oSIST prEN IEC 61810-7-41:2023
(Main)Electrical relays - Tests and Measurements - Part 7-41: Insulation coordination
Electrical relays - Tests and Measurements - Part 7-41: Insulation coordination
Električni releji - Preskusi in meritve -7-41. del:Uskladitev izolacije
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN IEC 61810-7-41:2023
01-september-2023
Električni releji - Preskusi in meritve -7-41. del:Uskladitev izolacije
Electrical relays - Tests and Measurements - Part 7-41: Insulation coordination
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN IEC 61810-7-41:2023
ICS:
29.120.70 Releji Relays
oSIST prEN IEC 61810-7-41:2023 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN IEC 61810-7-41:2023
94/884/CDV
COMMITTEE DRAFT FOR VOTE (CDV)
PROJECT NUMBER:
IEC 61810-7-41 ED1
DATE OF CIRCULATION: CLOSING DATE FOR VOTING:
2023-07-07 2023-09-29
SUPERSEDES DOCUMENTS:
94/836/CD, 94/870/CC
IEC TC 94 : ELECTRICAL RELAYS
SECRETARIAT: SECRETARY:
Austria Mr Bernhard Spalt
OF INTEREST TO THE FOLLOWING COMMITTEES: PROPOSED HORIZONTAL STANDARD:
TC 121,SC 121A
Other TC/SCs are requested to indicate their interest, if
any, in this CDV to the secretary.
FUNCTIONS CONCERNED:
EMC ENVIRONMENT QUALITY ASSURANCE SAFETY
SUBMITTED FOR CENELEC PARALLEL VOTING NOT SUBMITTED FOR CENELEC PARALLEL VOTING
Attention IEC-CENELEC parallel voting
The attention of IEC National Committees, members of
CENELEC, is drawn to the fact that this Committee Draft
for Vote (CDV) is submitted for parallel voting.
The CENELEC members are invited to vote through the
CENELEC online voting system.
This document is still under study and subject to change. It should not be used for reference purposes.
Recipients of this document are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of
which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Recipients of this document are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant “In Some
Countries” clauses to be included should this proposal proceed. Recipients are reminded that the CDV stage is
the final stage for submitting ISC clauses. (SEE AC/22/2007 OR NEW GUIDANCE DOC).
TITLE:
Electrical relays – Tests and Measurements – Part 7-41: Insulation coordination
PROPOSED STABILITY DATE: 2026
NOTE FROM TC/SC OFFICERS:
Copyright © 2023 International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC. All rights reserved. It is permitted to download this
electronic file, to make a copy and to print out the content for the sole purpose of preparing National Committee positions.
You may not copy or "mirror" the file or printed version of the document, or any part of it, for any other purpose without
permission in writing from IEC.
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1 CONTENTS
2 FOREWORD . 3
3 1 Scope . 5
4 2 Normative references . 5
5 3 Terms and definitions . 6
6 4 Clearances, creepage distances and solid insulation . 10
7 Annex A (normative) Measurement of clearances and creepage distances . 18
8 Annex B (normative) Relation between rated impulse voltage, nominal voltage and
9 overvoltage category . 23
10 Annex C (normative) Pollution degrees . 25
11 Bibliography . 26
12
13
14
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15 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
16 ____________
17
18 Eelectrical relays –
19 Tests and Measurements
20
21 Part 7-41: Insulation coordination
22
23 FOREWORD
24 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization
25 comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to p
26 2) romote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic
27 fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical
28 Specifications, Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred
29 to as "IEC Publication(s)"). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National
30 Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International,
31 governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation.
32 IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with
33 conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
34 2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
35 consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
36 interested IEC National Committees.
37 3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
38 Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
39 Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
40 misinterpretation by any end user.
41 4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
42 transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between
43 any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter.
44 5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
45 assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
46 services carried out by independent certification bodies.
47 6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
48 7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
49 members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
50 other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
51 expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC Publications.
52 8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
53 indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
54 9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent
55 rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
56 The International Standards of the IEC 61810 have been prepared by IEC technical committee
57 94: All-or-nothing electrical relays.
58 The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
CD CC
94/836/CD 94/870/CC
59
60 Full information on the voting for the approval of this International Standard can be found in the
61 report on voting indicated in the above table.
62 This document has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
63 A list of all parts of IEC 61810 series, published under the general title Electromechanical
64 elementary relays, can be found on the IEC website.
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65 This International Standard is to be used in conjunction with IEC 61810-1:2015.
66 The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
67 stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to
68 the specific document. At this date, the document will be
69 • reconfirmed,
70 • withdrawn,
71 • replaced by a revised edition, or
72 • amended.
