ASTM F2748-19

Standard Specification for Airsoft Guns

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers airsoft guns which propel a projectile by means of energy released by compressed gas, compressed CO2, mechanical springs, battery or a combination thereof, used in the sport commonly called airsoft or air soft, and is to be used in conjunction with Specification F2654.  
1.2 Limitations—This specification does not cover the following types of products: Non-powder guns as specifically defined in Consumer Safety Specification F589 and which are commonly referred to as BB or pellet guns; paintball markers as specifically defined in Specification F2272; toy products; and non-recreational air guns, for example, those used by law enforcement, scientific, military, industrial, or theatrical entities.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-2019
• ICS: 95.060 - Weapons
• Technical Committee: F08 - Sports Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities
• Drafting Committee: F08.27 - Airsoft

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM F2748-15(2019) - Standard Specification for Airsoft Guns
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2019
• Refers: ASTM F2553-16(2020) - Standard Specification for Warnings on Refillable CO<inf>2</inf> Cylinders Used In the Sport of Paintball
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2020
• Refers: ASTM F2653-16(2020) - Standard Specification for Paintball Valve Male Threaded Connection for Use with Approved Cylinders
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2020
• Refers: ASTM F1750-16(2020) - Standard Specification for Paintball Marker Threaded-Propellant Source Interface
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2020
• Refers: ASTM F589-16 - Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Non-Powder Guns
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2016
• Refers: ASTM F2654-16 - Standard Specification for Airsoft Gun Warnings
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2016
• Refers: ASTM F2553-16 - Standard Specification for Warnings on Refillable CO<inf>2</inf> Cylinders Used In the Sport of Paintball
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2016
• Refers: ASTM F1750-16 - Standard Specification for Paintball Marker Threaded-Propellant Source Interface
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2016
• Refers: ASTM F2030-11(2016) - Standard Specification for Paintball Cylinder Burst Disk Assemblies
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2016
• Refers: ASTM F2653-16 - Standard Specification for Paintball Valve Male Threaded Connection for Use with Approved Cylinders
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2016
• Refers: ASTM F1750-11(2015) - Standard Specification for Paintball Marker Threaded-Propellant Source Interface
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2015
• Refers: ASTM F2654-15 - Standard Specification for Airsoft Gun Warnings
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2015
• Refers: ASTM F2679-15 - Standard Specification for 6 mm Projectiles Used with Airsoft Guns
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2015
• Refers: ASTM F2653-11(2015) - Standard Specification for Paintball Valve Male Threaded Connection for Use with Approved Cylinders
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2015
• Refers: ASTM F2679-15e1 - Standard Specification for 6 mm Projectiles Used with Airsoft Guns
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2015

Overview

ASTM F2748-19: Standard Specification for Airsoft Guns is an internationally recognized standard published by ASTM International. The specification outlines the requirements for airsoft guns that propel projectiles using compressed gas, CO2, mechanical springs, batteries, or combinations thereof. It is specifically applicable to products used in recreational airsoft sports and is designed to be used in conjunction with ASTM F2654, which details requirements for airsoft gun warnings.

This specification aims to reduce hazards associated with airsoft gun usage by defining standardized terminology, critical dimensions, performance criteria, and testing procedures. It helps manufacturers, retailers, regulatory bodies, and users ensure product safety, consistency, and regulatory compliance.

Key Topics

• Scope and Limitations

  • Applies to airsoft guns used in recreational airsoft activities.
  • Excludes BB/pellet guns (covered under ASTM F589), paintball markers (ASTM F2272), toy products, and non-recreational air guns for law enforcement, military, or industrial uses.

• Performance Requirements

  • Airsoft guns must have a muzzle energy of 2.9 joules or less at the time of shipment.
  • Safety devices are required and must prevent unintentional discharge under specific test conditions.
  • Structural integrity must be maintained, especially for products using compressed gas or CO2 systems.
  • Trigger guard and proper labeling are mandatory for all relevant products.

• Testing and Compliance

  • Outlines methods for function, safety device, accidental discharge (drop test), trigger pull, high temperature, velocity, and muzzle energy testing.
  • Products may not be marked as conforming unless they fully meet all requirements at time of manufacture.

• Product Documentation

  • Product literature, packaging, and labeling must comply with ASTM F2654 requirements.
  • Exposed edges should be smooth and free from sharpness.

• Safety and Regulations

  • Emphasizes the user’s responsibility for health, safety, and environmental practices.
  • References applicable federal and international practices, including U.S. Code of Federal Regulations regarding markings for imitation firearms.

