Nanotechnologies - Size distribution and concentration of inorganic nanoparticles in aqueous media via single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ISO/TS 19590:2017)

ISO/TS 19590:2017 specifies a method for the detection of nanoparticles in aqueous suspensions and characterization of the particle number and particle mass concentration and the number-based size distribution using ICP-MS in a time-resolved mode to determine the mass of individual nanoparticles and ionic concentrations.
The method is applicable for the determination of the size of inorganic nanoparticles (e.g. metal and metal oxides like Au, Ag, TiO2, BVO4, etc.), with size ranges of 10 nm to 100 nm (and larger particles up to 1 000 nm to 2 000 nm) in aqueous suspensions. Metal compounds other than oxides (e.g. sulfides, etc.), metal composites or coated particles with a metal core can be determined if the chemical composition and density are known. Particle number concentrations that can be determined in aqueous suspensions range from 106 particles/L to 109 particles/L which corresponds to mass concentrations in the range of approximately 1 ng/L to 1 000 ng/L (for 60 nm Au particles). Actual numbers depend on the type of mass spectrometer used and the type of nanoparticle analysed.
In addition to the particle concentrations, ionic concentrations in the suspension can also be determined. Limits of detection are comparable with standard ICP-MS measurements. Note that nanoparticles with sizes smaller than the particle size detection limit of the spICP-MS method may be quantified as ionic.
The method proposed in this document is not applicable for the detection and characterization of organic or carbon-based nanoparticles like encapsulates, fullerenes and carbon nanotubes (CNT). In addition, it is not applicable for elements other than carbon and that are difficult to determine with ICP-MS. Reference [5] gives an overview of elements that can be detected and the minimum particle sizes that can be determined with spICP-MS.

Nanotechnologien - Größenverteilung und Konzentration anorganischer Nanopartikel in wässrigen Medien durch Massenspektrometrie an Einzelpartikeln mit induktiktiv gekoppeltem Plasma (ISO/TS 19590:2017)

Dieses Dokument legt ein Verfahren für den Nachweis von Nanopartikeln in wässerigen Suspensionen und die Charakterisierung der Partikel-Anzahl- und Partikel-Massenkonzentrationen sowie der anzahlbasierten Größenverteilung unter Anwendung der ICP MS in einer zeitaufgelösten Betriebsart zur Bestimmung der Masse der einzelnen Nanopartikel und Ionenkonzentrationen fest.
Das Verfahren gilt für die Bestimmung der Größe anorganischer Nanopartikel (z. B. Metalle und Metalloxide wie Au, Ag, TiO2, BVO4 usw.) mit Größenbereichen von 10 nm bis 100 nm (und größere Partikel bis zu 1 000 nm bis 2 000 nm) in wässerigen Suspensionen. Andere Metallverbindungen als Oxide (z. B. Sulfide usw.), Metallverbundstoffe oder beschichtete Partikel mit einem Metallkern können bestimmt werden, wenn die chemische Zusammensetzung und die Dichte bekannt sind. Die Partikel-Anzahlkonzentrationen, die in wässerigen Suspensionen bestimmt werden können, betragen zwischen 106 Partikel/l bis 109 Partikel/l, was Massenkonzentrationen im Bereich von etwa 1 ng/l bis 1 000 ng/l (bei 60 nm Au Partikeln) entspricht. Die tatsächlichen Anzahlen hängen vom verwendeten Typ des Massenspektrometers und der Art der analysierten Nanopartikel ab.
Zusätzlich zu den Partikelkonzentrationen können auch die Ionenkonzentrationen in der Suspension bestimmt werden. Die Nachweisgrenzen sind mit denen gewöhnlicher ICP MS-Messungen vergleichbar. Es ist zu beachten, dass Nanopartikel mit kleineren Größen als die Partikelgrößen-Nachweisgrenze des spICP MS-Verfahrens möglicherweise quantitativ als Ionen bestimmt werden.
Das in diesem Dokument vorgeschlagene Verfahren gilt nicht für den Nachweis und die Charakterisierung von organischen oder kohlenstoffbasierten Nanopartikeln wie gekapselte Nanopartikel, Fullerene und Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhrchen (CNT, en: carbon nanotubes). Außerdem gilt es nicht für andere Elemente als Kohlenstoff, die mit ICP MS schwer zu bestimmen sind. Literaturhinweis [5] gibt einen Überblick der nachweisbaren Elemente und der Mindestpartikelgrößen, die mit spICP MS bestimmt werden können.

Nanotechnologies - Distribution granulométrique et concentration de nanoparticules inorganiques en milieu aqueux par spectrométrie de masse à plasma induit en mode particule unique (ISO/TS 19590:2017)

