D02.96.06 - Practices and Techniques for Prediction and Determination of Microscopic Wear and Wear-related Properties

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides for the processing of liquid samples. It will provide the optimum sample processing for visual contamination methods such as Test Methods F312.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the processing of in-service fluids in preparation for particulate contamination analysis using membrane filters and is limited only by the liquid-to-membrane filter compatibility.  
1.2 The practice covers the procedure for filtering a measured volume of liquid through a membrane filter. When this practice is used, the particulate matter will be randomly distributed on the filter surface for subsequent contamination analysis methods.  
1.3 The practice describes procedures to allow handling particles in the size range between 2 µm and 1000 μm with minimum losses during handling.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is intended to provide machinery maintenance and monitoring personnel with a guideline for performing filter debris analysis as a means to determine machine condition. Correlating the filter contaminants to ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’ lube system operation provides early indication of a contaminant or component wear related lube system problem. Analysis of the contaminant collected within the lube filter element provides a tool to identify the failure mode, its rate of progression, and the source of the contamination.  
5.2 FDA differs from traditional oil analysis in that the filter is sampled instead of the fluid. Debris from the filter is removed for analysis. FDA is an effective means of monitoring equipment wear because the wear history is efficiently captured in the filter matrix. Typically, more than 95 % of all released metal particles larger than the filter pore size are captured in the filter (1).5 In addition, other types of particulate contamination, including seal wear material and environmental contaminations are captured, which can also provide diagnostic information.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide pertains to removal and analysis techniques to extract debris captured by in-service lubricant and hydraulic filters and to analyze the debris removed.  
1.2 This guide suggests techniques to remove, collect and analyze debris from filters in support of machinery health condition monitoring.  
1.3 Debris removal techniques range from manual to automated.  
1.4 Analysis techniques vary from visual, particle counting, microscopic, x-ray fluorescence (XRF), atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), and scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive x-rays (SEMEDX).  
1.5 This guide is suitable for use with the following filter types: screw on, metal mesh, and removable diagnostic layer filters.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The objective of ferrography is to diagnose the operational condition of the machine sampled based on the quantity and type of particles observed in the oil. After break-in, normally running machines exhibit consistent particle concentration and particle types from sample to sample. An increase in particle concentration, accompanied by an increase in size and severity of particle types is indicative of initiation of a fault. This practice describes commonly found particles in in-service lubricants, but does not address methodology for quantification of particle concentration.  
5.2 This practice is provided to promote improved and expanded use of ferrographic analysis with in-service lubricant analysis. It helps overcome some perceived complexity and resulting intimidation that effectively limits ferrographic analysis to the hands of a specialized and very limited number of practitioners. Standardized terminology and common reporting formats provide consistent interpretation and general understanding.  
5.3 Without particulate debris analysis, in-service lubricant analysis results often fall short of concluding likely root cause or potential severity from analytical results because of missing information about the possible identification or extent of damaging mechanisms.  
5.4 Ferrographic analysis, as described in this practice, provides additional particle identification capabilities beyond methods described in Guide D7684 for the following reasons:
(1) The ferrographic particle separation method is magnetic thus making it possible to readily distinguish between ferrous and nonferrous wear particles.
(2) Ferrography separates ferrous (magnetic) particles by size.
(3) Deposition is on a glass substrate so that particles may be examined using transmitted light as well as reflected light allowing particle types to be identified that cannot be identified when examination is done using only reflected light.
(4) Ferrograms may be heat treated providing im...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the identification by optical microscopy of wear and contaminant particles commonly found in used lubricant and hydraulic oil samples that have been deposited on ferrograms. This practice relates to the identification of particles, but not to methods of determining particle concentration.  
1.2 This practice interfaces with but generally excludes particles generated in the absence of lubrication, such as may be generated by erosion, impaction, gouging, or polishing.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The objective of particle examination is to diagnose the operational condition of the machine sampled based on the quantity and type of particles observed in the oil. After break-in, normally running machines exhibit consistent particle concentration and particle types from sample to sample. An increase in particle concentration, accompanied by an increase in size and severity of particle types, is indicative of initiation of a fault. This guide describes commonly found particles in in-service lubricants, but does not address methodology for quantification of particle concentration.  
