SIST EN 60793-2-40:2006
(Main)Optical fibres -- Part 2-40: Product specifications - Sectional specification for category A4 multimode fibres
Optical fibres -- Part 2-40: Product specifications - Sectional specification for category A4 multimode fibres
This part of IEC 60793-2 is applicable to optical fibre categories A4a, A4b, A4c, A4d, A4e, A4f, A4g and A4h. These fibres have a plastic core and plastic cladding and may have stepindex, multi-step index, or graded-index profiles. The fibres are used in information transmission equipment and optical fibre cables. Table 1 summarizes some of the salient characteristics and applications of these fibres.
Lichtwellenleiter -- Teil 2-40: Produktspezifikationen - Rahmenspezifikation für Mehrmodenfasern der Kategorie A4
Fibres optiques -- Partie 2-40: Spécifications de produits - Spécification intermédiaire pour les fibres multimodales de la catégorie A4
La présente partie de la CEI 60793-2 s'applique aux catégories de fibres optiques A4a, A4b, A4c, A4d, A4e, A4f, A4g et A4h. Ces fibres possèdent un c ur et une gaine en plastique et elles peuvent avoir un profil à saut d'indice, un profil à multi-saut d'indice ou un profil à gradient d'indice. Ces fibres sont utilisées dans les équipements de transmission de l'information et dans les câbles à fibres optiques.
Optična vlakna – 2-40. del: Specifikacije izdelka - Področna specifikacija za večrodna vlakna kategorije A4 (IEC 60793-2-40:2006)
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI SIST EN 60793-2-40:2006
STANDARD
oct 2006
Optična vlakna – 2-40. del: Specifikacije izdelka - Področna specifikacija za
večrodna vlakna kategorije A4 (IEC 60793-2-40:2006)
Optical fibres – Part 2-40: Product specifications – Sectional specification for
category A4 multimode fibres (IEC 60793-2-40:2006)
ICS 33.180.10 Referenčna številka
SIST EN 60793-2-40:2006(en)
© Standard je založil in izdal Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje ali kopiranje celote ali delov tega dokumenta ni dovoljeno
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EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 60793-2-40
NORME EUROPÉENNE
June 2006
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 33.180.10 Supersedes EN 60793-2-40:2002
English version
Optical fibres -
Part 2-40: Product specifications -
Sectional specification for category A4 multimode fibres
(IEC 60793-2-40:2006)
Fibres optiques - Lichtwellenleiter -
Partie 2-40: Spécifications de produits - Teil 2-40: Produktspezifikationen -
Spécification intermédiaire pour les fibres Rahmenspezifikation für
multimodales de la catégorie A4 Mehrmodenfasern der Kategorie A4
(CEI 60793-2-40:2006) (IEC 60793-2-40:2006)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2006-04-01. CENELEC members are bound to comply
with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard
the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on
application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified
to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, the Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B - 1050 Brussels
© 2006 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.
Ref. No. EN 60793-2-40:2006 E
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EN 60793-2-40 - 2 -
Foreword
The text of document 86A/1050/FDIS, future edition 2 of IEC 60793-2-40, prepared by SC 86A, Fibres
and cables, of IEC TC 86, Fibre optics, was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and was
approved by CENELEC as EN 60793-2-40 on 2006-04-01.
This European Standard supersedes EN 60793-2-40:2002. Main change is addition of Annexes E, F, G
and H that describe new fibres with lower attenuation reflecting the current state of the art.
The following dates were fixed:
– latest date by which the EN has to be implemented
at national level by publication of an identical
(dop) 2007-01-01
national standard or by endorsement
– latest date by which the national standards conflicting
(dow) 2009-04-01
with the EN have to be withdrawn
Annex ZA has been added by CENELEC.
__________
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 60793-2-40:2006 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
In the official version, for Bibliography, the following note has to be added for the standard indicated:
IEC 60794-1-2 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60794-1-2:2003 (not modified).