L'ISO/TS 19590:2017 spécifie une méthode de détection de nanoparticules dans des suspensions aqueuses et de caractérisation de la concentration numérique et massique des particules et de la distribution granulométrique numérique au moyen d'un ICP-MS en mode de résolution temporelle afin de déterminer la masse des nanoparticules individuelles et des concentrations ioniques.
La méthode est applicable à la détermination de la taille de nanoparticules inorganiques (p. ex. les métaux et oxydes métalliques tels que Au, Ag, TiO2, BVO4, etc.), de tailles comprises entre 10 nm et 100 nm (et des particules de tailles plus grandes comprises entre 1 000 nm et 2 000 nm) dans des suspensions aqueuses. Les composés métalliques autres que les oxydes (p. ex. sulfites, etc.), les composites métalliques ou les particules enrobées avec un noyau métallique peuvent être déterminés si la composition chimique et la densité sont connues. Les concentrations numériques de particules qui peuvent être déterminées dans les suspensions aqueuses sont comprises entre 106 particules/L et 109 particules/L, ce qui correspond à des concentrations massiques comprises environ entre 1 ng/L et 1 000 ng/L (pour des particules d'or de 60 nm). Les chiffres réels dépendent du type de spectromètre de masse utilisé et du type de nanoparticules analysées.
Outre les concentrations de particules, les concentrations ioniques dans la suspension peuvent également être déterminées. Les limites de détection sont comparables aux mesurages normalisés de l'ICP-MS. À noter que les nanoparticules de tailles inférieures à la limite de détection de taille de particules de la méthode spICP-MS peuvent être quantifiées comme étant ioniques.
La méthode proposée dans l'ISO/TS 19590:2017 n'est pas applicable à la détection et la caractérisation de nanoparticules organiques ou à base de carbone comme les encapsulations, les fullerènes et les nanotubes de carbone (CNT). De plus elle n'est pas applicable aux éléments autres que le carbone et qui sont difficiles à déterminer par ICP-MS. La Référence [5] donne une description générale des éléments qui peuvent être détectés et des tailles de particules minimales qui peuvent être déterminées par spICP-MS.

Nanotehnologije - Granulometrijska sestava in koncentracija anorganskih nanodelcev v vodnih medijih z masno spektrometrijo z induktivno sklopljeno plazmo (ISO/TS 19590:2017)

Standard ISO/TS 19590:2017 določa metodo za zaznavanje nanodelcev v vodnih suspenzijah ter karakterizacijo števila delcev, masne koncentracije delcev in granulometrijske sestave na podlagi števila delcev z masno spektrometrijo z induktivno sklopljeno plazmo v časovno ločljivem načinu za določitev mase posameznih nanodelcev in ionskih koncentracij.
Metoda se uporablja za določanje velikosti anorganskih nanodelcev (npr. kovin in kovinskih oksidov, kot so Au, Ag, TiO2, BVO4 itd.) z razponi velikosti od 10 nm do 100 nm (in večjih delcev velikosti od 1000 nm do 2000 nm) v vodnih suspenzijah. Kovinske spojine, ki niso oksidi (npr. sulfidi itd.), kovinske kompozite ali prekrite delce s kovinskim jedrom je mogoče določiti, če sta poznani kemijska sestava in gostota. Številčne koncentracije delcev, ki jih je mogoče določiti v vodnih suspenzijah, so v razponu od 106 delcev/l do 109 delcev/l, kar ustreza masnim koncentracijam v razponu od približno 1 ng/l do 1000 ng/l (za 60-nm delce Au). Dejanske številke so odvisne od tipa uporabljenega masnega spektrometra in tipa analiziranih nanodelcev.
Poleg koncentracij delcev je mogoče določiti tudi ionske koncentracije v suspenziji. Mejne vrednosti zaznavanja so primerljive s standardnimi meritvami z masno spektrometrijo z induktivno sklopljeno plazmo. Upoštevajte, da se lahko nanodelci, ki so manjši od mejne vrednosti zaznavanja velikosti delcev pri metodi masne spektrometrije z induktivno sklopljeno plazmo, kvantificirajo kor ioni.
Metoda, ki je predlagana v tem dokumentu, se ne uporablja za zaznavanje in karakterizacijo organskih nanodelcev ali nanodelcev na osnovi ogljika, kot so enkapsulanti, fulereni ali ogljikove nanocevke (CNT). Poleg tega se ne uporablja za druge elemente, razen ogljika, in za elemente, ki jih je težko določiti z masno spektrometrijo z induktivno sklopljeno plazmo. Referenca [5] podaja pregled elementov, ki jih je mogoče zaznati, in najmanjše velikosti delcev, ki jih je mogoče določiti z masno spektrometrijo z induktivno sklopljeno plazmo.

General Information

Status
Published
Public Enquiry End Date
31-Jan-2019
Publication Date
18-Mar-2019
Technical Committee
Current Stage
6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
Start Date
07-Mar-2019
Due Date
12-May-2019
Completion Date
19-Mar-2019

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Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TS CEN ISO/TS 19590:2019
01-maj-2019
Nanotehnologije - Granulometrijska sestava in koncentracija anorganskih
nanodelcev v vodnih medijih z masno spektrometrijo z induktivno sklopljeno
plazmo (ISO/TS 19590:2017)
Nanotechnologies - Size distribution and concentration of inorganic nanoparticles in
aqueous media via single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
(ISO/TS 19590:2017)
Nanotechnologien - Größenverteilung und Konzentration anorganischer Nanopartikel in
wässrigen Medien durch Massenspektrometrie an Einzelpartikeln mit induktiktiv
gekoppeltem Plasma (ISO/TS 19590:2017)
Nanotechnologies - Distribution granulométrique et concentration de nanoparticules
inorganiques en milieu aqueux par spectrométrie de masse à plasma induit en mode
particule unique (ISO/TS 19590:2017)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN ISO/TS 19590:2019
ICS:
07.120 Nanotehnologije Nanotechnologies
SIST-TS CEN ISO/TS 19590:2019 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST-TS CEN ISO/TS 19590:2019

