oSIST prEN 17724:2023
(Main)Plant biostimulants - Terminology
Plant biostimulants - Terminology
This document specifies the terms and definitions that apply to all plant biostimulants field.
Biostimulanzien für die pflanzliche Anwendung - Terminologie
Dieses Dokument legt die im Bereich der Pflanzen-Biostimulanzien verwendeten Begriffe fest und besteht aus 6 Unterabschnitten:
3.1 Auslobungen
3.2 Begriffe mit Bezug auf Bestandteile
3.3 Begriffe mit Bezug auf das Anwendungsverfahren
3.4 Begriffe mit Bezug auf die Probenahme
3.5 Begriffe mit Bezug auf die physikalische Form
3.6 Weitere Begriffe mit Bezug auf Pflanzen-Biostimulanzien
Biostimulants des végétaux - Terminologie
Le présent document spécifie les termes et définitions utilisés dans le domaine des biostimulants des végétaux et il est composé de 6 paragraphes :
3.1 Allégations
3.2 Termes relatifs aux composants
3.3 Termes relatifs à la méthode d’application
3.4 Termes relatifs à l’échantillonnage
3.5 Termes relatifs à la présentation physique
3.6 Autres termes relatifs aux biostimulants des végétaux
Rastlinski biostimulanti - Terminologija
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 17724:2023
01-maj-2023
Rastlinski biostimulanti - Terminologija
Plant biostimulants - Terminology
Biostimulanzien für die pflanzliche Anwendung - Terminologie
Biostimulants des végétaux - Terminologie
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 17724
ICS:
01.040.65 Kmetijstvo (Slovarji) Agriculture (Vocabularies)
65.080 Gnojila Fertilizers
oSIST prEN 17724:2023 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN 17724:2023
DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD
prEN 17724
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
March 2023
ICS 65.080 Will supersede CEN/TS 17724:2022
English Version
Plant biostimulants - Terminology
Biostimulants des végétaux - Terminologie Biostimulanzien für die pflanzliche Anwendung -
Terminologie
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 455.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations
which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 17724:2023 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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Contents Page
European foreword . 3
Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions . 5
3.1 Claims . 5
3.1.1 General principles . 5
3.2 Terms relating to components . 12
3.3 Terms relating to application method . 18
3.4 Terms relating to sampling . 20
3.5 Terms relating to physical form . 22
3.6 Others terms relating to plant biostimulants . 23
Bibliography . 25
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European foreword
This document (prEN 17724:2023) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 455 “Plant
biostimulants”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document will supersede CEN/TS 17724:2022.
This document has been prepared under a Standardization Request given to CEN by the European
Commission and the European Free Trade Association.
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Introduction
This document was prepared by the experts of CEN/TC 455 “Plant biostimulants”. The European
Committee for Standardization (CEN) was requested by the European Commission (EC) to draft
European standards or European standardization deliverables to support the implementation of
Regulation (EU) 2019/1009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2019 laying down
rules on the making available on the market of EU fertilising products (“FPR” or “Fertilising Products
Regulation”). This standardization request, presented as M/564 and M/564 Amd1, also contributes to
the Communication on “Innovating for Sustainable Growth: A Bio economy for Europe”. Working Group
5 “Labelling and denominations” was created to develop a work program as part of this standardization
request.
This document, which defines terms relating to plant biostimulants used in other harmonized standards
under Regulation (EU) 2019/1009, alone cannot provide a presumption of conformity to any of the
requirements set out in the Regulation.
Technical Committee CEN/TC 455 “Plant biostimulants” was established to carry out the work program
that will prepare a series of standards. The interest in biostimulants has increased significantly in Europe
as a valuable tool to use in agriculture. Standardization was identified as having an important role in
order to promote the use of biostimulants. The work of CEN/TC 455 seeks to improve the reliability of
the supply chain, thereby improving the confidence of farmers, industry, and consumers in biostimulants,
and will promote and support commercialization of the European biostimulant industry.
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1 Scope
This document specifies the terms and definitions referred to in the plant biostimulant field and consists
of 6 subclauses:
3.1 Claims
3.2 Terms relating to components
3.3 Terms relating to application method
3.4 Terms relating to sampling
3.5 Terms relating to physical form
3.6 Others terms relating to plant biostimulants
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1 Claims
3.1.1 General principles
3.1.1.1
applicant R&D activities
data derived from R&D activities performed by the applicant
Note 1 to entry: R&D can be related to the plant biostimulant product development, testing and validation,
irrespective of the environment in which the type of data has been generated (e.g. under controlled conditions,
protected crop or field conditions).