__________
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- 3 - EN 60793-2-40
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE When an international publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD
applies.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
1) 2)
IEC 60068-1 - Environmental testing - EN 60068-1 1994
Part 1: General and guidance
IEC 60793-1 Series Optical fibres - EN 60793-1 Series
Part 1: Generic specification
1) 2)
IEC 60793-1-20 - Optical fibres - EN 60793-1-20 2002
Part 1-20: Measurement methods and test
procedures - Fibre geometry
1) 2)
IEC 60793-1-22 - Optical fibres - EN 60793-1-22 2002
Part 1-22: Measurement methods and test
procedures - Length measurement
1) 2)
IEC 60793-1-40 - Optical fibres - EN 60793-1-40 2003
(mod) Part 1-40: Measurement methods and test
procedures - Attenuation
1) 2)
IEC 60793-1-41 - Optical fibres - EN 60793-1-41 2003
Part 1-41: Measurement methods and test
procedures - Bandwidth
1) 2)
IEC 60793-1-42 - Optical fibres - EN 60793-1-42 2002
Part 1-42: Measurement methods and test
procedures - Chromatic dispersion
1) 2)
IEC 60793-1-43 - Optical fibres - EN 60793-1-43 2002
Part 1-43: Measurement methods and test
procedures - Numerical aperture
1) 2)
IEC 60793-1-46 - Optical fibres - EN 60793-1-46 2002
Part 1-46: Measurement methods and test
procedures - Monitoring of changes in optical
transmittance
1) 2)
IEC 60793-1-47 - Optical fibres - EN 60793-1-47 2002
Part 1-47: Measurement methods and test
procedures - Macrobending loss
1) 2)
IEC 60793-1-50 - Optical fibres - EN 60793-1-50 2002
Part 1-50: Measurement methods and test
procedures - Damp heat (steady state)
1)
Undated reference.
2)
Valid edition at date of issue.
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EN 60793-2-40 - 4 -
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
1) 2)
IEC 60793-1-51 - Optical fibres - EN 60793-1-51 2002
Part 1-51: Measurement methods and test
procedures - Dry heat
1) 2)
IEC 60793-1-52 - Optical fibres - EN 60793-1-52 2002
Part 1-52: Measurement methods and test
procedures - Change of temperature
1) 2)
IEC 60793-2 - Optical fibres - EN 60793-2 2004
Part 2: Product specifications - General
1) 2)
IEC 60794-1-1 - Optical fibre cables - EN 60794-1-1 2002
Part 1-1: Generic specification - General
1)
IEC 60794-2-41 - Optical fibre cables - - -
Part 2-41: Indoor cables - Product
specification for simplex and duplex buffered
A4 fibres
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NORME CEI
INTERNATIONALE
IEC
60793-2-40
INTERNATIONAL
Deuxième édition
STANDARD
Second edition
2006-03
Fibres optiques –
Partie 2-40:
Spécifications de produits –
Spécification intermédiaire pour les fibres
multimodales de la catégorie A4
Optical fibres –
Part 2-40:
Product specifications –
Sectional specification for category A4
multimode fibres
IEC 2006 Droits de reproduction réservés Copyright - all rights reserved
Aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any
utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et les photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de l'éditeur. the publisher.