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SIST-TS CEN ISO/TS 19590:2019


CEN ISO/TS 19590
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE

February 2019
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
ICS 07.120
English Version

Nanotechnologies - Size distribution and concentration of
inorganic nanoparticles in aqueous media via single
particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
(ISO/TS 19590:2017)
Nanotechnologies - Distribution granulométrique et Nanotechnologien - Größenverteilung und
concentration de nanoparticules inorganiques en Konzentration anorganischer Nanopartikel in
milieu aqueux par spectrométrie de masse à plasma wässrigen Medien durch Massenspektrometrie an
induit en mode particule unique (ISO/TS 19590:2017) Einzelpartikeln mit induktiktiv gekoppeltem Plasma
(ISO/TS 19590:2017)
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 4 February 2019 for provisional application.

The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to
submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.

CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS
available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in
parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.





EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2019 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN ISO/TS 19590:2019 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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SIST-TS CEN ISO/TS 19590:2019
CEN ISO/TS 19590:2019 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3

2

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SIST-TS CEN ISO/TS 19590:2019
CEN ISO/TS 19590:2019 (E)
European foreword
The text of ISO/TS 19590:2017 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 229
"Nanotechnologies” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over
as CEN ISO/TS 19590:2019 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 352 “Nanotechnologies” the secretariat of
which is held by AFNOR.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria: Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg,
Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO/TS 19590:2017 has been approved by CEN as CEN ISO/TS 19590:2019 without any
modification.


3

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SIST-TS CEN ISO/TS 19590:2019
TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 19590
First edition
2017-03
Nanotechnologies — Size distribution
and concentration of inorganic
nanoparticles in aqueous media via
single particle inductively coupled
plasma mass spectrometry
Nanotechnologies - Distribution de taille et concentration de
nanoparticules inorganiques en milieu aqueux par spectrométrie de
masse à plasma induit en mode particule unique
Reference number
ISO/TS 19590:2017(E)
©
ISO 2017

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SIST-TS CEN ISO/TS 19590:2019
ISO/TS 19590:2017(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

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ISO/TS 19590:2017(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Abbreviated terms . 2
5 Conformance . 2
6 Procedure. 3
6.1 Principle . 3
6.2 Apparatus and equipment . 3
6.3 Chemicals, reference materials and reagents . 3
6.3.1 Chemicals . 3
6.3.2 Reference materials . 3
6.3.3 Reagents . 4
6.4 Samples . 4
6.4.1 Amount of sample . 4
6.4.2 Sample dilution . 5
6.5 Instrumental settings and performance check . 5
6.5.1 Settings of the ICP-MS system . 5
6.5.2 Checking the performance of the ICP-MS system . 5
6.6 Determination of the transport efficiency . 6
6.6.1 Determination of transport efficiency based on measured particle frequency . 6
6.6.2 Determination of transport efficiency based on measured particle size . 7
6.7 Determination of the linearity of response . 8
6.8 Determination of the blank level . 8
6.9 Analysis of aqueous suspension . 8
6.10 Data conversion . 9
7 Results . 9
7.1 Calculations . 9
7.1.1 Calculation of the transport efficiency .10
7.1.2 Calculation of the ICP-MS response .10
7.1.3 Calculation of particle concentration and size .10
7.1.4 Calculation of the particle concentration detection limit .11
7.1.5 Calculation of the particle size detection limit.12
7.1.6 Calculation of ionic concentration .13
7.2 Performance criteria .13
7.2.1 Transport efficiency .13
7.2.2 Linearity of the calibration curve .13
7.2.3 Blank samples .13
7.2.4 Number of detected particles .13
8 Test report .13
Annex A (informative) Calculation spreadsheet.15
Bibliography .19
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved iii

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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: w w w . i s o .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by ISO/TC 229, Nanotechnologies.
iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

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Introduction
This document was developed in response to the worldwide demand of suitable methods for the
detection and characterization of nanoparticles in food and consumer products. Products based on
nanotechnology or containing engineered nanoparticles are already in use and beginning to impact
the food-associated industries and markets. As a consequence, direct and indirect consumer exposure
to engineered nanoparticles (in addition to natural nanoparticles) becomes more likely. The detection
of engineered nanoparticles in food, in samples from toxicology and in exposure studies therefore
becomes an essential part in understanding the potential benefits, as well as the potential risks, of the
application of nanoparticles.
Single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS) is a method capable
of detecting single nanoparticles at very low concentrations. The aqueous sample is introduced
continuously into a standard ICP-MS system that is set to acquire data with a high time resolution (i.e. a
short dwell time). Following nebulization, a fraction of the nanoparticles enters the plasma where they
are atomized and the individual atoms ionized. For every particle atomized, a cloud of ions results. This
cloud of ions is sampled by the mass spectrometer and since the ion density in this cloud is high, the
signal pulse is high compared to the background (or baseline) signal if a high time resolution is used.
A typical run time is 30 s to 200 s and is called a “time scan.” The mass spectrometer can be tuned to
measure any specific element, but due to the high time resolution, typically only one m/z value will be
monitored during a run (with the current instruments).
The number of pulses detected per second is directly proportional to the number of nanoparticles in
the aqueous suspension that is being measured. To calculate concentrations, the transport efficiency
has to be determined first using a reference nanoparticle. The intensity of the pulse and the pulse area
are directly proportional to the mass of the measured element in a nanoparticle, and thereby to the
nanoparticle’s diameter to the third power (i.e. assuming a spherical geometry for the nanoparticle).
This means that for any increase of a particle’s diameter, the response will increase to the third power
and therefore a proper validation of the response for each size range of each composition of nanoparticle
is required. Calibration is best performed using a reference nanoparticle material; however, such
materials are often not available. Therefore, calibration in this procedure is performed using ionic
standard solutions of the measured element under the same analytical condition.
The data can be processed by commercially available software or it can be imported in a custom
spreadsheet program to calculate the number and mass concentration, the size (the spherical equivalent
diameter) and the corresponding number-based size distribution of the nanoparticles. In addition, mass
concentrations of ions present in the same sample can be determined from the same data.
The interested reader can consult References [1] to [4] for further information.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved v