Note 2 to entry: If the applicant has performed the R&D activities by its own technical resources or if the applicant
has subcontracted the R&D activities, as long as the owner of the outcome data from the R&D activities is and can
be proven to be the applicant.
3.1.1.2
bioavailability
degree to which substances can be absorbed/adsorbed by a plant or microbe, which is made available at
a site of physiological activity and so is able to have a biological effect
3.1.1.3
claim
effect(s) of the product that could be asserted on the product label of a plant biostimulant and after the
conformity assessment procedure
3.1.1.4
crop
cultivated plant including all components of the plant (above ground parts and below ground parts),
mushrooms, microalgae and macroalgae
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3.1.1.5
general principle
define the crops and quality criteria applicable to all plant biostimulants for carrying out the tests
necessary to justify the claim
3.1.1.6
plant
live plant and live parts of plants, including fresh fruit, vegetables and seeds
Note 1 to entry: It also includes microalgae, macroalgae and mushrooms.
3.1.1.7
plant biostimulant
product stimulating plant nutrition processes independently of the product’s nutrient content with the
sole aim of improving one or more of the following characteristics of the plant or the plant rhizosphere:
• nutrient use efficiency,
• tolerance to abiotic stress,
• quality traits,
• availability of confined nutrient in soil or rhizosphere
3.1.1.8
controlled conditions trial
trial carried out in a specific place like glasshouse, climatic chamber, etc., where part of the environmental
parameters can be controlled or can be measured (like soil, temperature, light, humidity, etc.)
3.1.1.9
protected crop
crop cultivation in greenhouses or plastic tunnels with or without specific control of climate conditions
according to the farming practice
EXAMPLE Cucumbers/tomatoes cultivation.
3.1.1.10
plant nutrient
chemical element used by the plant for growth and development, usually classified as a primary
macronutrient, a secondary macronutrient or a micronutrient per the quantities required by the plant
Note 1 to entry: Primary macronutrients – nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K),
Secondary macronutrients – calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), sulphur (S),
Micronutrients – boron (B), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum
(Mo), zinc (Zn).
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3.1.1.11
trial series
grouping of a number of independent field trials (e.g strip, randomized complete block designs), including
protected crops carried out with plants, which have the same objectives, experimental design, protocol,
parameters to prove the consistency of a result
Note 1 to entry: It can be conducted in different locations and /or over a number of consecutive years, as long as
1
it satisfies quality criteria described in EN 17700-1:— , General principles (same protocol, same crop, control,
timing).
3.1.1.12
strip trial
trial carried out using two strips, next to each other, in the same field, to compare control with plant
biostimulant treatment without repetition
3.1.1.13
replicates
repetition of each treatment in the same trial, at the same time and under the same agronomic
management practices (application of fertilizers, plant protection products) as all other treatments
3.1.1.14
agronomic marker
measurable plant trait used to validate the claim
3.1.1.15
stress marker
physiological, biochemical and molecular traits associated with a plant response to a specific stress
Note 1 to entry: the stress marker can be divided in three specific traits:
• Biochemical traits (antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, reduction in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), reduction in
free radicals),
• Molecular traits (Genes, transcription factors, metabolic pathways related to abiotic stress),
• Physiological traits: electrolyte leakage, relative water content, reduced stress symptoms.
EXAMPLE Heat shock proteins, electrolyte leakage for thermal stress, Chlorophyll fluorescence, lipid
peroxidation for light stress, Electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation for mechanical stress, Relative water content,
electrolyte leakage for water stress
3.1.2
Nutrient Use Efficiency
measure of a plant’s ability to acquire and utilize nutrients from the environment for a desired outcome
based on (a) nutrient availability (b) uptake efficiency and/or (c) utilization efficiency
Note 1 to entry: Nutrient use efficiency is a complex trait: it depends on the ability to take up the nutrients from
the soil, medium, fertilizing products, but also on transport, storage, mobilization, within the plant.
1
Under preparation
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3.1.2.1
chelated plant nutrient
complexed plant nutrient
composition based on an inorganic form of the plant nutrient and a chelating or complexing agent,
resulting in a product that enhances the nutrient availability to plants
EXAMPLE A composition of chelated or complexed plant nutrient is a salt or oxide.
3.1.2.2
nutrient assimilation
uptake of nutrients into cells and tissues and consequent building up into more complex substances
EXAMPLE Converting available nitrogen into biomass.