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Telephone: +41 22 919 02 11 Telefax: +41 22 919 03 00 E-mail: inmail@iec.ch Web: www.iec.ch
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PRICE CODE
Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
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МеждународнаяЭлектротехническаяКомиссия
Pour prix, voir catalogue en vigueur
For price, see current catalogue
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60793-2-40 IEC:2006 – 3 –
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.7
1 Scope and object.11
2 Normative references .13
3 Specifications .15
3.1 Dimensional requirements .15
3.2 Mechanical requirements.17
3.3 Transmission requirements .21
3.4 Environmental requirements .23
Annex A (normative) Family specifications for A4a multimode fibres .27
Annex B (normative) Family specifications for A4b multimode fibres .31
Annex C (normative) Family specifications for A4c multimode fibres .35
Annex D (normative) Family specifications for A4d multimode fibres.39
Annex E (normative) Family specifications for A4e multimode fibres .43
Annex F (normative) Family specifications for A4f multimode fibres .47
Annex G (normative) Family specifications for A4g multimode fibres.51
Annex H (normative) Family specifications for A4h multimode fibres.55
Annex I (normative) Mode Scramblers for A4a to A4d Fibres
(based on IEC 794-1-1, 1999).59
Annex J (informative) Typical characteristics and requirements for some buffered A4 fibres 61
Figure 1– Tensile load versus elongation for a plastic optical fibre.19
Figure I.1 – Mode scrambler for A4 fibre .59
Table 1 – Characteristics and applications of category A4 fibres.11
Table 2 – Dimensional attributes and measurement methods.15
Table 3 – Requirements common to all category A4 fibres .15
Table 4 – Additional attributes required in A4a though A4e family specifications.15
Table 5 – Additional attributes required in A4f through A4h family specifications.17
Table 6 – Mechanical attributes and test methods.17
Table 7 – Requirements common to category A4 fibres.17
Table 8 – Additional attributes required in family specification for categories A4a
through A4e fibres .17
Table 9 – Additional attributes required in family specification for categories A4f
through A4h fibres .17
Table 10 – Transmission attributes and measurement methods .21
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60793-2-40 IEC:2006 – 5 –
Table 11 – Attributes required in family specifications.21
Table 12 – Environmental exposure tests.23
Table 13 – Attributes measured .23
Table 14 – Requirement for tensile strength.25
Table 15 – Requirement for change in attenuation for A4a through A4e fibre .25
Table 16 – Requirement for change in attenuation for A4f through A4h fibre .25
Table A.1 – Dimensional requirements specific to A4a fibres .27
Table A.2 – Mechanical requirements specific to A4a fibres.27
Table A.3 – Transmission requirements specific to A4a fibres.29
Table B.1 – Dimensional requirements specific to A4b fibres .31
Table B.2 – Mechanical requirements specific to A4b fibres.31
Table B.3 – Transmission requirements specific to A4b fibres.33
Table C.1 – Dimensional requirements specific to A4c fibres .35
Table C.2 – Mechanical requirements specific to A4c fibres.35
Table C.3 – Transmission requirements specific to A4c fibres.37
Table D.1 – Dimensional requirements specific to A4d fibres .39
Table D.2 – Mechanical requirements specific to A4d fibres.39
Table D.3 – Transmission requirements specific to A4d fibres .41
Table E.1 – Dimensional requirements specific to A4e fibres .43
Table E.2 – Mechanical requirements specific to A4e fibres.43
Table E.3 – Transmission requirements specific to A4e fibres.45
Table F.1 – Dimensional requirements specific to A4f fibres .47
Table F.2 – Mechanical requirements specific to A4f fibres .47
Table F.3 – Transmission requirements specific to A4f fibres.49
Table G.1 – Dimensional requirements specific to A4g fibres.51
Table G.2 – Mechanical requirements specific to A4g fibres .51
Table G.3 – Transmission requirements specific to A4g fibres .53
Table H.1 – Dimensional requirements specific to A4h fibres .55
Table H.2 – Mechanical requirements specific to A4h fibres.55
Table H.3 – Transmission requirements specific to A4h fibres .57
Table I.1 – Mode scramble parameters .59
Table J.1 – Dimensional attributes .61
Table J.2 – Mechanical attributes.61
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60793-2-40 IEC:2006 – 7 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
OPTICAL FIBRES –
Part 2-40: Product specifications –
Sectional specification for category A4 multimode fibres
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 60793-2-40 has been prepared by subcommittee 86A: Fibres and
cables, of IEC technical committee 86: Fibre optics.
This International standard constitutes Part 2-40 of IEC 60793-2 series. This second edition
cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2002 of which it constitutes a technical
revision. Main change is addition of Annexes E, F, G, H, that describe new fibres with lower
attenuation reflecting the current state of the art.
