ASTM D6465-99
(Guide)Standard Guide for Selecting Aerospace and General Purpose Adhesives and Sealants
Standard Guide for Selecting Aerospace and General Purpose Adhesives and Sealants
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to assist design engineers, manufacturing/industrial engineers, and production managers in selecting the best-fit adhesive/sealant or bonding/sealing process. The guide takes into account environmental pollution prevention and occupational health and safety factors in a selection process.
1.2 This guide is not to be considered as a database of acceptable materials. It will guide the engineers and managers through the adhesive/sealant material selection process, calling for engineers to customize their selection based on the bonding or sealing performance requirements for the specified application. A comprehensive selection process will allow for the establishment of a more efficient production process, and may eliminate unnecessary process steps. A total life cycle cost analysis or performance/cost of implementation study is recommended to compare the available alternatives.
1.3 This guide is for aerospace and general purpose operations. It is not intended to be used for automotive, carpet, construction, electronics, medical/dental, optical, or structural and nonstructural wood applications. Note that this guide is not specifically for these applications, but the general methodology may be used in the selection process for these applications.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation:D6465–99
Standard Guide for
Selecting Aerospace and General Purpose Adhesives and
Sealants
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6465; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 903 Test Method for Peel or Stripping Strength of Adhe-
sive Bonds
1.1 This guide is intended to assist design engineers,
D 905 Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesive
manufacturing/industrial engineers, and production managers
Bonds in Shear by Compression Loading
in selecting the best-fit adhesive/sealant or bonding/sealing
D 907 Terminology of Adhesives
process. The guide takes into account environmental pollution
D 950 Test Method for Impact Strength ofAdhesive Bonds
prevention and occupational health and safety factors in a
D 1002 Test Method forApparent Shear Strength of Single-
selection process.
Lap-Joint Adhesively Bonded Metal Specimens by Ten-
1.2 This guide is not to be considered as a database of
sion Loading (Metal-to-Metal)
acceptable materials. It will guide the engineers and managers
D 1062 Test Method for Cleavage Strength of Metal-to-
through the adhesive/sealant material selection process, calling
Metal Adhesive Bonds
for engineers to customize their selection based on the bonding
D 1084 Test Methods for Viscosity of Adhesives
or sealing performance requirements for the specified applica-
D 1144 Practice for Determining Strength Development of
tion. A comprehensive selection process will allow for the
Adhesive Bonds
establishment of a more efficient production process, and may
D 1146 Test Method for Blocking Point of Potentially
eliminate unnecessary process steps. A total life cycle cost
Adhesive Layers
analysis or performance/cost of implementation study is rec-
D 1151 TestMethodforEffectofMoistureandTemperature
ommended to compare the available alternatives.
on Adhesive Bonds
1.3 This guide is for aerospace and general purpose opera-
D 1183 Test Methods for Resistance ofAdhesives to Cyclic
tions. It is not intended to be used for automotive, carpet,
Laboratory Aging Conditions
construction, electronics, medical/dental, optical, or structural
D 1184 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Adhesive
and nonstructural wood applications. Note that this guide is not
Bonded Laminated Assemblies
specificallyfortheseapplications,butthegeneralmethodology
D 1310 Test Method for Flash Point and Fire Point of
may be used in the selection process for these applications.
Liquids by Tag Open-Cup Apparatus
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D 1337 Test Method for Storage Life of Adhesives by
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Consistency and Bond Strength
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D 1338 Test Method for Working Life of Liquid or Paste
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Adhesives by Consistency and Bond Strength
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D 1780 Practice for Conducting Creep Tests of Metal-to-
2. Referenced Documents
Metal Adhesives
D 1781 Test Method for Climbing Drum Peel Test for
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Adhesives
D 56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester
D 1828 Practice for Atmospheric Exposure of Adhesive-
D 896 Test Method for Resistance of Adhesive Bonds to
Bonded Joints and Structures
Chemical Reagents
D 1875 Test Method for Density of Adhesives in Fluid
D 897 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Adhesive
Form
Bonds
D 1876 Test Method for Peel Resistance of Adhesives
(T-Peel Test)
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-14 on Adhesives
D 1879 Practice for Exposure of Adhesive Specimens to
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.60 on Materials Classification.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1999. Published December 1999.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
