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ASTM G36-94(2018)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Evaluating Stress-Corrosion-Cracking Resistance of Metals and Alloys in a Boiling Magnesium Chloride Solution

Standard Practice for Evaluating Stress-Corrosion-Cracking Resistance of Metals and Alloys in a Boiling Magnesium Chloride Solution

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 For most applications, this environment provides an accelerated method of ranking the relative degree of stress-corrosion cracking susceptibility for stainless steels and related alloys in aqueous chloride-containing environments. Materials that normally provide acceptable resistance in hot chloride service may crack in this test. The test may not be relevant to stress-corrosion cracking in polythionic acid or caustic environments.  
5.2 Resistance to stress-corrosion cracking in boiling magnesium chloride (155.0°C (311.0°F)) should, where possible, be correlated to resistance in service for the materials of interest. However, such correlations may not always be possible.  
5.3 Boiling magnesium chloride may also cause pitting of many stainless alloys. This leads to the possibility of confusing stress-corrosion failures with mechanical failures induced by corrosion-reduced net cross sections. This danger is particularly great when small cross section samples, high applied stress levels, long exposure periods, stress-corrosion resistant alloys, or a combination thereof are being used. Careful examination is recommended for correct diagnosis of the cause of failure.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for conducting stress-corrosion cracking tests in a boiling magnesium chloride solution. Although this test may be performed using various concentrations of magnesium chloride, this procedure covers a test solution held at a constant boiling temperature of 155.0 ± 1.0°C (311.0 ± 1.8°F). The boiling points of aqueous magnesium chloride solutions at one atmosphere pressure as a function of concentration are shown graphically in Fig. 1.2 A suggested test apparatus capable of maintaining solution concentration and temperature within the prescribed limits for extended periods of time is also described herein.3
FIG. 1 Boiling Points of Aqueous Magnesium Chloride Solutions at One Atmosphere as a Function of Concentration2  
1.2 The boiling magnesium chloride test is applicable to wrought, cast, and welded stainless steels and related alloys. It is a method for detecting the effects of composition, heat treatment, surface finish, microstructure, and stress on the susceptibility of these materials to chloride stress corrosion cracking.4  
1.3 This practice is concerned primarily with the test solution, which may be used with a variety of stress corrosion test specimens, surface finishes, and methods of applying stress.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 7 for specific safety precautions.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Sep-2018
ICS
77.060 - Corrosion of metals
Technical Committee
G01 - Corrosion of Metals
Drafting Committee
G01.06 - Environmentally Assisted Cracking
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM G30-97(2015) - Standard Practice for Making and Using U-Bend Stress-Corrosion Test Specimens
Effective Date
01-Nov-2015
Referred By
ASTM G58-85(2015) - Standard Practice for Preparation of Stress-Corrosion Test Specimens for Weldments
Effective Date
01-Oct-2018
Referred By
ASTM G168-17 - Standard Practice for Making and Using Precracked Double Beam Stress Corrosion Specimens
Effective Date
01-Oct-2018
Referred By
ASTM G30-22 - Standard Practice for Making and Using U-Bend Stress-Corrosion Test Specimens
Effective Date
01-Oct-2018
Referred By
ASTM G157-98(2018) - Standard Guide for Evaluating Corrosion Properties of Wrought Iron- and Nickel-Based Corrosion Resistant Alloys for Chemical Process Industries
Effective Date
01-Oct-2018
Referred By
ASTM G49-85(2019) - Standard Practice for Preparation and Use of Direct Tension Stress-Corrosion Test Specimens
Effective Date
01-Oct-2018
Referred By
ASTM G39-99(2021) - Standard Practice for Preparation and Use of Bent-Beam Stress-Corrosion Test Specimens
Effective Date
01-Oct-2018
Referred By
ASTM G123-00(2022)e1 - Standard Test Method for Evaluating Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Stainless Alloys with Different Nickel Content in Boiling Acidified Sodium Chloride Solution
Effective Date
01-Oct-2018

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ASTM G36-94(2018) - Standard Practice for Evaluating Stress-Corrosion-Cracking Resistance of Metals and Alloys in a Boiling Magnesium Chloride SolutionASTM G36-94(2018) - Standard Practice for Evaluating Stress-Corrosion-Cracking Resistance of Metals and Alloys in a Boiling Magnesium Chloride Solution
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ASTM G36-94(2018) - Standard Practice for Evaluating Stress-Corrosion-Cracking Resistance of Metals and Alloys in a Boiling Magnesium Chloride Solution
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: G36 − 94 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Practice for
Evaluating Stress-Corrosion-Cracking Resistance of Metals
1
and Alloys in a Boiling Magnesium Chloride Solution
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG36;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for conducting
See Section 7 for specific safety precautions.