5.2 This guide is provided to promote improved and expanded use of particulate debris analysis with in-service lubricant analysis. It helps overcome some perceived complexity and resulting intimidation that effectively limits particulate debris analysis to the hands of a specialized and very limited number of practitioners. Standardized terminology and common reporting formats provide consistent interpretation and general understanding.  
5.3 Without particulate debris analysis, in-service lubricant analysis results often fall short of concluding likely root cause or potential severity from analytical results because of missing information about the possible identification or extent of damaging mechanisms.  
5.4 Caution shall be exercised when drawing conclusions from the particles found in a particular sample, especially if the sample being examined is the first from that type of machine. Some machines, during normal operation, generate wear particles that would be considered highly abnormal in other machines. For example, many gear boxes generate severe wear particles throughout their expected service life, whereas just a few severe wear particles from an aircraft gas turbine oil sample may be highly abnormal. Sound diagnostics require that a baseline, or typical wear particle signature, be established for each machine type under surveillance.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the classification and reporting of results from in-service lubricant particulate debris analysis obtained by microscopic inspection of wear and contaminant particles extracted from in-service lubricant and hydraulic oil samples. This guide suggests standardized terminology to promote consistent reporting, provides logical framework to document likely or possible root causes, and supports inference associated machinery health condition or severity based on available debris analysis information.  
1.2 This guide shall be used in conjunction with an appropriate wear debris analysis sample preparation and inspection technique including, but not limited to, one of the following:  
1.2.1 Ferrography using linear glass slides,  
1.2.2 Ferrography using rotary glass slides,  
1.2.3 Patch analysis using patch makers (filtration through membrane filters),  
1.2.4 Filter debris analysis,  
1.2.5 Magnetic plug inspection, or  
1.2.6 Other means used to extract and inspect particulate debris from in-service lubricants.  
1.3 This standard is not intended to evaluate or characterize the advantage or disadvantage of one or another of these particular particle extraction and inspection methods.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to cover the extraction, analysis, and information management pertaining to visible wear debris collected from oil system filters or debris retention screens. Further, it is intended that this practice be a practical reference for those involved in FDA.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In many cases, equipment failure modes are identified by wear debris that is not captured in used lubricating oil samples but captured on chip detectors, filters or by other means. Users of this technique include, but are not limited to, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), commercial airlines, civil aerospace operators, maintenance repair and overhaul (MRO) facilities, and military maintenance personnel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a means for quantitative determination of wear debris found in in-service lubricants by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). LIBS is an analytical technology that uses short laser pulses to create micro hot-plasma ablation of a material and then employs spectroscopic tools for analysis.2  
1.2 This method covers the means for alloy classification and sizing of wear debris. Wear debris sources can include, but are not limited to: (1) chip collector and chip detector devices, (2) filters, (3) ferrograms, and (4) loose particles. The 23 tested alloys and metals included in the default material library of the instrument are listed in Table 1.  
1.3 The method for alloy classification and sizing of wear debris is not limited to the list of alloys in Table 1. The instrument has the capability of including additional alloys and metals as required.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for the application of PQ magnetometry in assessing the progression of wear in machinery, for example, engines and gearboxes, by trending the mass of ferrous debris in samples of lubricating oils or greases.  
5.2 In-service oil analysis is carried out routinely by commercial laboratories on a wide range of samples from many sources and is accepted as a reliable means of monitoring machinery health by trend analysis. In particular, the extent of wear can be readily assessed from any changes in the ferrous debris burden within periodically extracted samples as reflected in the PQ Index.  
5.3 PQ measurements can be used as a means of rapidly screening samples for the presence or absence of ferrous wear debris, allowing quick decisions to be made on whether or not to proceed to a more detailed spectroscopic analysis for probable wear metals in the sample.  