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SIST-TS CEN ISO/TS 19590:2019
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 19590:2017(E)
Nanotechnologies — Size distribution and concentration
of inorganic nanoparticles in aqueous media via single
particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
1 Scope
This document specifies a method for the detection of nanoparticles in aqueous suspensions and
characterization of the particle number and particle mass concentration and the number-based size
distribution using ICP-MS in a time-resolved mode to determine the mass of individual nanoparticles
and ionic concentrations.
The method is applicable for the determination of the size of inorganic nanoparticles (e.g. metal and
metal oxides like Au, Ag, TiO , BVO , etc.), with size ranges of 10 nm to 100 nm (and larger particles up to
2 4
1 000 nm to 2 000 nm) in aqueous suspensions. Metal compounds other than oxides (e.g. sulfides, etc.),
metal composites or coated particles with a metal core can be determined if the chemical composition
and density are known. Particle number concentrations that can be determined in aqueous suspensions
6 9
range from 10 particles/L to 10 particles/L which corresponds to mass concentrations in the range
of approximately 1 ng/L to 1 000 ng/L (for 60 nm Au particles). Actual numbers depend on the type of
mass spectrometer used and the type of nanoparticle analysed.
In addition to the particle concentrations, ionic concentrations in the suspension can also be determined.
Limits of detection are comparable with standard ICP-MS measurements. Note that nanoparticles with
sizes smaller than the particle size detection limit of the spICP-MS method may be quantified as ionic.
The method proposed in this document is not applicable for the detection and characterization of
organic or carbon-based nanoparticles like encapsulates, fullerenes and carbon nanotubes (CNT). In
addition, it is not applicable for elements other than carbon and that are difficult to determine with ICP-
MS. Reference [5] gives an overview of elements that can be detected and the minimum particle sizes
that can be determined with spICP-MS.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/TS 80004-1, Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary — Part 1: Core terms
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/TS 80004-1 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:// www .iso .org/ obp
3.1
nanoparticle
nano-object with all three external dimensions in the nanoscale
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-2:2015, modified]
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 1

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3.2
aqueous suspension
particle suspension whose suspending phase is composed of water
3.3
inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
ICP-MS
analytical technique comprising a sample introduction system, an inductively coupled plasma source
for ionization of the analytes, a plasma/vacuum interface and a mass spectrometer comprising an ion
focusing, separation and detection system
3.4
dwell time
time during which the ICP-MS detector collects and integrates pulses
Note 1 to entry: Following integration, the total count number per dwell time is registered as one data point,
expressed in counts, or counts per second.
3.5
transport efficiency
particle transport efficiency
nebulization efficiency
ratio of the number of particles or mass of solution entering the plasma to the number of particles or
mass of solution aspirated to the nebulizer
3.6
particle number concentration
number of particles divided by the volume of a suspension, e.g. particles/L
3.7
particle mass concentration
total mass of the particles divided by the volume of a sample, e.g. ng/L
3.8
number-based particle size distribution
list of values that defines the relative amount by numbers of particles present according to size
4 Abbreviated terms
spICP-MS single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (for the definition of
ICP-MS, see 3.3 or ISO/TS 80004-6:2013, 4.22)
5 Conformance
This method is restricted to aqueous suspensions of pure nanoparticles, aqueous extracts of materials
or consumer products, aqueous digests of food or tissue samples, aqueous toxicological samples or
environmental water samples. The applicability of the method for such samples should be evaluated by
the user. Information about sample processing of non-aqueous samples can be found in the literature.
[6]
Aqueous environmental samples are filtrated and diluted , food and toxicological samples are
[7][8]
chemically or enzymatically digested and diluted . However, to relate particle number or mass
concentrations in aqueous suspensions to the concentrations in the original sample information on
extraction, efficiency and matrix effects are required. Additional validation by the user is required.
2 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