3 4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.06. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D6465
3 3
High-Energy Radiation hesives in Bonded Metal Joints
D 1916 Test Method for Penetration of Adhesives D 3528 Test Method for Strength Properties of Double Lap
D 1994 Test Method for Determination ofAcid Numbers of
Shear Adhesive Joints by Tension Loading
Hot-Melt Adhesives D 3632 Test Method for Accelerated Aging of Adhesive
D 1995 Test Method for Multi-Modal Strength of Autoad-
Joints by the Oxygen-Pressure Method
hesives (Contact Adhesives)
D 3762 Test Method forAdhesive-Bonded Surface Durabil-
D 2093 PracticeforPreparationofSurfacesofPlasticsPrior
ity of Aluminum (Wedge Test)
to Adhesive Bonding
D 3807 Test Method for Strength Properties ofAdhesives in
D 2095 Test Method for Tensile Strength of Adhesives by
Cleavage Peel by Tension Loading (Engineering Plastics-
Means of Bar and Rod Specimens
to-Engineering Plastics)
D 2240 Test Method for Rubber Property – Durometer
D 3929 Test Method for Evaluating the Stress Cracking of
Hardness
Plastics by Adhesives Using the Bent-Beam Method
D 2293 Test Method for Creep Properties of Adhesives in
D 3931 Test Method for Determining Strength of Gap-
Shear by Compression Loading (Metal-to-Metal)
Filling Adhesive Bonds in Shear by Compression Load-
D 2294 Test Method for Creep Properties of Adhesives in
ing
Shear by Tension Loading (Metal-to-Metal)
D 3933 Guide for Preparation of Aluminum Surfaces for
D 2295 Test Method for Strength Properties ofAdhesives in
Structural Adhesives Bonding (Phosphoric Acid Anodiz-
Shear by Tension Loading at Elevated Temperatures
ing)
(Metal-to-Metal)
D 3983 Test Method for Measuring Strength and Shear
D 2556 Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Adhesives
Modulus of Nonrigid Adhesives by the Thick-Adherend
Having Shear-Rate-Dependent Flow Properties
Tensile-Lap Specimen
D 2557 Test Method for Tensile-Shear Strength of Adhe-
D 4027 Test Method for Measuring Shear Properties of
sives in the Subzero Temperature Range from– 267.8 to
Structural Adhesives by the Modified-Rail Test
–55°C (–450 to –67°F)
D 4317 Specification for Polyvinyl Acetate-Based Emul-
D 2583 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid
sion Adhesives
Plastics by Means of Barcol Impressor
D 4339 Test Method for Determination of the Odor of
D 2651 Practice for Preparation of Metal Surfaces for
Adhesives
Adhesive Bonding
D 4497 Test Method for Determining the OpenTime of Hot
D 2674 Methods of Analysis of Sulfochromate Etch Solu- 3
Melt Adhesives (Manual Method)
tion Used in Surface Preparation of Aluminum
D 4498 Test Method for Heat-Fail Temperature in Shear of
D 2918 Practice for Durability Assessment of Adhesive 3
Hot Melt Adhesives
Joints Stressed in Peel
D 4499 Test Method for Heat Stability of Hot-Melt Adhe-
D 2919 Test Method for Determining Durability of Adhe- 3
sives
sive Joints Stressed in Shear by Tension Loading
D 4501 Test Method for Shear Strength of Adhesive Bonds
D 3111 Test Method for Flexibility Determination of Hot-
Between Rigid Substrates by the Block-Shear Method
Melt Adhesives by Mandrel Bend Test Method
D 4562 Test Method for Shear Strength ofAdhesives Using
D 3121 Test Method for Tack of Pressure-Sensitive Adhe-
Pin-and-Collar Specimen
sives by Rolling Ball
D 4689 Specification for Adhesive, Casein-Type
D 3163 Test Method for Determining Strength of Adhe-
D 4690 Specification for Urea-Formaldehyde Resin Adhe-
sively Bonded Rigid Plastic Lap-Shear Joints in Shear by
sives
Tension Loading
D 4783 Test Methods for Resistance of Adhesive Prepara-
D 3164 Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesively
tions in Container toAttack by Bacteria,Yeast, and Fungi
Bonded Plastic Lap Shear Sandwich Joints in Shear by
D 4800 Guide for Classifying and Specifying Adhesives
Tension Loading
D 5041 Test Method for Fracture Strength in Cleavage of
D 3165 Test Method for Strength Properties ofAdhesives in
3 Adhesives in Bonded Joints
Shear by Tension Loading of Laminated Assemblies
D 5267 Test Method for the Determination of Extrudability
D 3166 Test Method for Fatigue Properties of Adhesives in
3 of Cartridge Adhesives
Shear by Tension Loading (Metal/Metal)
D 5363 Specification for Anaerobic Single-Component Ad-
D 3167 Test Method for Floating Roller Peel Resistance of
3 hesives (AN)
Adhesives
D 5573 Practice for Classifying Failure Modes in Fiber-
D 3278 Flash Point of Liquids by Small Scale Closed-Cup
Reinforced-Plastic (FRP) Joints
Apparatus
D 5648 Test Method for Torque-Tension Relationship of
D 3310 Test Method for Determining Corrosivity of Adhe-
Adhesives Used on Threaded Fasteners (Lubricity)
sive Materials
D 5649 TestMethodforTorqueStrengthofAdhesivesUsed
D 3433 Practice for Fracture Strength in Cleavage of Ad-
on Threaded Fasteners
D 5656 Test Method for Thick Adherend Metal Lap-Shear
Joints for Determination of the Stress-Strain Behavior of
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02. Adhesives in Shear by Tension Loading
D6465
D 5657 Test Method for Fluid Tightness Ability of Adhe- the user-defined requirements information and the procedures
sives Used on Threaded Fasteners to be provided by the guide.The order of the steps presented in
D 5868 Test Method for Lap Shear Adhesion for Fiber Table 1 is suggested, but not crucial to the successful use of the
Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Bonding guide. Section 6 will provide greater details on both the user
D 6195 Test Methods for Loop Tack input and the guidance provided.