73
74
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75 All-or-nothing electrical relays –
76 Tests and Measurements
77
78 Part 7-41: Insulation coordination
79
80
81
82 1 Scope
83 This part of IEC 61810 part7 provides general guidance for the insulation coordination for
84 electromechanical elementary relays and similar components within the scope of IEC technical
85 committee 94. This part may also be used for similar devices when specified in a detail
86 specification.
87 The test and/or measurement of creepages, clearances, solid insolation and insulation systems
88 shall be carried out in conjunction with other IEC 61810-7 series parts.
89 The basis for the insulation coordination is given in IEC 60664 series.
90 2 Normative references
91 The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
92 constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
93 For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
94 amendments) applies.
95 IEC 60028, International standard of resistance for copper
96 IEC 60060-1:2010, High-voltage test techniques – Part 1: General definitions and test
97 requirements
98 IEC 60068-2-14, Environmental testing – Part 2-14: Tests – Test N: Change of temperature
99 IEC 60068-2-17, Basic environmental testing procedures – Part 2-17: Tests – Test Q: Sealing
100 IEC 60068-2-27, Environmental testing – Part 2-27: Tests – Test Ea and guidance: Shock
101 IEC 60068-2-64:2008, Environmental testing – Part 2-64: Tests – Test Fh: Vibration, broadband
102 random and guidance
103 IEC 60270, High-voltage test techniques – Partial discharge measurements
104 IEC 60664-1:2020, Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems – Part 1:
105 Principles, requirements and tests
106 IEC 60664-3:2016, Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems – Part 3:
107 Use of coating, potting or moulding for protection against pollution
108 IEC 60947-1:2007, Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 1: General rules
109 IEC 60999-1, Connecting devices – Electrical copper conductors – Safety requirements for
110 screw-type and screwless-type clamping units – Part 1: General requirements and particular
2 2
111 requirements for clamping units for conductors from 0,2 mm up to 35 mm (included)
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112 IEC 60999-2, Connecting devices – Electrical copper conductors – Safety requirements for
113 screw-type and screwless-type clamping units – Part 2: Particular requirements for clamping
2 2
114 units for conductors above 35 mm up to 300 mm (included)
115 IEC 61810-1:2015, Electromechanical elementary relays – Part 1: General and safety
116 requirements
117 ISO 16750-1:2018, Road vehicles – Environmental conditions and testing for electrical and
118 electronic equipment – Part 1: General
119 ISO 16750-2:2012, Road vehicles – Environmental conditions and testing for electrical and
120 electronic equipment – Part 2: Electrical loads
121 3 Terms and definitions
122 Clause 3 of IEC 61810-7-0 is applicable.
123 3.1 Terms and definitions related to insulation
124
125 functional insulation
126 insulation between conductive parts which is necessary only for the proper functioning of the
127 relay
128 Note 1: A typical functional insulation is the coil wire insulation.
129 [SOURCE: IEC 60050-195, 195-02-41, modified – modification of the definition]
130
131 basic insulation
132 insulation of hazardous-live-parts which provides basic protection against electric shock
133 Note 21 to entry: Basic insulation does not necessarily include insulation used exclusively for functional purposes.
134 [SOURCE: IEC 60664-1:2007, 3.17.2, modified – modification of the definition]
135
136 supplementary insulation
137 independent insulation applied in addition to basic insulation, in order to provide protection
138 against electric shock in the event of a failure of basic insulation
139 [SOURCE: IEC 60050-195, 195-06-07, modified – modification of the definition]
140
141 double insulation
142 insulation comprising both basic insulation and supplementary insulation
143 [SOURCE: IEC 60050-195, 195-06-08]
144
145 reinforced insulation
146 insulation of hazardous-live-parts which provides a degree of protection against electric shock
147 equivalent to double insulation
148 [SOURCE: IEC 60050-195, 195-06-09, modified – modification of the definition]
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149
150 conductive part
151 part which is capable of conducting electric current, although it may not necessarily be used for
152 this purpose
153 [SOURCE: IEC 60050-195, 195-01-06, modified – modification of the definition]
154
155 live part
156 conductor or conductive part intended to be energized in normal operation, including a neutral
157 conductor, but by convention not a PEN conductor
158 Note 1 to entry: A PEN conductor combines the functions of both a protective earthing conductor and a neutral
159 conductor.