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6 Procedure
6.1 Principle
When nanoparticles are introduced into an ICP-MS system, they produce a plume of analyte ions.
The plumes corresponding to individual nanoparticles can be detected as a signal spike in the mass
spectrometer if a high time resolution is used. Using dwell times of ≤10 ms and an appropriate dilution
of the nanoparticle suspension allows the detection of individual nanoparticles, hence the name “single
particle”-ICP-MS. Dilution is often required to avoid violation of the “single particle rule” (i.e. more than
one particle arriving at the detector in one dwell time). As an example, using a dwell time of 3 ms, a
maximum of 20 000 particles can be registered per minute. However, to satisfy the “single particle
[9]
rule”, the number of pulses in the time scan should not exceed ca. 1 200 per minute (as a guidance,
a suspension of 60 nm gold particles with a mass concentration of 200 ng/L at an ICP-MS input flow of
0,5 mL/min and a transport efficiency of 3 % will result in this number of pulses).
6.2 Apparatus and equipment
6.2.1 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer, capable of handling dwell times ≤10 ms.
6.2.2 Vortex mixer.
6.2.3 Analytical balance, capable of weighing to the nearest 1 mg.
6.2.4 Ultrasonic bath.
6.2.5 Standard laboratory glassware.
6.3 Chemicals, reference materials and reagents
6.3.1 Chemicals
6.3.1.1 Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); C H NaO S.
12 25 4
6.3.1.2 Sodium citrate; C H Na O ·2H O.
6 5 3 7 2
6.3.1.3 Nitric acid, 70 %.
6.3.1.4 Purified water, typically, water with a >18 MΩ∙cm resistivity and <5 μg/L of dissolved salts.
6.3.1.5 Rinsing fluid for the ICP-MS sampling system, consisting of 3 % nitric acid prepared by
diluting 40 mL of concentrated nitric acid (6.3.1.3) to 760 mL purified water in a 1 L plastic container.
6.3.2 Reference materials
6.3.2.1 For the determination of the transport efficiency, a nanoparticle reference material is
used, for example a suspension of gold nanoparticles, nominal particle size 60 nm, with a nominal
mass concentration of 50 mg/L stabilized in a citrate buffer. As an alternative, a suspension of silver
nanoparticles, nominal particle size 60 nm stabilized in a citrate buffer can be used provided the materials
[10]
are sufficiently homogeneous and stable . Since the nanoparticle reference materials are used only to
determine the transport efficiency, having the same chemical composition as the nanoparticle analyte is
not required.
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6.3.2.2 For the size determination single element, ionic standard solutions are used, namely certified
reference materials intended for use as a primary calibration standard for the quantitative determination
of an element.
6.3.3 Reagents
6.3.3.1 Stock standard of nominal 60 nm gold nanoparticles (50 µg/L). Pipet 50 µL of the gold
nanoparticles (6.3.2.1) to 25 mL purified water in a calibrated 50 mL glass measuring flask and fill to the
mark with purified water, resulting in a final mass concentration of 50 µg/L. Mix thoroughly and store
at room temperature in amber glass screw necked vials or in the dark. This intermediate standard is
expected to be stable at room temperature for at least two weeks. This stability shall be checked. Prior to
use, place the standard in an ultrasonic bath for 10 min.
NOTE Recalculate for particle standard suspensions having different compositions or concentrations.
6.3.3.2 Working standard of nominal 60 nm gold nanoparticles (50 ng/L). Prepare the working
standard by pipetting 50 µL of the stock standard (6.3.3.1) to 25 mL of purified water in a 50 mL glass
measuring flask and fill to the mark with purified water resulting in a final mass concentration of 50 ng/L.
Mix thoroughly and store at room temperature in amber glass screw necked vials. Although this standard
is stable for several days, it is prepared daily.
6.3.3.3 Stock standards of ionic solutions of the particle’s elemental composition (100 µg/L).
Assuming the supplied ionic standard solution (6.3.2.2) has a concentration of 100 mg/L, pipet 50 µL of
the standard to 25 mL purified water in a 50 mL glass measuring flask and fill to the
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
kSIST-TS FprCEN ISO/TS 19590:2019
01-januar-2019
Nanotehnologije - Granulometrijska sestava in koncentracija anorganskih
nanodelcev v vodnih medijih z masno spektrometrijo z induktivno sklopljeno
plazmo (ISO/TS 19590:2017)
Nanotechnologies - Size distribution and concentration of inorganic nanoparticles in
aqueous media via single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
(ISO/TS 19590:2017)
Nanotechnologien - Größenverteilung und Konzentration anorganischer Nanopartikel in
wässrigen Medien durch Massenspektrometrie an Einzelpartikeln mit induktiktiv
gekoppeltem Plasma (ISO/TS 19590:2017)
Nanotechnologies - Distribution granulométrique et concentration de nanoparticules
inorganiques en milieu aqueux par spectrométrie de masse à plasma induit en mode
particule unique (ISO/TS 19590:2017)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: FprCEN ISO/TS 19590
ICS:
07.120 Nanotehnologije Nanotechnologies
kSIST-TS FprCEN ISO/TS 19590:2019 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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kSIST-TS FprCEN ISO/TS 19590:2019
TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 19590
First edition
2017-03
Nanotechnologies — Size distribution
and concentration of inorganic
nanoparticles in aqueous media via
single particle inductively coupled
plasma mass spectrometry
Nanotechnologies - Distribution de taille et concentration de
nanoparticules inorganiques en milieu aqueux par spectrométrie de
masse à plasma induit en mode particule unique
Reference number
ISO/TS 19590:2017(E)
©
ISO 2017