D 6361 Guide for Selecting Cleaning Agents and Pro-
5. Significance and Use
cesses
E 229 Test Method for Shear Strength and Shear Modulus
5.1 The guide is to be used by anyone developing bonding
of Structural Adhesives
or sealing requirements for specifications for manufacturing,
maintenance or overhaul. This guide has been designed to be
3. Terminology
application specific for each bonding or sealing application,
3.1 Definitions—For technical terms pertaining to adhesives
and allows the design engineer to rest assured that the
and sealants, see Terminology D 907.
product(s) or process(es) selected by the industrial or manu-
3.2 Classifications—For the identification and classification
facturing engineer will be compatible with both the part
system of adhesives and sealants, see Guide D 4800. (Related
material and the subsequent processes, such as adherend/
documents: Specification D 4317; Specification D 4689;
substrate cleaning and preparation. It allows the industrial or
Specification D 4690; Specification D 5363; and Test Method
manufacturing engineer to customize the selection of the
D 1994.)
adhesive or sealant product based on the materials of the parts
being bonded or sealed, the conditions required for the subse-
4. Summary of Guide
quent process(es), environmental, cost, and health and safety
4.1 Table 1 is a summary of the five step approach for
concerns.
selecting adhesives/sealants and bonding or sealing processes
6. Procedure
foruseinaerospaceandgeneralpurposeoperations.Thisguide
is based on adhesive/sealant performance in accordance with
6.1 Step 1—Define the Requirements of the Application—
specific adherends and substrates. The user’s performance
The first step taken in selecting an adhesive/sealant is to
requirements play a key role in the process, along with the
determine the requirements of the application. These require-
environmental, and safety and health parameters. Adherend/
ments include environmental, safety and health, and the
substrate material surface preparation and cleaning also play a
physical and chemical properties of the adhesive/sealant itself,
key role in the performance of adhesives/sealants, and are
the application’s performance levels, and surface preparation/
factored-in as part of this selection process. For each step the
cleaning.
user of the guide will provide specific information on a
6.1.1 Environmental, Safety, and Health Requirements—
particular aspect of their process. Then the user should consult
Table 2 presents some of the more common concerns regarding
the guide, which will provide appropriate guidance on evalu-
adhesive and sealant and their effects on the environment, and
ation criteria that should be followed in order to evaluate the
worker safety and health. To use Table 2, the engineer should
potential adhesive or sealant. Table 1 provides a summary of
find their concerns on the left-hand column of the table, and
ensure that the adhesive/sealant meets the requirements listed
in the right-hand column.
TABLE 1 Summary of Guide
6.1.2 Physical, Chemical, and Performance Properties—
Step Defined User Requirements Procedure
Table 3 presents some of the more common concerns regarding
1 Define the Environmental, Safety, Physical and Chemical Properties
adhesives/sealants and their physical, chemical, and perfor-
& Health, Physical and Chemical Tests – Verify that the prospective
Requirements of the Application adhesive or sealant is acceptable
mance properties, and the corresponding tests required to
evaluate those properties. To use Table 3, the engineer should
2 Define the Reason for Bonding or Performance Requirements –
Sealing Determine the required performance find their concern(s) on the left-hand column of the table, and
levels for the specific application and
require the data from evaluations of the specifications listed in
prospective adhesive/sealant
the remainder of the row. Please note that the guide does not
3 Define the Material(s) to be Performance/Material Compatibility
Bonded or Sealed Test(s) – Verify that the prospective
adhesive/sealant will not harm the TABLE 2 Environmental, Safety and Health Requirements
component(s) being bonded or
Concern Requirement
sealed and will perform to the
desired level of bonding or sealing Environment Compliance with all federal, state, and local laws
for the particular application and regulations, and manufacturer’s
recommendations concerning the procurement, use
4 Determine Configuration, Cleaning, Applicable processes and equipment. and disposal of the adhesive or sealant and
and Preparation Requirements Cleaning levels and preparation of associated materials
the adherend and substrate critical to
the performance of the adhesive or Worker Safety and Health Compliance with OSHA and other regulatory & non-
sealant regulatory sources including manufacturer’s
exposure recommendations ACGIH, etc.;
...
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