Applications

The ASTM F2748-19 standard offers practical value for multiple stakeholders in the airsoft industry:

• Manufacturers: Ensures products meet international safety and quality benchmarks. Facilitates access to global markets by supporting compliance with recognized standards.
• Distributors and Retailers: Assures customers that equipment is tested, standardized, and safe for recreational use.
• Regulators and Inspectors: Provides clear criteria for enforcement and inspection of airsoft guns in accordance with health and safety laws.
• Consumers and End-Users: Builds confidence in product safety and performance, promoting responsible participation in airsoft sports.

By adhering to ASTM F2748-19, organizations demonstrate commitment to consumer protection and product reliability in the airsoft gun industry.

Related Standards

For comprehensive compliance and product safety, ASTM F2748-19 should be considered alongside these related standards and regulations:

• ASTM F2654 - Specification for Airsoft Gun Warnings
• ASTM F589 - Consumer Safety Specification for Non-Powder Guns
• ASTM F2272 - Specification for Paintball Markers
• ASTM F2679 - Specification for 6 mm Projectiles Used with Airsoft Guns
• 15 CFR 1150.272 - Federal requirements for marking toy, look-alike, and imitation firearms

Manufacturers and stakeholders are encouraged to reference these interconnected standards to ensure comprehensive product safety, labeling, and mechanical integrity in the airsoft market.

Keywords: ASTM F2748-19, airsoft gun standard, airsoft safety, ASTM specification, airsoft gun compliance, airsoft gun testing, airsoft BB, airsoft gun regulation