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kSIST-TS FprCEN ISO/TS 19590:2019
ISO/TS 19590:2017(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

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ISO/TS 19590:2017(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Abbreviated terms . 2
5 Conformance . 2
6 Procedure. 3
6.1 Principle . 3
6.2 Apparatus and equipment . 3
6.3 Chemicals, reference materials and reagents . 3
6.3.1 Chemicals . 3
6.3.2 Reference materials . 3
6.3.3 Reagents . 4
6.4 Samples . 4
6.4.1 Amount of sample . 4
6.4.2 Sample dilution . 5
6.5 Instrumental settings and performance check . 5
6.5.1 Settings of the ICP-MS system . 5
6.5.2 Checking the performance of the ICP-MS system . 5
6.6 Determination of the transport efficiency . 6
6.6.1 Determination of transport efficiency based on measured particle frequency . 6
6.6.2 Determination of transport efficiency based on measured particle size . 7
6.7 Determination of the linearity of response . 8
6.8 Determination of the blank level . 8
6.9 Analysis of aqueous suspension . 8
6.10 Data conversion . 9
7 Results . 9
7.1 Calculations . 9
7.1.1 Calculation of the transport efficiency .10
7.1.2 Calculation of the ICP-MS response .10
7.1.3 Calculation of particle concentration and size .10
7.1.4 Calculation of the particle concentration detection limit .11
7.1.5 Calculation of the particle size detection limit.12
7.1.6 Calculation of ionic concentration .13
7.2 Performance criteria .13
7.2.1 Transport efficiency .13
7.2.2 Linearity of the calibration curve .13
7.2.3 Blank samples .13
7.2.4 Number of detected particles .13
8 Test report .13
Annex A (informative) Calculation spreadsheet.15
Bibliography .19
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: w w w . i s o .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by ISO/TC 229, Nanotechnologies.
iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

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Introduction
This document was developed in response to the worldwide demand of suitable methods for the
detection and characterization of nanoparticles in food and consumer products. Products based on
nanotechnology or containing engineered nanoparticles are already in use and beginning to impact
the food-associated industries and markets. As a consequence, direct and indirect consumer exposure
to engineered nanoparticles (in addition to natural nanoparticles) becomes more likely. The detection
of engineered nanoparticles in food, in samples from toxicology and in exposure studies therefore
becomes an essential part in understanding the potential benefits, as well as the potential risks, of the
application of nanoparticles.
Single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS) is a method capable
of detecting single nanoparticles at very low concentrations. The aqueous sample is introduced
continuously into a standard ICP-MS system that is set to acquire data with a high time resolution (i.e. a
short dwell time). Following nebulization, a fraction of the nanoparticles enters the plasma where they
are atomized and the individual atoms ionized. For every particle atomized, a cloud of ions results. This
cloud of ions is sampled by the mass spectrometer and since the ion density in this cloud is high, the
signal pulse is high compared to the background (or baseline) signal if a high time resolution is used.
A typical run time is 30 s to 200 s and is called a “time scan.” The mass spectrometer can be tuned to
measure any specific element, but due to the high time resolution, typically only one m/z value will be
monitored during a run (with the current instruments).
The number of pulses detected per second is directly proportional to the number of nanoparticles in
the aqueous suspension that is being measured. To calculate concentrations, the transport efficiency
has to be determined first using a reference nanoparticle. The intensity of the pulse and the pulse area
are directly proportional to the mass of the measured element in a nanoparticle, and thereby to the
nanoparticle’s diameter to the third power (i.e. assuming a spherical geometry for the nanoparticle).
This means that for any increase of a particle’s diameter, the response will increase to the third power
and therefore a proper validation of the response for each size range of each composition of nanoparticle
is required. Calibration is best performed using a reference nanoparticle material; however, such
materials are often not available. Therefore, calibration in this procedure is performed using ionic
standard solutions of the measured element under the same analytical condition.
The data can be processed by commercially available software or it can be imported in a custom
spreadsheet program to calculate the number and mass concentration, the size (the spherical equivalent
diameter) and the corresponding number-based size distribution of the nanoparticles. In addition, mass
concentrations of ions present in the same sample can be determined from the same data.