3.1.2.3
nutrient availability
measure of the capacity of a nutrient to be acquired by the plant, depending on its presence in the soil
solution or exchangeable on soil colloids
3.1.2.4
nutrient available
elements either present in the soil solution or exchangeable on soil colloids
3.1.2.5
nutrient uptake
acquisition of nutrients by the plant
3.1.2.6
plant development
complex process by which the size, composition and organization of a plant changes during its life,
encompassing seed germination, vegetative growth, formation of flowers, bloom, fruit set and maturation
(embryo development)
3.1.2.7
plant metabolism
various biochemical reactions occurring in a living plant cell in order to maintain life and growth
3.1.2.8
plant nutrition
supply and absorption of chemical compounds needed for plant growth and metabolism
3.1.2.9
plant nutrition process
mechanism by which nutrients are utilized or converted to cellular constituents and used for energetic
or metabolic purposes
3.1.2.10
quality
desired attributes of cultivated organisms in terms of human or animal nutrition, marketing, aesthetics,
composition, agronomical trait, or technical
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3.1.2.11
substance
chemical element and its compounds in the natural state or obtained by any manufacturing process,
including any additives necessary to preserve its stability and any impurity deriving from the process
used, but excluding any solvent which can be separated without affecting the stability of the substance or
changing its composition
3.1.2.12
uptake efficiency
measure of the plant capacity to acquire nutrients from the environment
3.1.2.13
utilization efficiency
measure of the plant capacity to transform and valorise acquired nutrients into more complex substances
(e.g. organic compounds, plant biomass)
EXAMPLE Organic compounds, plant biomass.
3.1.3
tolerance to abiotic stress
ability to endure abiotic stress
3.1.3.1
abiotic stress
negative impact of non-living factors on the plant in a specific crop environment
Note 1 to entry: Crop tolerance to abiotic stress is addressed to one or more (multiple or combined) of the
following stress categories:
1) thermal stress;
2) light stress;
3) mechanical stress;
4) water stress;
5) chemical stress.
3.1.3.1.1
chemical stress
negative impact of chemicals (supra-optimal or sub-optimal chemical compounds or presence) on the
plant in a specific crop environment
EXAMPLE Salt stress, mineral toxicity induced by heavy metals or excessive application of mineral nutrients,
adverse pH conditions, ozone stress, phytotoxic effects of xenobiotics.
3.1.3.1.1.1
osmotic stress
physiologic dysfunction caused by a sudden change in the solute concentration around a cell, which
causes a rapid change in the movement of water across its cell membrane
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3.1.3.1.1.2
oxidative stress
disturbance in the normal redox state of cells that can cause toxic effects through the production of
peroxidase and free radicals that damage all components of the cells, including proteins, lipids and DNA
3.1.3.1.2
light stress
negative impact of light intensity and/or spectrum on the plant in a specific crop environment
EXAMPLE High irradiance or low irradiance, UV radiation.
3.1.3.1.3
mechanical stress
negative impact of a mechanical force on the plant or the root zone in a specific crop environment
EXAMPLE Wind, hail, agricultural operations.
3.1.3.1.4
thermal stress
negative impact of temperature (supra-optimal and sub-optimal temperature) on the plant in a specific
crop environment
EXAMPLE Heat stress or cold stress such as chilling and freezing stress
3.1.3.1.5
water stress
negative impact of water or high solutes concentration or excessive transpiration on the plant in a
specific crop environment
EXAMPLE Drought, high vapour pressure deficit, flooding.
3.1.3.2
priming effect
biochemical signalling induced by a first stress exposure that leads to enhanced defence system to a later
stress
Note 1 to entry: Priming effect results in a faster and stronger induction of basal defence mechanisms to abiotic
stresses. Biostimulants can act as a priming stimulus. Some priming effects have been shown to pass down plant
generations allowing a local population to improve fitness to the immediate environment.
3.1.3.3
xenobiotic
chemical substance found within an organism that is not naturally produced or expected to be present
within the organism
EXAMPLE heavy metals, ozone
3.1.4
quality trait
desired attribute(s) of a crop regarding agronomical and/or marketable traits
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3.1.4.1
agronomical trait
property related to plant phenotype such as state, relative development, or amount of a plant organ (or
part), a plant cycle stage or a plant component that has proven contribution in one or more key
performance characteristics in plant production such as yield, plant value, end use or quality parameter
EXAMPLE Photosynthetic activity, flower number, root length, root density, foliar biomass, germination rate,
flower fertility, root growth, root development, seedling emergence, dry matter content, tillering, vigour, plant
biomass, uniformity of flowering, anticipation of flowering, uniformity in fruit set, increase in fruit set or tuber set,
fruit number, pod size, pod length, spikelet size, spike length, reduction of internode length, increase of seed protein
content and increase in antioxidants.