5.4 The use of standardized sample containers and a consistent protocol enables reliable trending information to be recorded. Although it is not possible to assign general limits or thresholds for abnormal conditions, it is recommended that interpretation of PQ values should be carried out in consultation with historical data, equipment logs, and/or service history in order to formulate guidelines on individual items of machinery. Guide D7720 is particularly useful in this context.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the use of offline particle quantification (often referred to as PQ) magnetometers to trend wear rates in machinery by monitoring the amount of ferromagnetic material suspended in a fluid sample that has been in contact with the moving parts of the machinery. It is particularly relevant to monitoring wear debris in lubricating oils and greases.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Values of the burden (mass) of ferrous wear debris in the sample are reported as a PQ Index. The PQ Index is a numerical value that scales with the ferrous debris burden.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 By quantifying the concentration of total ferrous debris, this test method provides a direct indication of wear in the machinery by enabling the user to pinpoint when there is a deviation from the normal buildup of ferrous debris shed by the machinery or when the concentration of ferrous debris has exceeded safe operating limits. Specific guidance regarding such procedures may be found in Guides D7669, D7720, and D7874.  
5.2 This test method can be performed on-site and can be utilized as a particle-size insensitive, minimum sample preparation alternative to laboratory-based screening for abnormal machinery conditions due to the presence of wear debris by means of ferrography as described in Practice D7690, or elemental analysis methods such as atomic emission spectrometry, described in Test Methods D5185 and D6595.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a means for quantitative determination of the concentration of ferrous debris in lubricants and greases.  
1.2 This test method provides a determination of the concentration of ferrous debris in the lubricant or grease from a nominal 0 mg/kg to 10 000 mg/kg (1 % by mass) or greater.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to all types of lubricating fluids (API Group I-V) and greases sampled from machinery and other mechanical equipment, including reciprocating engine oils, turbine oils, hydraulic oils, gear oils, and bearing greases.  
1.4 This test method describes a means by which a sample of lubricant or grease is placed in a magnetometer apparatus, which determines the concentration of ferrous debris and provides these readings directly to the operator without further calculation.  
1.5 This test method is applicable to in-service lubricants and greases at any stage of degradation.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for the application of PQ magnetometry in assessing the progression of wear in machinery, for example, engines and gearboxes, by trending the mass of ferrous debris in samples of lubricating oils or greases.  
5.2 In-service oil analysis is carried out routinely by commercial laboratories on a wide range of samples from many sources and is accepted as a reliable means of monitoring machinery health by trend analysis. In particular, the extent of wear can be readily assessed from any changes in the ferrous debris burden within periodically extracted samples as reflected in the PQ Index.  
5.3 PQ measurements can be used as a means of rapidly screening samples for the presence or absence of ferrous wear debris, allowing quick decisions to be made on whether or not to proceed to a more detailed spectroscopic analysis for probable wear metals in the sample.  
5.4 The use of standardized sample containers and a consistent protocol enables reliable trending information to be recorded. Although it is not possible to assign general limits or thresholds for abnormal conditions, it is recommended that interpretation of PQ values should be carried out in consultation with historical data, equipment logs, and/or service history in order to formulate guidelines on individual items of machinery. Guide D7720 is particularly useful in this context.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the use of offline particle quantification (often referred to as PQ) magnetometers to trend wear rates in machinery by monitoring the amount of ferromagnetic material suspended in a fluid sample that has been in contact with the moving parts of the machinery. It is particularly relevant to monitoring wear debris in lubricating oils and greases.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Values of the burden (mass) of ferrous wear debris in the sample are reported as a PQ Index. The PQ Index is a numerical value that scales with the ferrous debris burden.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is intended to provide machinery maintenance and monitoring personnel with a guideline for performing filter debris analysis as a means to determine machine condition. Correlating the filter contaminants to ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’ lube system operation provides early indication of a contaminant or component wear related lube system problem. Analysis of the contaminant collected within the lube filter element provides a tool to identify the failure mode, its rate of progression, and the source of the contamination.  