stress-corrosioncrackingtestsinaboilingmagnesiumchloride
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
solution. Although this test may be performed using various
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
concentrations of magnesium chloride, this procedure covers a
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
test solution held at a constant boiling temperature of 155.0 6
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.0°C (311.0 6 1.8°F). The boiling points of aqueous magne-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
sium chloride solutions at one atmosphere pressure as a
2 Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
function of concentration are shown graphically in Fig. 1. A
suggested test apparatus capable of maintaining solution con-
2. Referenced Documents
centration and temperature within the prescribed limits for
5
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
extended periods of time is also described herein.
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
1.2 The boiling magnesium chloride test is applicable to
G1Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Corro-
wrought, cast, and welded stainless steels and related alloys. It
sion Test Specimens
is a method for detecting the effects of composition, heat
G15Terminology Relating to Corrosion and CorrosionTest-
treatment, surface finish, microstructure, and stress on the
6
ing (Withdrawn 2010)
susceptibility of these materials to chloride stress corrosion
G30 Practice for Making and Using U-Bend Stress-
4
cracking.
Corrosion Test Specimens
1.3 This practice is concerned primarily with the test
solution, which may be used with a variety of stress corrosion
3. Terminology
test specimens, surface finishes, and methods of applying
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this prac-
stress.
tice see Terminology G15.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4. Summary of Practice
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.1 A predetermined quantity of reagent grade magnesium
chloride and some distilled water are added to a container.The
1
container and contents, with thermometer and condenser
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee G01 on Corrosion
of Metals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G01.06 on Environmen-
affixed, are placed on a source of heat. When the magnesium
tally Assisted Cracking.
chloride solution boils, it is adjusted to maintain the desired
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2018. Published November 2018. Originally
concentration and boiling point through the addition of small
approvedin1973.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2013asG36–94(2013).DOI:
10.1520/G0036-94R18. quantities of either water or salt.
2
Available data on the relationship of concentrations and boiling points of
4.2 After the solution has stabilized at the desired boiling
magnesium chloride solutions are critically reviewed and supplemented by I. B.
Casale in “Boiling Points of Magnesium Chloride Solutions—TheirApplication in pointforthetest,thestressedspecimensareadded.Depending
Stress Corrosion Studies,” Corrosion, Vol 23, 1967, pp. 314–17.
upon the intent of the test, the specimens should be given
3
The apparatus and test procedures for maintaining constant boiling tempera-
tures of magnesium chloride solutions for stress corrosion tests are described by M.
A. Streicher and A. J. Sweet in Corrosion, Vol 25, 1969, pp. 1–6.
4 5
The use of concentrated magnesium chloride solutions for determining the For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking of austenitic and ferritic stainless steels contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
and related nickel-base alloys was first described by M. A. Scheil, Symposium on Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page
...

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4.1 Polythionic acids are chemically described as H2SxO6, where x is usually 3, 4, or 5 (1)3 though can be more than 50 (2). These acid environments provide a way of evaluating the resistance of stainless steels and related alloys to intergranular stress corrosion cracking. Failure is accelerated by the presence of increasing amounts of intergranular precipitate. Results for the polythionic acid test have not been correlated exactly with those of intergranular corrosion tests (Test Methods G28). Also, this test may not be relevant to stress corrosion cracking in chlorides or caustic environments.  
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1.1 This practice covers procedures for preparing and conducting the polythionic acid test at room temperature, 22 °C to 25 °C (72 °F to 77 °F), to determine the relative susceptibility of stainless steels or other related materials (nickel-chromium-iron alloys) to intergranular stress corrosion cracking.  
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3.1 Moist air containing sulfur dioxide quickly produces easily visible corrosion on many metals in a form resembling that occurring in industrial environments. It is therefore a test medium well suited to detect pores or other sources of weakness in protective coatings and deficiencies in corrosion resistance associated with unsuitable alloy composition or treatments.  
3.2 The results obtained in the test should not be regarded as a general guide to the corrosion resistance of the tested materials in all environments where these materials may be used. Performance of different materials in the test should only be taken as a general guide to the relative corrosion resistance of these materials in moist SO2 service.
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1.1 This practice covers the apparatus and procedure to be used in conducting qualitative assessment tests in accordance with the requirements of material or product specifications by means of specimen exposure to condensed moisture containing sulfur dioxide.  