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60793-2-40 IEC:2006 – 9 –
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
86A/1050/FDIS 86A/1057/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
IEC 60793 series consists of the following parts, under the general title Optical fibres:
Part 1-1: Measurement methods and test procedures: General and guidance
Parts 1-20 to 1-29: Measurement methods and test procedures for dimensions
Parts 1-30 to 1-39: Measurement methods and test procedures for mechanical
characteristics:
Parts 1-40 to 1-49: Measurement methods and test procedures for optical characteristics
Parts 1-50 to 1-59: Measurement methods and test procedures for environment
characteristics
Part 2: Product specifications – General
Parts 2-10 to 2-50: Product specifications – Sectional specifications
Part 2-10: Sectional specification for category A1 multimode fibres
Part 2-20: Sectional specification for category A2 multimode fibres
Part 2-30: Sectional specification for category A3 multimode fibres
Part 2-40: Sectional specification for category A4 multimode fibres
Part 2-50: Sectional specification for class B single-mode fibres
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in
the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed;
• withdrawn;
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
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60793-2-40 IEC:2006 – 11 –
OPTICAL FIBRES -
Part 2-40: Product specifications –
Sectional specification for category A4 multimode fibres
1 Scope and object
This part of IEC 60793-2 is applicable to optical fibre categories A4a, A4b, A4c, A4d, A4e,
A4f, A4g and A4h. These fibres have a plastic core and plastic cladding and may have step-
index, multi-step index, or graded-index profiles. The fibres are used in information
transmission equipment and optical fibre cables. Table 1 summarizes some of the salient
characteristics and applications of these fibres.
Table 1 – Characteristics and applications of category A4 fibres
Characteristics Types of caterogy A4 fibres
and
A4a A4b A4c A4d A4e A4f A4g A4h
applications
a a a a
Core diameter ≥500 200 120 62,5
µm
Cladding
diameter 1 000 750 500 1 000 750 490 490 245
µm
Numerical
t t t t t e e e
0,50 0,50 0,50 0,30 0,25 0,190 0,190 0,190
aperture
Operating
650, 850, 650, 850, 850,
wavelength(s) 650 650 650 650 650
1 300 1 300 1 300
nm
Applications Digital Industrial Sensor Digital Digital Industrial Data Data
audio and audio/ audio/ and trans- trans-
interface, sensor visual visual mobile; mission mission;
automobile, interface interface compa- primarily
industrial and data and data tible with used in
and sensor trans- trans- A3 trans- ribbon
mission mission mission structures
equip-
ment
t e
NOTE = theoretical; = measured effective
a
Typically 15 to 35 µm smaller than the cladding diameter
In addition to the applications shown in Table 1, other applications for A4 fibres include, but
are not restricted to, the following: support for short reach high bit-rate systems in telephony,
distribution and local networks, carrying data, voice and/or video services and on-premises
intrabuilding and interbuilding fibre installations, including LANs, PBXs, video, various
multiplexing uses, and miscellaneous related uses, such as consumer electronics and
industrial and mobile networks.
Informative Annex J shows typical characteristics and requirements for some buffered A4
fibres. The actual requirements are specified in the buffered fibre document IEC 60794-2-41.
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60793-2-40 IEC:2006 – 13 –
Three types of requirements apply to A4 fibres:
• general requirements, as defined in IEC 60793-2;
• specific requirements common to category A4 multimode fibres covered in this standard
and that are given in Clause 3;
• particular requirements applicable to individual fibre types or specific applications and that
are defined in this standard in the normative family specification annexes.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60068-1, Environmental testing – Part 1: General and guidance
IEC 60793-1 (all parts), Optical fibres – Part 1: Measurement methods and test procedures
IEC 60793-1-20, Optical fibres – Part 1-20: Measurement methods and test procedures –
Fibre geometry
IEC 60793-1-22, Optical fibres – Part 1-22: Measurement methods and test procedures –
Length measurement
IEC 60793-1-40, Optical fibres – Part 1-40: Measurement methods and test procedures –
Attenuation
IEC 60793-1-41, Optical fibres – Part 1-41: Measurement methods and test procedures –
Bandwidth
IEC 60793-1-42, Optical fibres – Part 1-42: Measurement methods and test procedures –
Chromatic dispersion
IEC 60793-1-43, Optical fibres – Part 1-43: Measurement methods and test procedures –
Numerical aperture
IEC 60793-1-46, Optical fibres – Part 1-46: Measurement methods and test procedures –
Monitoring of changes in optical transmittance
IEC 60793-1-47, Optical fibres – Part 1-47: Measurement methods and test procedures –
Macrobending loss
IEC 60793-1-50, Optical fibres – Part 1-50: Measurement methods and test procedures –
Damp heat (steady state)
IEC 60793-1-51, Optical fibres – Part 1-51: Measurement methods and test procedures – Dry
heat
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60793-2-40 IEC:2006 – 15 –
IEC 60793-1-52, Optical fibres – Part 1-52: Measurement methods and test procedures –
Change of temperature
IEC 60793-2, Optical fibres − Part 2: Product specifications – General
IEC 60794-1-1: Optical fibre cables – Part 1-1: Generic specification - General
IEC 60794-2-41, Optical fibre cables – Part 2-41: Product specification for simplex and duplex
1
buffered A4 fibres
3 Specifications
3.1 Dimensional requirements
Relevant dimensional attributes and measurement methods are given in Table 2.