5.2 FDA differs from traditional oil analysis in that the filter is sampled instead of the fluid. Debris from the filter is removed for analysis. FDA is an effective means of monitoring equipment wear because the wear history is efficiently captured in the filter matrix. Typically, more than 95 % of all released metal particles larger than the filter pore size are captured in the filter (1).5 In addition, other types of particulate contamination, including seal wear material and environmental contaminations are captured, which can also provide diagnostic information.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide pertains to removal and analysis techniques to extract debris captured by in-service lubricant and hydraulic filters and to analyze the debris removed.  
1.2 This guide suggests techniques to remove, collect and analyze debris from filters in support of machinery health condition monitoring.  
1.3 Debris removal techniques range from manual to automated.  
1.4 Analysis techniques vary from visual, particle counting, microscopic, x-ray fluorescence (XRF), atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), and scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive x-rays (SEMEDX).  
1.5 This guide is suitable for use with the following filter types: screw on, metal mesh, and removable diagnostic layer filters.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides for the processing of liquid samples. It will provide the optimum sample processing for visual contamination methods such as Test Methods F312.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the processing of in-service fluids in preparation for particulate contamination analysis using membrane filters and is limited only by the liquid-to-membrane filter compatibility.  
1.2 The practice covers the procedure for filtering a measured volume of liquid through a membrane filter. When this practice is used, the particulate matter will be randomly distributed on the filter surface for subsequent contamination analysis methods.  
1.3 The practice describes procedures to allow handling particles in the size range between 2 µm and 1000 μm with minimum losses during handling.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The objective of ferrography is to diagnose the operational condition of the machine sampled based on the quantity and type of particles observed in the oil. After break-in, normally running machines exhibit consistent particle concentration and particle types from sample to sample. An increase in particle concentration, accompanied by an increase in size and severity of particle types is indicative of initiation of a fault. This practice describes commonly found particles in in-service lubricants, but does not address methodology for quantification of particle concentration.  
5.2 This practice is provided to promote improved and expanded use of ferrographic analysis with in-service lubricant analysis. It helps overcome some perceived complexity and resulting intimidation that effectively limits ferrographic analysis to the hands of a specialized and very limited number of practitioners. Standardized terminology and common reporting formats provide consistent interpretation and general understanding.  
5.3 Without particulate debris analysis, in-service lubricant analysis results often fall short of concluding likely root cause or potential severity from analytical results because of missing information about the possible identification or extent of damaging mechanisms.  
5.4 Ferrographic analysis, as described in this practice, provides additional particle identification capabilities beyond methods described in Guide D7684 for the following reasons:
(1) The ferrographic particle separation method is magnetic thus making it possible to readily distinguish between ferrous and nonferrous wear particles.
(2) Ferrography separates ferrous (magnetic) particles by size.
(3) Deposition is on a glass substrate so that particles may be examined using transmitted light as well as reflected light allowing particle types to be identified that cannot be identified when examination is done using only reflected light.
(4) Ferrograms may be heat treated providing im...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the identification by optical microscopy of wear and contaminant particles commonly found in used lubricant and hydraulic oil samples that have been deposited on ferrograms. This practice relates to the identification of particles, but not to methods of determining particle concentration.  
1.2 This practice interfaces with but generally excludes particles generated in the absence of lubrication, such as may be generated by erosion, impaction, gouging, or polishing.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The objective of particle examination is to diagnose the operational condition of the machine sampled based on the quantity and type of particles observed in the oil. After break-in, normally running machines exhibit consistent particle concentration and particle types from sample to sample. An increase in particle concentration, accompanied by an increase in size and severity of particle types, is indicative of initiation of a fault. This guide describes commonly found particles in in-service lubricants, but does not address methodology for quantification of particle concentration.  