3.1.4.2
marketable trait
property which can improve the marketable value and/or marketable part of the crop such as nutritional,
organoleptic, technico-functional properties, and physical characteristic of the harvest
EXAMPLE Colour, firmness, size, sugar content, oil content, skin quality and shape.
3.1.4.3
nutritional property
content of substances normally consumed as a constituent of food or feed,
a) which provides energy; or
b) which is needed for growth, development and maintenance of healthy life; or
c) a deficit of which will cause characteristic bio-chemical or physiological changes to occur
EXAMPLE Protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals.
3.1.4.4
organoleptic property
property related to an attribute perceptible by the senses
EXAMPLE Appearance, basic taste, acidity, odour, flavour, colour.
3.1.4.5
techno-functional property
physico-chemical characteristic of plants or plant parts which influences a transformation process or any
downstream use in such sectors as food, feed, energy, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, building materials
EXAMPLE Starch content, fibre strength, allantoin content, flavonoid content, salicylic acid content
3.1.5 Availability of confined nutrients in the soil or rhizosphere
3.1.5.1
available nutrient
element either present in the soil solution or exchangeable on soil colloids
3.1.5.2
confined nutrient
element present in the solid and gaseous phases of the soil, except on soil colloids 3.1.5.3
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3.1.5.3
improvement of availability of confined nutrients in the soil or rhizosphere
moving soil nutrient from the pool of confined nutrients to the pool of available nutrients
3.1.5.4
nitrogen fixation
biochemical process by which molecular nitrogen (N ) is converted into ammonia or into other nitrogen
2
compounds, which are available to the living organisms including plants and microorganisms, in soils,
phyllosphere or in aquatic system
3.1.5.5
nutrient uptake
quantity of nutrient taken up from the external environment into a plant
3.1.5.6
phosphate solubilization
ability of some organic substances, beneficial microorganisms and other substances which help beneficial
microorganism to solubilize inorganic phosphorus from insoluble compounds in order to improve the
uptake of phosphorous
3.1.5.7
rhizosphere
volume of soil around living roots that is influenced by root activities
3.1.5.8
soil
layer of unconsolidated material consisting of weathered material particles, dead and living organic
matter, air space, and soil solution
3.1.5.9
soil colloid
finer size fractions of the soil (clay and organic matter), being also considered as the most chemically
active portion of the soil because of their large surface area and the chemical structure of the materials
involved
3.1.5.10
soil solution
liquid phase of the soil and its solutes
3.2 Terms relating to components
3.2.1
macroalgae
informal term for a large, diverse group of polyphyletic photosynthetic organisms that are not necessarily
closely related to each other
Note 1 to entry: Most are aquatic and autotrophic.
Note 2 to entry: Not including microalgae.
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3.2.2
microorganism
any microbiological entity, including lower fungi, bacteria and viruses, cellular or non-cellular, capable of
replication or of transferring genetic material, including dead or empty-cell, micro-organisms and non-
harmful elements of the media on which they were produced
3.2.2.1
Azospirillum sp
gram-negative bacteria that belong to the alphaproteobacterial phylum
Note 1 to entry: Azospirillum is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic, non-fermentative and nitrogen-fixing bacterial
genus. Azospirillum are Gram-negative, do not form spores, and have a slightly twisted oblong-rod shape.
Azospirillum have at least one flagellum and sometimes multiple flagella. The genus has about 20 species, the
relationships between all the species have not been resolved in details, however most likely they constitute a
coherent group.
Note 2 to entry: Azospirillum bacteria are aerobic non-fermentative chemoorganotrophs, vibroid, produce
several hormones, mainly auxins (not described for all species yet), and most of them are diazotrophic (fix
atmospheric nitrogen gas into a more usable form).
3.2.2.2
Azotobacter sp
genus of Gram-negative, free-living, non-symbiotic, aerobic soil bacteria
Note 1 to entry: This is a genus of bacteria usually motile, oval or spherical bacteria that form thick-walled cysts
and may produce large quantities of capsular slime. They are aerobic, free-living soil microbes that play an
important role in the nitrogen cycle in nature, binding atmospheric nitrogen, which is inaccessible to plants, and
releasing nitrogen forms available to plants. The phylogeny of the genus is not resolved in details, so this standards
restrict in this context Azotobacter spp. to the species Azotobacter chroococcum, Azotobacter vinelandii and
Azotobacter beijerinckii which most likely comprise a coherent group within Pseudomonas.