160 [SOURCE: IEC 60050-195, 195-02-19, modified – modification of the definition]
161
162 clearance
163 shortest distance in air between two conductive parts, or between a conductive part and the
164 accessible surface of a relay
165 Note 1 to entry: An example for an accessible surface is the actuating member of a relay used for manual operation.
166 [SOURCE: IEC 60664-1:2007, 3.2, modified – modification of the definition]
167
168 solid insulation
169 solid insulating material interposed between two conductive parts
170 [SOURCE: IEC 60664-1:2007, 3.4]
171
172 thin layer
173 thin layer are considered as solid, homogenic insulating material whit specified dielectric
174 strength
175 NOTE Typical examples for thin layers are insulation tapes and similar.
176
177 creepage distance
178 shortest distance along the surface of the insulating material between two conductive parts
179 [SOURCE: IEC 60664-1:2007, 3.3, modified – modification of the definition]
180
181 tracking
182 progressive degradation of a solid insulating material by local discharges to form conducting or
183 partially conducting paths
184 Note 1 to entry: Tracking usually occurs due to surface contamination.
185 [SOURCE: IEC 60050-212:2010, 212-11-56, modified – modification of the definition]
186
187 proof tracking index
188 PTI
189 numerical value of the proof voltage expressed in volts which a material can withstand without
190 tracking under specified test conditions
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191 [SOURCE: IEC 60050-212:2010, 212-11-60, modified – modification of the definition]
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192
193 pollution
194 any addition of foreign matter, solid, liquid, or gaseous that can result in a reduction of electric
195 strength or surface resistivity of the insulation
196 [SOURCE: IEC 60664-1:2007, 3.11]
197
198 pollution degree
199 numeral characterizing the expected pollution of the micro-environment
200 Note 1 to entry: Pollution degrees 1, 2 and 3 are used, see Annex C.
201 [SOURCE: IEC 60664-1:2007, 3.13]
202
203 micro-environment
204 immediate environment of the insulation which particularly influences the dimensioning of the
205 creepage distances
206 [SOURCE: IEC 60664-1:2007, 3.12.2]
207 3.2 Terms and definitions related to contacts
208
209 micro-interruption
210 interruption of a circuit by contact separation which does not provide full-disconnection or micro-
211 disconnection
212 Note 1 to entry: There are no dielectric strength or dimensional requirements for the contact gap.
213 [SOURCE: IEC 60730-1:2013, 2.4.4, modified – modification of the definition]
214
215 micro-disconnection
216 adequate contact separation in at least one contact so as to provide functional security
217 Note 1 to entry: There is a requirement for the dielectric strength of the contact gap but no dimensional requirement.
218 [SOURCE: IEC 60730-1:2013, 2.4.3, modified – modification of the term and definition]
219
220 full-disconnection
221 contact separation for the disconnection of conductors so as to provide the equivalent of basic
222 insulation between those parts intended to be disconnected
223 Note 1 to entry: There are dielectric strength and dimensional requirements.
224 [SOURCE: IEC 60730-1:2013, 2.4.2, modified – modification of the definition]
225
226
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227 4 Clearances, creepage distances and solid insulation
228 4.1 General provisions
229 The requirements and tests indicated in this clause are based on IEC 60664-1.
230
231 NOTE 1 In case insulating media (solid, gaseous) are used which are not covered by this standard other clearance
232 and creepage distances may be applicable when verified for the entire lifetime of the relay.
233 a) If the construction or dedicated use of the relay allows, one or more of the following options
234 a) to c) may be applied for the determination of insulation capabilities of a relay:When all
235 the conditions of IEC 60664-5: 2007 are fulfilled, the dimensioning of clearances and
236 creepage distances for spacings up to 2 mm as given in that standard may be applied
237 instead.
238 NOTE 2 IEC 60664-5 applies in the case of printed wiring boards and similar constructions where the
239 clearances and creepage distances are identical and along the surface of solid insulation (see examples 1, 5
240 and 11 shown in Annex A). Smaller dimensioning than that based on IEC 60664-1 can be achieved dependent
241 on the water absorption characteristics of the solid insulating material. According to IEC 60664-5, the dimensions
242 for reinforced or double insulation can exceed 2 mm.
243 b) For constructions in accordance with IEC 60664-3, where protection against pollution is
244 achieved by using adequate bonding, coating, potting or moulding, the reduced clearances
245 and creepage distances as specified in IEC 60664-3 may be used. All the requirements and
246 tests of IEC 60664-3 shall be fulfilled. The following items apply when specified in the basic
247 safety standards:
248 – value for lower temperature under 5.7.1 of IEC 60664-3:2003, −10 °C;
249 – temperature cycle under 5.7.3 of IEC 60664-3:2003, Severity 1;
250 – the partial discharge test under 5.8.5 of IEC 60664-3:2003;
251 – none of the additional tests under 5.9 of IEC 60664-3:2003.