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1.3 The variant of the test to be used, the exposure period required, the type of test specimen, and the criteria of failure are not prescribed by this practice. Such details are provided in appropriate material and product purchase specifications.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
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3.1 Electrochemical corrosion rate measurements often provide results in terms of electrical current. Although the conversion of these current values into mass loss rates or penetration rates is based on Faraday’s Law, the calculations can be complicated for alloys and metals with elements having multiple valence values. This practice is intended to provide guidance in calculating mass loss and penetration rates for such alloys. Some typical values of equivalent weights for a variety of metals and alloys are provided.  
3.2 Electrochemical corrosion rate measurements may provide results in terms of electrical resistance. The conversion of these results to either mass loss or penetration rates requires additional electrochemical information. Some approaches for estimating this information are given.  
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1.1 This practice covers the providing of guidance in converting the results of electrochemical measurements to rates of uniform corrosion. Calculation methods for converting corrosion current density values to either mass loss rates or average penetration rates are given for most engineering alloys. In addition, some guidelines for converting polarization resistance values to corrosion rates are provided.  
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5.1 This test method is designed to compare alloys and may be used as one method of screening materials prior to service. In general, this test method is more useful for stainless steels than the boiling magnesium chloride test of Practice G36. The boiling magnesium chloride test cracks materials with the nickel levels found in relatively resistant austenitic and duplex stainless steels, thus making comparisons and evaluations for many service environments difficult.  
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1.1 This test method covers a procedure for conducting stress-corrosion cracking tests in an acidified boiling sodium chloride solution. This test method is performed in 25 % (by mass) sodium chloride acidified to pH 1.5 with phosphoric acid. This test method is concerned primarily with the test solution and glassware, although a specific style of U-bend test specimen is suggested.  
1.2 This test method is designed to provide better correlation with chemical process industry experience for stainless steels than the more severe boiling magnesium chloride test of Practice G36. Some stainless steels which have provided satisfactory service in many environments readily crack in Practice G36, but have not cracked during interlaboratory testing (see Section 12) using this sodium chloride test method.  
1.3 This boiling sodium chloride test method was used in an interlaboratory test program to evaluate wrought stainless steels, including duplex (ferrite-austenite) stainless and an alloy with up to about 33 % nickel. It may also be employed to evaluate these types of materials in the cast or welded conditions.  
1.4 This test method detects major effects of composition, heat treatment, microstructure, and stress on the susceptibility of materials to chloride stress-corrosion cracking. Small differences between samples such as heat-to-heat variations of the same grade are not likely to be detected.  
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5.1 The U-bend specimen may be used for any metal alloy sufficiently ductile to be formed into the U-shape without mechanically cracking. The specimen is most easily made from strip or sheet but can be machined from plate, bar, castings, or weldments; wire specimens may be used also.  
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FIG. 1 Typical Stressed U-bends  
1.2 U-bend specimens usually contain both elastic and plastic strain. In some cases (for example, very thin sheet or small diameter wire) it is possible to form a U-bend and produce only elastic strain. However, bent-beam (Practice G39 or direct tension (Practice G49)) specimens are normally used to study stress-corrosion cracking of strip or sheet under elastic strain only.  
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5.1 Autoclave tests are commonly used to evaluate the corrosion performance of metallic and non-metallic materials under simulated HP and HTHP service conditions. Examples of service environments in which HP and HTHP corrosion tests have been used include chemical processing, petroleum production and refining, food processing, pressurized cooling water, electric power systems, and aerospace propulsion.  
5.2 For the applications of corrosion testing listed in 5.1, the service environment involves handling corrosive and potentially hazardous media under conditions of high pressure or high temperature, or both. The temperature and pressure, among other parameters, usually drive the composition and properties of the aqueous phase and, hence, the severity of the corrosion process. Consequently, the laboratory evaluation of corrosion severity cannot be performed in conventional low pressure glassware without making potentially invalid assumptions as to the potential effects of high temperature and pressure on corrosion severity.  
5.3 Therefore, there is a substantial need to provide standardized methods by which corrosion testing can be performed under HP and HTHP. In many cases, however, the standards used for exposure of specimens in conventional low-pressure glassware experiments cannot be followed due to the limitations of access, volume, and visibility arising from the construction of high-pressure test cells. This guide refers to existing corrosion standards and practices, as applicable, and then goes further in areas in which specific guidelines for performing HP and HTHP corrosion testing are needed.