3.2.2.3
bacteria
single celled prokaryotic microorganism, spherical or spiral or rod-shaped, that typically live in soil,
water, organic matter, or in the plants and/or in the bodies of animals
Note 1 to entry: Mostly reproduce by fission but can reproduce also via other methods.
Note 2 to entry: These single-celled organisms show a simple internal structure that lacks a nucleus and contains
DNA that either floats freely in a twisted, thread-like mass called the nucleoid, or in a separate, circular pieces called
plasmids.
Note 3 to entry: Bacterial cells are generally surrounded by two protective coverings: an outer wall and an inner
cell membrane. Some bacteria, like mycoplasmas, do not have a cell wall at all. Others have a third more protective
layer called the capsule. Whip-like extensions often cover the surfaces of bacteria, long ones are called flagella
(singular: flagellum) and short ones called pili (singular: pilum). Their role lays on helping bacteria to move and
interact with their environment (e.g. their host).
EXAMPLE Examples of reproductions are conidia, budding, cysts and endospores.
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3.2.2.4
fungus and yeast
diverse group of eukaryotic organisms harbouring chitin cell walls belonging to the fungal kingdom
Note 1 to entry: They are heterotrophic organisms encompassing an enormous diversity of taxa with varied
ecologies.
Note 2 to entry: Their genetic organization can be monokaryotic, dikaryotic or multinucleate often depending on
their lifecycle.
Note 3 to entry: They mostly reproduce through fission, budding or spore formation, either asexually or sexually.
In particular, yeasts are defined as eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus
kingdom. Yeasts are very common in the environment and are often isolated from sugar-rich materials.
EXAMPLE Life cycle strategies (symbiotic, saprotrophic, pathogenic, etc.) and morphologies ranging from
unicellular (single-celled such as yeast) to filamentous (such as moulds and many others) to large macroscopic
fruiting bodies (mainly Ascomycota and Basidiomycota).
3.2.2.5
microalgae
diverse group of microscopic polyphyletic photosynthetic organisms that are not necessarily closely
related to each other
Note 1 to entry: Most are aquatic and autotrophic.
Note 2 to entry: Can be single-cell or groups of cells joined together.
Note 3 to entry: Microalgae are distinguished from macroalgae in that microalgae are microscopic.
3.2.2.6
mycorrhiza
symbiotic relationship between a filamentous fungus and a plant
Note 1 to entry: In a mycorrhizal association, the fungus colonizes the plants’ root tissues either intracellularly
(as with endomycorrhiza) or extracellularly (as with ectomycorrhiza). This beneficial interaction brings several
advantages to the plants such as, for instance, enhancement of nutrients and water uptake.
3.2.2.6.1
endomycorrhiza
symbiotic association characterized by a filamentous fungal partner that colonizes the plants’ root tissues
intracellularly
EXAMPLE Four main groups of endomycorrhizal associations exist like arbuscular, ericoid, orchidoid and
sebacinoid mycorrhiza.
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3.2.2.6.2
ectomycorrhiza
hyphal sheath, or mantle, covering the root tip and an extracellular Hartig net of hyphae surrounding the
plant cells within the root cortex
Note 1 to entry: Beneficial symbiotic associations established by filamentous fungi belonging mainly to the
Ascomycota and Basidiomycota phylum with around 5 % to 10 % of coniferous and deciduous trees.
Note 2 to entry: In some cases, the hyphae may also penetrate the plant cells, in which case the mycorrhiza is
called an ectendomycorrhiza. Outside the root, ectomycorrhizal extraradical mycelium forms an extensive network
within the soil which increase plant nutrient availability and absorption. Since these fungi have septate hyphae,
hyphal fragments along with spores are considered long-term effective propagation structures.
3.2.2.7
rhizobium
beneficial bacteria belonging to the group named rhizobia, where the most relevant genera are
Rhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Ensifer and Bradyrhizobium
Note 1 to entry: Rhizobium belonging to this group are Rhizobium sp., Mesorhizobium sp., Ensifer sp.,
Bradyrhizobium sp.
Note 2 to entry: Legumes (Leguminosae or Fabaceae) are considered the second most cultivated crop, covering
14 % of the total cultivated land worldwide and providing an important source of food for human beings via direct
consumption or indirect consumption via animal feed. Leguminosae can ensure high quality protein-rich food and
feed due to a special symbiosis they have with specific microorganisms present in the soil that can fix in the
rhizosphere, atmospheric nitrogen. Those microorganisms can account for a 65 % of the total fixed nitrogen. Those
microorganisms have originally been called rhizobium. The word “rhizobium” is actually derived from two Greek
words “rhizo” meaning root and “bium” meaning home. Since the lat
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