252 The temperature for preconditioning 5.7.2 of IEC 60664-3:2003 and upper temperature,
253 5.7.3 of IEC 60664-3:2003 shall be determined during a heating test on a single sample
254 under nominal conditions and maximum ambient temperature. The thermocouple has to be
255 placed next to interested area under consideration. In accordance with IEC 60079-15:2010,
256 22.5 the measured temperature shall be increased by 10 °C. It is permitted to reduce the
257 test duration of the dry heat test by using the following formula:
−0,0693×(𝑇𝑇−𝑇𝑇 )
2 1
258 Duration[ℎ] = 2685×10
259 where
260 T is the chosen test temperature, under consideration of all material temperature limits
2
261 in the investigated area;
262 T is the measured temperature + 10 °C.
1
263 NOTE 3 The functional, mechanical and electrical properties of the involved materials can be considered.
264 The provisions for solid insulation (see 13.3) remain unchanged.
265 NOTE 4 In Annex F, examples 5b, 6b, 7b, and 8b show the determination of clearance and creepage distances
266 in this case.
267 c) In the case of relays to be used for frequencies of the working voltage above 30 kHz, it is
268 strongly recommended to apply the provisions for insulation coordination as given in
269 IEC 60664-4.
270 Clearances and creepage distances
271 Clearances and creepage distances shall be dimensioned according to the criteria given in
272 Table 1.
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273 Table 1 – Provisions for the dimensioning of clearances and creepage distances
Clearances Creepage distances
Clearances shall be so dimensioned that Creepage distances shall be dimensioned
they comply with the requirements of as given in Table 20 for the highest voltage
Table 18 depending on the impulse that can occur in the circuit(s) in normal
withstand voltage stated by the use, whereby the pollution degree
Characteristics
manufacturer, eventually taking into according to Annex C and the material
to be tested account the overvoltage category as group taken from Table 19 shall be
given in Annex B and the pollution considered. A creepage distance shall not
degree according to Annex C. be less than the associated clearance.
Details regarding the measurement of Details regarding the measurement of
clearances are described in Annex A. creepage distances are described in
Annex A.
f
Functional insulation There are no requirements for the There are no requirements for the creepage
clearances. distances.
e
Basic insulation Rated values according to Table 2 apply Rated values according to Table 4 apply to
to all relevant parts of the relay. all relevant parts of the relay.
Inside the relay case the rated values Inside the relay case, the rated values shall
shall be chosen considering the be chosen considering the pollution degree
pollution degree according to Annex C. according to Annex C.
Supplementary Equal to basic insulation. Equal to basic insulation.
insulation
Double insulation Comprises basic and supplementary Comprises basic and supplementary
insulation. insulation.
c
Reinforced insulation Equal to basic insulation, however one Twice the value for basic insulation.
step higher in the preferred series of
rated values of the impulse voltage, or
160 % of the rated impulse voltage for
a b
basic insulation.
Across open contact for Inside the relay case, there are no Inside the relay case, there are no require-
d
micro-disconnection requirements concerning clearances. ments concerning creepage distances.
Distances between the contact members Distances between the contact members
and other conducting parts of the and other conducting parts of the contact
contact down to its fixation within the down to its fixation within the relay shall not
relay shall not be smaller than the be smaller than the contact gap.
contact gap.
Across open contact for Rated value as for basic insulation in Rated value as for basic insulation in
full-disconnection accordance with Table 2. accordance with Table 4.
Distances between the contact members Distances between the contact members
and other conducting parts of the and other conducting parts of the contact
contact down to its fixing within the relay down to its fixing within the relay shall not
shall not be smaller than the contact be smaller than the contact gap.
gap.
NOTE The properties of the functional insulation are evaluated with the type tests of this standard. Requirements
for the functional insulation may be given by the application and the relevant application standards.
a
Clearances for reinforced insulation shall be dimensioned using one of the values for the rated impulse voltage
taken from Table 2 by the manufacturer, if necessary taking into account the overvoltage category as given in
Annex B and the pollution degree according to Annex C, but one step higher in the preferred series of values
given in Table 2 than that specified for basic insulation. If the impulse withstand voltage required for basic
insulation is other than a value from the preferred series, reinforced insulation shall be dimensioned to withstand
160 % of the impulse withstand voltage required for basic insulation.
b
In case of relays provided with double insulation, where basic and supplementary insulation cannot be
tested separately, the insulation system is considered as reinforced insulation.
c
In case of a foreseeable single failure condition – e.g. broken wire or loosened coil windings- the
requirements for basic insulation shall remain fulfilled by design.
d
The requirements for micro-disconnection also include those for micro-interruption.
e
At least basic insulation shall be given between terminals of opposite polarity (all possibilities):
- between uninsulated live parts and the relay housing with the contacts open and closed;
- between terminals of opposite polarity with the contacts closed;
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- between uninsulated live parts of different circuits.
f
Between terminals of relay coils, functional insulation applies. Not required for existing designs.