The interested reader can consult References [1] to [4] for further information.
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kSIST-TS FprCEN ISO/TS 19590:2019
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 19590:2017(E)
Nanotechnologies — Size distribution and concentration
of inorganic nanoparticles in aqueous media via single
particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
1 Scope
This document specifies a method for the detection of nanoparticles in aqueous suspensions and
characterization of the particle number and particle mass concentration and the number-based size
distribution using ICP-MS in a time-resolved mode to determine the mass of individual nanoparticles
and ionic concentrations.
The method is applicable for the determination of the size of inorganic nanoparticles (e.g. metal and
metal oxides like Au, Ag, TiO , BVO , etc.), with size ranges of 10 nm to 100 nm (and larger particles up to
2 4
1 000 nm to 2 000 nm) in aqueous suspensions. Metal compounds other than oxides (e.g. sulfides, etc.),
metal composites or coated particles with a metal core can be determined if the chemical composition
and density are known. Particle number concentrations that can be determined in aqueous suspensions
6 9
range from 10 particles/L to 10 particles/L which corresponds to mass concentrations in the range
of approximately 1 ng/L to 1 000 ng/L (for 60 nm Au particles). Actual numbers depend on the type of
mass spectrometer used and the type of nanoparticle analysed.
In addition to the particle concentrations, ionic concentrations in the suspension can also be determined.
Limits of detection are comparable with standard ICP-MS measurements. Note that nanoparticles with
sizes smaller than the particle size detection limit of the spICP-MS method may be quantified as ionic.
The method proposed in this document is not applicable for the detection and characterization of
organic or carbon-based nanoparticles like encapsulates, fullerenes and carbon nanotubes (CNT). In
addition, it is not applicable for elements other than carbon and that are difficult to determine with ICP-
MS. Reference [5] gives an overview of elements that can be detected and the minimum particle sizes
that can be determined with spICP-MS.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/TS 80004-1, Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary — Part 1: Core terms
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/TS 80004-1 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:// www .iso .org/ obp
3.1
nanoparticle
nano-object with all three external dimensions in the nanoscale
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-2:2015, modified]
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3.2
aqueous suspension
particle suspension whose suspending phase is composed of water
3.3
inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
ICP-MS
analytical technique comprising a sample introduction system, an inductively coupled plasma source
for ionization of the analytes, a plasma/vacuum interface and a mass spectrometer comprising an ion
focusing, separation and detection system
3.4
dwell time
time during which the ICP-MS detector collects and integrates pulses
Note 1 to entry: Following integration, the total count number per dwell time is registered as one data point,
expressed in counts, or counts per second.
3.5
transport efficiency
particle transport efficiency
nebulization efficiency
ratio of the number of particles or mass of solution entering the plasma to the number of particles or
mass of solution aspirated to the nebulizer
3.6
particle number concentration
number of particles divided by the volume of a suspension, e.g. particles/L
3.7
particle mass concentration
total mass of the particles divided by the volume of a sample, e.g. ng/L
3.8
number-based particle size distribution
list of values that defines the relative amount by numbers of particles present according to size
4 Abbreviated terms
spICP-MS single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (for the definition of
ICP-MS, see 3.3 or ISO/TS 80004-6:2013, 4.22)
5 Conformance
This method is restricted to aqueous suspensions of pure nanoparticles, aqueous extracts of materials
or consumer products, aqueous digests of food or tissue samples, aqueous toxicological samples or
environmental water samples. The applicability of the method for such samples should be evaluated by
the user. Information about sample processing of non-aqueous samples can be found in the literature.
[6]
Aqueous environmental samples are filtrated and diluted , food and toxicological samples are
[7][8]
chemically or enzymatically digested and diluted . However, to relate particle number or mass
concentrations in aqueous suspensions to the concentrations in the original sample information on
extraction, efficiency and matrix effects are required. Additional validation by the user is required.
2 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