Requirements common to all category A4 fibres are indicated in Table 3.
Tables 4 and 5 list additional attributes that shall be specified by each family specification.
Table 2 – Dimensional attributes and measurement methods
Attributes Measurement methods
Cladding diameter IEC 60793-1-20
Cladding non-circularity IEC 60793-1-20
Core diameter IEC 60793-1-20
Fibre length IEC 60793-1-22
Core-cladding concentricity error IEC 60793-1-20
Core non-circularity IEC 60793-1-20
Table 3 – Requirements common to all category A4 fibres
Attributes Unit Limits
a
Cladding non-circularity % ≤ 6
b
Core diameter
µm
c
Fibre length km
a
Unless otherwise specified in the family specification.
b
For A4a, A4b, A4c and A4d fibre, the core diameter is typically 15 µm to 35 µm smaller
than the cladding diameter. For A4e, A4f, A4g and A4h fibre, the core diameter varies
and is listed in the family specification.
c
Length requirements vary and should be agreed between supplier and customer.
Table 4 – Additional attributes required in A4a though A4e family specifications
Attributes
Cladding diameter
___________
1
Under preparation.
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60793-2-40 IEC:2006 – 17 –
Table 5 – Additional attributes required in A4f through A4h family specifications
Attributes
Cladding diameter
Core non-circularity
Core-cladding concentricity error
3.2 Mechanical requirements
Mechanical attributes, test methods, and requirements for buffered fibre can be found in
IEC 60794-2-41.
Relevant mechanical attributes and test methods are given in Table 6.
Requirements common to all category A4 fibres are indicated in Table 7.
Additional attributes that shall be specified in the family specifications for categories A4a
through A4e are given in Table 8.
Additional attributes that shall be specified in the family specifications for categories A4f
through A4h are given in Table 9.
Table 6 – Mechanical attributes and test methods
Attributes Test methods
Tensile performance 3.2.1
Table 7 – Requirements common to category A4 fibres
Attribute Unit Limit
Elongation at yield peak % ≥ 4,0
Table 8 – Additional attributes required in family specification
for categories A4a through A4e fibres
Attributes
Tensile load at yield peak
Table 9 – Additional attributes required in family specification
for categories A4f through A4h fibres
Attributes
Tensile load at yield peak
Tensile load to induce 4 % elongation
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60793-2-40 IEC:2006 – 19 –
3.2.1 Tensile load test
3.2.1.1 Object
The purpose of this test is to characterize the ability of the fibre to support a load during
handling. Its purpose is to obtain values of the fibre’s tensile strength.
The fibre samples are subjected to a mechanical environment as specified below. The test
shall be carried out at the standard test conditions in compliance with IEC 60068-1.
3.2.1.2 Definition of yield peak
Figure 1 shows a typical load vs. elongation curve for a plastic optical fibre. The curve
exhibits an initial monotonic increase in tensile load with applied elongation that goes through
a load peak. The peak is followed by a decrease in load as the sample begins to undergo a
ductile, irreversible elongation. Localized necking and drawing of the sample may accompany
the process. This phenomenon is known as yielding and the peak is termed a yield peak.
0
0 Strain %
IEC 417/06
Figure 1– Tensile load versus elongation for a plastic optical fibre
3.2.1.3 Test apparatus
...
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