mention because
other settings, on the same printer, can drastically change the quality of the document and may thus not be
permanent.
4.4 Conditioning of specimens
Printed specimens shall be dried or cured and conditioned to the level of the intended use prior to
testing. The specimens shall be kept at (23 ± 1) °C and (50 ± 2) % RH for at least 24 hours (depending
4
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oSIST ISO/DIS 11798:2022
ISO/DIS 11798:2022(E)
on the type of printing method) prior to further test piece preparation and testing. Inks that must
evaporate or cure, such as water-based inkjet-printed specimens, shall be conditioned at least 7 days
prior to the testing. When testing the mechanical strength of the paper (see 6.8),
...
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