5.2 This guide is provided to promote improved and expanded use of particulate debris analysis with in-service lubricant analysis. It helps overcome some perceived complexity and resulting intimidation that effectively limits particulate debris analysis to the hands of a specialized and very limited number of practitioners. Standardized terminology and common reporting formats provide consistent interpretation and general understanding.  
5.3 Without particulate debris analysis, in-service lubricant analysis results often fall short of concluding likely root cause or potential severity from analytical results because of missing information about the possible identification or extent of damaging mechanisms.  
5.4 Caution shall be exercised when drawing conclusions from the particles found in a particular sample, especially if the sample being examined is the first from that type of machine. Some machines, during normal operation, generate wear particles that would be considered highly abnormal in other machines. For example, many gear boxes generate severe wear particles throughout their expected service life, whereas just a few severe wear particles from an aircraft gas turbine oil sample may be highly abnormal. Sound diagnostics require that a baseline, or typical wear particle signature, be established for each machine type under surveillance.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the classification and reporting of results from in-service lubricant particulate debris analysis obtained by microscopic inspection of wear and contaminant particles extracted from in-service lubricant and hydraulic oil samples. This guide suggests standardized terminology to promote consistent reporting, provides logical framework to document likely or possible root causes, and supports inference associated machinery health condition or severity based on available debris analysis information.  
1.2 This guide shall be used in conjunction with an appropriate wear debris analysis sample preparation and inspection technique including, but not limited to, one of the following:  
1.2.1 Ferrography using linear glass slides,  
1.2.2 Ferrography using rotary glass slides,  
1.2.3 Patch analysis using patch makers (filtration through membrane filters),  
1.2.4 Filter debris analysis,  
1.2.5 Magnetic plug inspection, or  
1.2.6 Other means used to extract and inspect particulate debris from in-service lubricants.  
1.3 This standard is not intended to evaluate or characterize the advantage or disadvantage of one or another of these particular particle extraction and inspection methods.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is intended to provide machinery maintenance and monitoring personnel with a guideline for performing filter debris analysis as a means to determine machine condition. Correlating the filter contaminants to ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’ lube system operation provides early indication of a contaminant or component wear related lube system problem. Analysis of the contaminant collected within the lube filter element provides a tool to identify the failure mode, its rate of progression, and the source of the contamination.  
5.2 FDA differs from traditional oil analysis in that the filter is sampled instead of the fluid. Debris from the filter is removed for analysis. FDA is an effective means of monitoring equipment wear because the wear history is efficiently captured in the filter matrix. Typically, more than 95 % of all released metal particles larger than the filter pore size are captured in the filter (1).5 In addition, other types of particulate contamination, including seal wear material and environmental contaminations are captured, which can also provide diagnostic information.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide pertains to removal and analysis techniques to extract debris captured by in-service lubricant and hydraulic filters and to analyze the debris removed.  
1.2 This guide suggests techniques to remove, collect and analyze debris from filters in support of machinery health condition monitoring.  
1.3 Debris removal techniques range from manual to automated.  
1.4 Analysis techniques vary from visual, particle counting, microscopic, x-ray fluorescence (XRF), atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), and scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive x-rays (SEMEDX).  
1.5 This guide is suitable for use with the following filter types: screw on, metal mesh, and removable diagnostic layer filters.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to cover the extraction, analysis, and information management pertaining to visible wear debris collected from oil system filters or debris retention screens. Further, it is intended that this practice be a practical reference for those involved in FDA.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The objective of ferrography is to diagnose the operational condition of the machine sampled based on the quantity and type of particles observed in the oil. After break-in, normally running machines exhibit consistent particle concentration and particle types from sample to sample. An increase in particle concentration, accompanied by an increase in size and severity of particle types is indicative of initiation of a fault. This practice describes commonly found particles in in-service lubricants, but does not address methodology for quantification of particle concentration.
This practice is provided to promote improved and expanded use of ferrographic analysis with in-service lubricant analysis. It helps overcome some perceived complexity and resulting intimidation that effectively limits ferrographic analysis to the hands of a specialized and very limited number of practitioners. Standardized terminology and common reporting formats provide consistent interpretation and general understanding.