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1.1 This guide covers procedures, specimens, and equipment for conducting laboratory corrosion tests on metallic materials under conditions of high pressure (HP) or the combination of high temperature and high pressure (HTHP). See 3.2 for definitions of high pressure and temperature.  
1.2 The procedures and methods in this guide are applicable for conducting mass loss corrosion, localized corrosion, and electrochemical tests as well as for use in environmentally induced cracking tests that need to be conducted under HP or HTHP conditions.  
1.3 The primary purpose for this guide is to promote consistency of corrosion test results. Furthermore, this guide will aid in the comparison of corrosion data between laboratories or testing organizations that utilize different equipment.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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4.1 It is important to be able to determine the extent of pitting, either in a service application in which it is necessary to predict the remaining life in a metal structure, or in laboratory test programs that are used to select the most pitting-resistant materials for service. The purpose of the study is crucial in determining the appropriate examination and evaluation steps.  
4.2 Some typical purposes of laboratory tests include, but are not limited to, evaluating performance of alloys, determining whether an alloy is resistant to the environment, evaluating how environmental conditions including corrosion inhibitor affect or prevent pitting, and evaluating whether a lot of metal is sufficiently resistant for its use in a particular application or environment.  
4.3 Some typical purposes of field studies include, but are not limited to, determining if pits are likely to grow and cause leak or release of process fluid, and assisting a determination of whether to replace or repair damage from pits (remaining life assessment).
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1.1 This guide covers the selection of procedures that can be used in the examination and evaluation of pitted metals. These procedures include both nondestructive and destructive approaches.  
1.2 The procedures covered in this guide include those that may be used in laboratory evaluations of corroded metal specimens and field examinations and inspections.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—In X1.2.1, mils per year (MPY) are regarded as standard for the target corrosion rate.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Practice for Use of Mattsson's Solution of pH 7.2 to Evaluate the Stress-Corrosion Cracking Susceptibility of Copper-Zinc Alloys

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test environment is believed to give an accelerated ranking of the relative or absolute degree of stress-corrosion cracking susceptibility for different brasses. It has been found to correlate well with the corresponding service ranking in environments that cause stress-corrosion cracking which is thought to be due to the combined presence of traces of moisture and ammonia vapor. The extent to which the accelerated ranking correlates with the ranking obtained after long-term exposure to environments containing corrodents other than ammonia is not at present known. Examples of such environments may be severe marine atmospheres (Cl−), severe industrial atmospheres (predominantly SO2), and super-heated ammonia-free steam.  
4.2 It is not possible at present to specify any particular time to failure (defined on the basis of any particular failure criteria) in pH 7.2 Mattsson’s solution that corresponds to a distinction between acceptable and unacceptable stress-corrosion behavior in brass alloys. Such particular correlations must be determined individually.  
4.3 Mattsson's solution of pH 7.2 may also cause stress independent general and intergranular corrosion of brasses to some extent. This leads to the possibility of confusing stress-corrosion failures with mechanical failures induced by corrosion-reduced net cross sections. This danger is particularly great with small cross section specimens, high applied stress levels, long exposure periods and stress-corrosion resistant alloys. Careful metallographic examination is recommended for correct diagnosis of the cause of failure. Alternatively, unstressed control specimens may be exposed to evaluate the extent to which stress independent corrosion degrades mechanical properties.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the preparation and use of Mattsson’s solution of pH 7.2 as an accelerated stress-corrosion cracking test environment for brasses (copper-zinc base alloys). The variables (to the extent that these are known at present) that require control are described together with possible means for controlling and standardizing these variables.  
1.2 This practice is recommended only for brasses (copper-zinc base alloys). The use of this test environment is not recommended for other copper alloys since the results may be erroneous, providing completely misleading rankings. This is particularly true of alloys containing aluminum or nickel as deliberate alloying additions.  
1.3 This practice is intended primarily where the test objective is to determine the relative stress-corrosion cracking susceptibility of different brasses under the same or different stress conditions or to determine the absolute degree of stress corrosion cracking susceptibility, if any, of a particular brass or brass component under one or more specific stress conditions. Other legitimate test objectives for which this test solution may be used do, of course, exist. The tensile stresses present may be known or unknown, applied or residual. The practice may be applied to wrought brass products or components, brass castings, brass weldments, and so forth, and to all brasses. Strict environmental test conditions are stipulated for maximum assurance that apparent variations in stress-corrosion susceptibility are attributable to real variations in the material being tested or in the tensile stress level and not to environmental variations.  