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6 Procedure
6.1 Principle
When nanoparticles are introduced into an ICP-MS system, they produce a plume of analyte ions.
The plumes corresponding to individual nanoparticles can be detected as a signal spike in the mass
spectrometer if a high time resolution is used. Using dwell times of ≤10 ms and an appropriate dilution
of the nanoparticle suspension allows the detection of individual nanoparticles, hence the name “single
particle”-ICP-MS. Dilution is often required to avoid violation of the “single particle rule” (i.e. more than
one particle arriving at the detector in one dwell time). As an example, using a dwell time of 3 ms, a
maximum of 20 000 particles can be registered per minute. However, to satisfy the “single particle
[9]
rule”, the number of pulses in the time scan should not exceed ca. 1 200 per minute (as a guidance,
a suspension of 60 nm gold particles with a mass concentration of 200 ng/L at an ICP-MS input flow of
0,5 mL/min and a transport efficiency of 3 % will result in this number of pulses).
6.2 Apparatus and equipment
6.2.1 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer, capable of handling dwell times ≤10 ms.
6.2.2 Vortex mixer.
6.2.3 Analytical balance, capable of weighing to the nearest 1 mg.
6.2.4 Ultrasonic bath.
6.2.5 Standard laboratory glassware.
6.3 Chemicals, reference materials and reagents
6.3.1 Chemicals
6.3.1.1 Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); C H NaO S.
12 25 4
6.3.1.2 Sodium citrate; C H Na O ·2H O.
6 5 3 7 2
6.3.1.3 Nitric acid, 70 %.
6.3.1.4 Purified water, typically, water with a >18 MΩ∙cm resistivity and <5 μg/L of dissolved salts.
6.3.1.5 Rinsing fluid for the ICP-MS sampling system, consisting of 3 % nitric acid prepared by
diluting 40 mL of concentrated nitric acid (6.3.1.3) to 760 mL purified water in a 1 L plastic container.
6.3.2 Reference materials
6.3.2.1 For the determination of the transport efficiency, a nanoparticle reference material is
used, for example a suspension of gold nanoparticles, nominal particle size 60 nm, with a nominal
mass concentration of 50 mg/L stabilized in a citrate buffer. As an alternative, a suspension of silver
nanoparticles, nominal particle size 60 nm stabilized in a citrate buffer can be used provided the materials
[10]
are sufficiently homogeneous and stable . Since the nanoparticle reference materials are used only to
determine the transport efficiency, having the same chemical composition as the nanoparticle analyte is
not required.
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6.3.2.2 For the size determination single element, ionic standard solutions are used, namely certified
reference materials intended for use as a primary calibration standard for the quantitative determination
of an element.
6.3.3 Reagents
6.3.3.1 Stock standard of nominal 60 nm gold nanoparticles (50 µg/L). Pipet 50 µL of the gold
nanoparticles (6.3.2.1) to 25 mL purified water in a calibrated 50 mL glass measuring flask and fill to the
mark with purified water, resulting in a final mass concentration of 50 µg/L. Mix thoroughly and store
at room temperature in amber glass screw necked vials or in the dark. This intermediate standard is
expected to be stable at room temperature for at least two weeks. This stability shall be checked. Prior to
use, place the standard in an ultrasonic bath for 10 min.
NOTE Recalculate for particle standard suspensions having different compositions or concentrations.
6.3.3.2 Working standard of nominal 60 nm gold nanoparticles (50 ng/L). Prepare the working
standard by pipetting 50 µL of the stock standard (6.3.3.1) to 25 mL of purified water in a 50 mL glass
measuring flask and fill to the mark with purified water resulting in a final mass concentration of 50 ng/L.
Mix thoroughly and store at room temperature in amber glass screw necked vials. Although this standard
is stable for several days, it is prepared daily.
6.3.3.3 Stock standards of ionic solutions of the particle’s elemental composition (100 µg/L).
Assuming the supplied ionic standard solution (6.3.2.2) has a concentration of 100 mg/L, pipet 50 µL of
the standard to 25 mL purified water in a 50 mL glass measuring flask and fill to the mark with purified
water resulting in a concentration of 100 µg/L. Mix thoroughly and store this intermediate standard in
amber glass screw necked vials. Protected from light, this intermediate standard is expected to be stable
at room temperature for at least two weeks. This stability shall be checked.
NOTE Recalculate for ionic standard solutions having different concentrations.
6.3.3.4 Working standards of ionic solutions of the nanoparticle analytes elemental composition (a
range of 0,2 to 5,0 µg/L can be used as a starting point). According to Table 1, pipet the volumes of the
stock standard (6.3.3.3) to ca. 25 mL of purified water in a 50 mL glass measuring flask and fill to the
mark with purified water. Mix thoroughly. A calibration curve is constructed from the resulting working
standards in Table 1. Store the working standards at room temperature in glass bottles. Protected from
light, these intermediate standards are stable at room temperature for the period indicated in Table 1.
Table 1 — Volumes for the preparation of the working standards of the ionic stock solution
Volume of the stock standard
Ionic concentration of the working Stability of the ionic working
(6.3.3.3) diluted to 50 mL purified
standard (6.3.3.4) in µg/L standard in glass
water in mL
2,5 5,0 2 weeks
1,0 2,0 2 weeks
0,50 1,0 2 weeks
0,25 0,5 1 week
0,10 0,2 1 week
6.4 Samples
6.4.1 Amount of sample
The minimal required sample volume depends on the ICP-MS instrument used, but generally a volume
of 5 mL is sufficient.
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6.4.2 Sample dilution
In general, the number of pulses detected in a time scan shall not exceed a maximum number of pulses
based on the dwell time (6.1). For the instrumental settings used in this procedure (6.5.1), a particle
6 8
number concentration in the range of 2 × 10 particles/L to 2 × 10 particles/L results in useful
measurement data. Table 2 gives the corresponding mass concentrations for different types and sizes
of particles as guidance.
Table 2 — Mass concentration ranges of different types of nanoparticles at number
6 8
concentrations of 2 × 10 particles/L to 2 × 10 particles/L
Particle composition Nominal particle size (spherical equivalent diameter)
30 nm 60 nm 100 nm
Gold (Au) 1 ng/L to 100 ng/L 5 ng/L to 500 ng/L 20 ng/L to 2 000 ng/L
Silver (Ag)
0,5 ng/L to 50 ng/L 2 ng/L to 200 ng/L 10 ng/L to 1 000 ng/L
Cerium oxide (CeO )
2
Titanium dioxide (TiO )
2
Iron oxide (Fe O ) 0,2 ng/L to 20 ng/L 1 ng/L to 100 ng/L 5 ng/L to 500 ng/L
2 3
Zinc oxide (ZnO)
If no information on the nanoparticle concentration in a sample or aqueous suspension is available,
a 10 000 times dilution is recommended as a starting point. Based on the observed number of pulses
in the analysis of the diluted sample, the dilution can then be adapted. Dilutions are made in purified
water or, if stabilization is required, in 5 mM sodium citrate or sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in
purified water.
6.5 Instrumental settings and performance check
6.5.1 Settings of the ICP-MS system
The instrument configuration for spICP-MS is not different from standard ICP-MS. Therefore, the
optimal instrument settings as provided by the supplier are used.
A 3 % nitric acid solution is used to rinse sampling system, tubing, etc. of the ICP-MS before and in-
between runs.
In general, dwell times in the range of 1 ms to 10 ms are compatible with most commercial ICP-MS
systems and can be used, though the probability of detecting a single nanoparticle pulse split between
two adjacent measurement windows increases as the dwell time is decreased. If longer dwell times
(>10 ms) are used, it is more difficult to isolate the particles from the background in the data and more
than one nanoparticle may be registered by the detector in one dwell time event. Shorter dwell times
(<1 ms) may be used, however, the ion plume
...

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