Without particulate debris analysis, in-service lubricant analysis results often fall short of concluding likely root cause or potential severity from analytical results because of missing information about the possible identification or extent of damaging mechanisms.
Ferrographic analysis, as described in this practice, provides additional particle identification capabilities beyond methods described in Guide  for the following reasons:
(1) The ferrographic particle separation method is magnetic thus making it possible to readily distinguish between ferrous and nonferrous wear particles.
(2) Ferrography separates ferrous (magnetic) particles by size.
(3) Deposition is on a glass substrate so that particles may be examined using transmitted light as well as reflected light allowing particle types to be identified that cannot be identified when examination is done using only reflected light.
(4) Ferrograms may be heat treated providing important distinctions bet...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the identification by optical microscopy of wear and contaminant particles commonly found in used lubricant and hydraulic oil samples that have been deposited on ferrograms. This practice relates to the identification of particles, but not to methods of determining particle concentration.
1.2 This practice interfaces with but generally excludes particles generated in the absence of lubrication, such as may be generated by erosion, impaction, gouging, or polishing.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The objective of particle examination is to diagnose the operational condition of the machine sampled based on the quantity and type of particles observed in the oil. After break-in, normally running machines exhibit consistent particle concentration and particle types from sample to sample. An increase in particle concentration, accompanied by an increase in size and severity of particle types, is indicative of initiation of a fault. This guide describes commonly found particles in in-service lubricants, but does not address methodology for quantification of particle concentration.
This guide is provided to promote improved and expanded use of particulate debris analysis with in-service lubricant analysis. It helps overcome some perceived complexity and resulting intimidation that effectively limits particulate debris analysis to the hands of a specialized and very limited number of practitioners. Standardized terminology and common reporting formats provide consistent interpretation and general understanding.
Without particulate debris analysis, in-service lubricant analysis results often fall short of concluding likely root cause or potential severity from analytical results because of missing information about the possible identification or extent of damaging mechanisms.
Caution shall be exercised when drawing conclusions from the particles found in a particular sample, especially if the sample being examined is the first from that type of machine. Some machines, during normal operation, generate wear particles that would be considered highly abnormal in other machines. For example, many gear boxes generate severe wear particles throughout their expected service life, whereas just a few severe wear particles from an aircraft gas turbine oil sample may be highly abnormal. Sound diagnostics require that a baseline, or typical wear particle signature, be established for each machine type under surveillance.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the classification and reporting of results from in-service lubricant particulate debris analysis obtained by microscopic inspection of wear and contaminant particles extracted from in-service lubricant and hydraulic oil samples. This guide suggests standardized terminology to promote consistent reporting, provides logical framework to document likely or possible root causes, and supports inference associated machinery health condition or severity based on available debris analysis information.
1.2 This guide shall be used in conjunction with an appropriate wear debris analysis sample preparation and inspection technique including, but not limited to, one of the following:
1.2.1 Ferrography using linear glass slides,
1.2.2 Ferrography using rotary glass slides,
1.2.3 Patch analysis using patch makers (filtration through membrane filters),
1.2.4 Filter debris analysis,
1.2.5 Magnetic plug inspection, or
1.2.6 Other means used to extract and inspect particulate debris from in-service lubricants.
1.3 This standard is not intended to evaluate or characterize the advantage or disadvantage of one or another of these particular particle extraction and inspection methods.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice provides for the processing of liquid samples. It will provide the optimum sample processing for visual contamination methods such as Test Methods F312.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the processing of in-service fluids in preparation for particulate contamination analysis using membrane filters and is limited only by the liquid-to-membrane filter compatibility.
1.2 The practice covers the procedure for filtering a measured volume of liquid through a membrane filter. When this practice is used, the particulate matter will be randomly distributed on the filter surface for subsequent contamination analysis methods.
1.3 The practice describes procedures to allow handling particles in the size range between 2 and 1000 μm with minimum losses during handling.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.