274
275 Alternate to the measurement methods mentioned in Annex A an impulse voltage withstand test
276 (1.2/50µs) could be used if specified in the basic safety standards to verify the clearance if it is
277 adequate to the required in table 2. The test procedure described in IEC60664-1:2020 apply
278 too.
279 Table 2 – Minimum clearances in air for insulation coordination
c d
Minimum clearances up to 2 000 m above sea level
Impulse withstand
e
Pollution degree
a
voltage
1 2 3
kV mm mm mm
b c
0,33 0,01 0,2 0,8
c
0,40 0,02 0,8
0,2
b c
0,50 0,04 0,2 0,8
0,60 0,06 0,2 0,8
b
0,10 0,2 0,8
0,80
1,0 0,15 0,2 0,8
1,2 0,25 0,8
b
0,5 0,8
1,5
2,0 1,0
b
2,5 1,5
3,0 2,0
b
4,0 3,0
5,0 4,0
b
6,0 5,5
b
8,0 8,0
10 11
b
12 14
a
This voltage is
– for basic insulation directly exposed to or significantly influenced by transient overvoltages from the low-
voltage mains: the rated impulse voltage of the equipment;
– for other basic insulation: the highest impulse voltage that can occur in the circuit;
– for reinforced insulation, see notes a and b of Table 1.
In special cases (particularly for existing designs) intermediate values derived by interpolation may be used for
the dimensioning of clearances.
b
Preferred values for relating to the overvoltage category (see Annex B).
c
For printed wiring material, the values for pollution degree 1 apply except that the value shall not be less than
0,04 mm, as specified in Table 4.
d
As the dimensions in Table 2 are valid for altitudes up to and including 2 000 m above sea level, clearances for
altitudes above 2 000 m are to be multiplied by the altitude correction factor specified in Table A.2 of IEC 60664-
1:2007.
e
Details regarding pollution degrees are specified in Annex C.
280 When an overvoltage control component is used (e.g. surge suppressor), clearances may be
281 defined in accordance with Table 3.
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282 Table 3 – Minimum clearances in controlled overvoltage conditions for internal circuits
a
Minimum clearances in millimetres
Voltage
Pollution degree
V 1 2 3
330 0,01 0,20 0,80
400 0,02 0,20 0,80
500 0,04 0,20 0,80
600 0,06 0,20 0,80
800 0,10 0,20 0,80
1 000 0,15 0,20 0,80
a
This voltage is the clamping voltage of the overvoltage control
device.
283
284 The relationship between the material group and the proof tracking index (PTI) is given in Table
285 4.
286 Table 4 – Material groups
Material group I 600 ≤ PTI
Material group II
400 ≤ PTI < 600
Material group IIIa 175 ≤ PTI < 400
Material group IIIb (for existing designs only) 100 ≤ PTI < 175
287
288 The PTI values are derived from the tracking test indicated IEC 61810-7-43.
289 Table 5 – Minimum creepage distances for equipment subject to long-term stresses
Creepage distances
d
Pollution degree
Printed wiring
Other materials
Voltage r.m.s.
material (PCB)
a e
1 2 1 2 3
V
Material group Material group
b c b
I II IIIa I II IIIa
mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
10 0,025 0,04 0,08 0,4 1
12,5 0,025 0,04 0,09 0,42 1,05
16 0,025 0,04 0,1 0,45 1,1
20 0,025 0,04 0,11 0,48 1,2
25 0,025 0,04 0,125 0,5 1,25
32 0,025 0,04 0,14 0,53 1,3
40 0,025 0,04 0,16 0,56 0,8 1,1 1,4 1,6 1,8
50 0,025 0,04 0,18 0,6 0,85 1,2 1,5 1,7 1,9
63 0,04 0,063 0,2 0,63 0,9 1,25 1,6 1,8 2
80 0,063 0,1 0,22 0,67 0,95 1,3 1,7 1,9 2,1
100 0,1 0,16 0,25 0,71 1 1,4 1,8 2 2,2
125 0,16 0,25 0,28 0,75 1,05 1,5 1,9 2,1 2,4
160 0,25 0,4 0,32 0,8 1,1 1,6 2 2,2 2,5
--
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