1.4 This practice relates solely to the preparation and control of the test environment. No attempt is made to recommend surface preparation or finish, or both, as this may vary with the test objectives. Similarly, no attempt is made to recommend particular stress-corrosion test specimen configurations or methods of applying the stress. Test specimen configurations that may be used are referenced in Practice G30 and STP 425.2  
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Standard Test Method for Determining Whether Gas-Leak-Detector Fluid Solutions Can Cause Stress Corrosion Cracking of Brass Alloys

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Brass components are routinely used in compressed gas service for valves, pressure regulators, connectors and many other components. Although soft brass is not susceptible to ammonia SCC, work-hardened brass is susceptible if its hardness exceeds about 54 HR 30T (55HRB) (Rockwell scale). Normal assembly of brass components should not induce sufficient work hardening to cause susceptibility to ammonia SCC. However, it is has been observed that over-tightening of the components will render them susceptible to SCC, and the problem becomes more severe in older components that have been tightened many times. In this test, the specimens are obtained in the hardened condition and are strained beyond the elastic limit to accelerate the tendency towards SCC.  
5.2 It is normal practice to use LDFs to check pressurized systems to assure that leaking is not occurring. LDFs are usually aqueous solutions containing surfactants that will form bubbles at the site of a leak. If the LDF contains ammonia or other agent that can cause SCC in brass, serious damage can occur to the system that will compromise its safety and integrity.  
5.3 It is important to test LDFs to assure that they do not cause SCC of brass and to assure that the use of these products does not compromise the integrity of the pressure containing system.  
5.4 It has been found that corrosion of brass is necessary before SCC can occur. The reason for this is that the corrosion process results in cupric and cuprous ions accumulating in the electrolyte. Therefore, adding copper metal and cuprous oxide (Cu2O) to the aqueous solution accelerates the SCC process if agents that cause SCC are present. However, adding these components to a solution that does not cause SCC will not make stressed brass crack.  
5.5 Repeated application of the solution to the specimen followed by a drying period causes the components in the solution to concentrate thereby further increasing the rate of cracking. This also simulates se...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an accelerated test method for evaluating the tendency of gas leak detection fluids (LDFs) to cause stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of brass components in compressed gas service.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM G39-99(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Preparation and Use of Bent-Beam Stress-Corrosion Test Specimens

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The bent-beam specimen is designed for determining the stress-corrosion behavior of alloy sheets and plates in a variety of environments. The bent-beam specimens are designed for testing at stress levels below the elastic limit of the alloy. For testing in the plastic range, U-bend specimens should be employed (see Practice G30). Although it is possible to stress bent-beam specimens into the plastic range, the stress level cannot be calculated for plastically-stressed three- and four-point loaded specimens as well as the double-beam specimens. Therefore, the use of bent-beam specimens in the plastic range is not recommended for general use.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for designing, preparing, and using bent-beam stress-corrosion specimens.  
1.2 Different specimen configurations are given for use with different product forms, such as sheet or plate. This practice is applicable to specimens of any metal that are stressed to levels less than the elastic limit of the material, and therefore, the applied stress can be accurately calculated or measured (see Note 1). Stress calculations by this practice are not applicable to plastically stressed specimens.  
Note 1: It is the nature of these practices that only the applied stress can be calculated. Since stress-corrosion cracking is a function of the total stress, for critical applications and proper interpretation of results, the residual stress (before applying external stress) or the total elastic stress (after applying external stress) should be determined by appropriate nondestructive methods, such as X-ray diffraction (1).2  
1.3 Test procedures are given for stress-corrosion testing by exposure to gaseous and liquid environments.  
1.4 The bent-beam test is best suited for flat product forms, such as sheet, strip, and plate. For plate material the bent-beam specimen is more difficult to use because more rugged specimen holders must be built to accommodate the specimens. A double-beam modification of a four-point loaded specimen to utilize heavier materials is described in 10.5.  
1.5 The exposure of specimens in a corrosive environment is treated only briefly since other practices deal with this aspect, for example, Practices D1141, G30, G36, G44, G50, and G85. The experimenter is referred to ASTM Special Technical Publication 425 (2).  
1.6 The bent-beam practice generally constitutes a constant strain (deflection) test. Once cracking has initiated, the state of stress at the tip of the crack as well as in uncracked areas has changed, and therefore, the known or calculated stress or strain values discussed in this practice apply only to the state of stress existing before initiation of cracks.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.8  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For more specific safety hazard information see Section 7 and 12.1.)  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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