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F2748 −19
Standard Specification for
Airsoft Guns
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2748; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Toperformasintended,anairsoftgunrequiresalevelofpowerwhich,ifmisused,cancauseserious
injury. This specification is intended to reduce the hazards associated with airsoft gun use. This
specification cannot control careless use or eliminate all hazards of misuse. Terminology is
standardized in this specification, so that conforming products will be identified in the same manner,
and critical dimensions are standardized to assure safe interchangeability of projectiles in all
conforming airsoft guns. Product performance hazards are identified and requirements are established
tominimizethesehazards.Thisspecificationiswrittenwithinthecurrentstate-of-the-artofairsoftgun
technology. The intent is to revise this specification whenever substantive information becomes
available which justifies revising existing requirements or adding new requirements.
1. Scope ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.1 This specification covers airsoft guns which propel a
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
projectile by means of energy released by compressed gas,
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
compressed CO , mechanical springs, battery or a combination
thereof, used in the sport commonly called airsoft or air soft,
2. Referenced Documents
and is to be used in conjunction with Specification F2654.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2 Limitations—This specification does not cover the fol-
F589 Consumer Safety Specification for Non-Powder Guns
lowing types of products: Non-powder guns as specifically
F590 Consumer Safety Specification for Non-Powder Gun
defined in Consumer Safety Specification F589 and which are
Projectiles and Propellants
commonly referred to as BB or pellet guns; paintball markers
F1750 Specification for Paintball Marker Threaded-
as specifically defined in Specification F2272; toy products;
Propellant Source Interface
and non-recreational air guns, for example, those used by law
F2030 Specification for Paintball Cylinder Burst Disk As-
enforcement, scientific, military, industrial, or theatrical enti-
semblies
ties.
F2272 Specification for Paintball Markers
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded F2553 Specification for Warnings on Refillable CO Cylin-
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
ders Used In the Sport of Paintball
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only F2653 Specification for PaintballValve MaleThreaded Con-
and are not considered standard.
nection for Use with Approved Cylinders
F2654 Specification for Airsoft Gun Warnings
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
F2679 Specification for 6 mm Projectiles Used with Airsoft
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Guns
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2.2 Code of Federal Regulations:
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
15 CFR 272 Marking of Toy, Look-Alike and Imitation
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Firearms
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F08 on Sports contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Subcommittee F08.27 on Airsoft. the ASTM website.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2019. Published October 2019. Originally AvailablefromU.S.GovernmentPrintingOfficeSuperintendentofDocuments,
approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as F2748 – 15 (2019). 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
DOI: 10.1520/F2748-19. www.access.gpo.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2748 − 19
3. Terminology 3.1.15 propulsion system, gas, n—propulsion system in
which a stored gas system, including CO , is used to provide
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
the energy to propel the projectile. CO propulsion system is a
3.1.1 airsoft gun, n—commonly referred to as airsoft gun,
type of gas propulsion system.
air soft gun, or soft air gun, or any combination thereof, or a
3.1.16 propulsion system, spring-piston (also known as
low energy air gun (LEAG), refers to a device specifically
spring-air), n—propulsion system in which the projectile is
designed to expel a projectile as described in Specification
propelled by air pressure that is created by a piston moved by
F2679, by the release of energy by compressed air, compressed
a spring.
gas, mechanical springs, battery, or a combination thereof.
3.1.17 propulsion system, pneumatic, n—propulsion system
3.1.2 airsoft gun projectile, n—spherical, of 6 mm (.24 cal)
in which compressed air is stored under pressure and, when
diameter, non-metallic and non-liquid filled projectile to be
released, provides the energy to propel the projectile.
usedinanairsoftgunasspecificallyreferredtoinSpecification
3.1.17.1 Discussion—Apneumatic airsoft gun normally has
F2679.
a pump system to provide the compressed air.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—These are also referred to as airsoft
3.1.18 propulsion system, pre-charged pneumatic,
BB’s.
n—propulsion system in which the energy is provided by
3.1.3 backstop, n—object intended to stop an airsoft gun
compressed gas, normally compressed air, stored in a refillable
projectile.
cylinder charged by an external source.
3.1.4 barrel, n—thatportionofanairsoftgunthroughwhich
3.1.18.1 Discussion—The release of the compressed gas
the projectile is discharged.
provides the energy to propel the projectile.
3.1.5 CO (carbon dioxide) cylinder non-refillable,
3.1.19 pumping mechanism (pneumatic gun),
n—cylinder that holds carbon dioxide in a liquid-gas combi-
n—mechanical device used to compress air.
nation generally referred to as disposable cartridges which are
3.1.20 range, n—maximumdistancetowhichanobjectmay
discarded after use and are not refillable for use with airsoft
be propelled, whether limited by energy or an obstacle.
guns.
3.1.21 safety device, n—device which, when activated, dis-
3.1.6 CO (carbon dioxide) cylinder refillable, n—cylinder
ables a part of the airsoft gun, usually the trigger, to prevent
that holds carbon dioxide in a liquid-gas combination consist-
unintentional discharges and must be released to allow the
ingofacylinderandaself-activatingon/offvalveassemblyfor
airsoft gun to be discharged by the movement of the trigger.
use with airsoft guns.
3.1.21.1 Discussion—Thedeviceissometimesreferredtoas
3.1.6.1 Discussion—These refillable cylinders can be safely
the “safety,” “safety button,” or “safety lever.” An electronic
removed from the airsoft gun without loss of the stored
on/off switch is considered a safety device when placing it in
pressure.
the “off” position renders the airsoft gun inoperable.
3.1.7 cocking, v—action that allows the user to store manual
3.1.22 standard ambient temperature and pressure (SATP),
energy.
n—used to describe a substance at the pressure of 1 bar
(1.01325 atmospheres, 750 mm Hg, 14.5 psi, 100 kPa) and a
3.1.8 hammer, n—device which, when released, discharges
temperature of 25°C (77°F).
the stored energy.
3.1.23 target, n—object at which the airsoft gun is dis-
3.1.9 hop-up, n—devicethatchangesthespinonaprojectile
charged.
to affect its trajectory.
3.1.24 trigger, n—device operated by the user to discharge
3.1.10 magazine, n—device used in an airsoft gun to store
an airsoft gun.
projectiles.
3.1.25 trigger guard, n—rigid, firmly attached component
3.1.11 propellant, refillable non-removable, n—reservoir
that must totally enclose the trigger area and be wider than the
contained within the airsoft gun which by its design is not
trigger.
easily removable however is refillable with a non-flammable
3.1.25.1 Discussion—There can be no more than 38 mm
gas.
(1.5 in.)ofspacefromanypointonthefaceofthetriggertothe
3.1.12 propellant, refillable removable, n—also known as
trigger guard, and no more than 13 mm (0.5 in.) from the
re-movable HPA cylinders refillable, a cylinder and regulator lowest point of the trigger to the trigger guard. All measure-
assembly which is removed from the airsoft gun to be refilled
ments under this rule are to be taken after excluding any
with a non-flammable gas. removable attachments to the trigger.
3.1.26 trigger pull, n—force required to move the trigger
3.1.13 propulsion system, combination, n—propulsion sys-
tem in which a combination of spring, spring-piston, from its start or recycle/reset position to a position that
discharges the airsoft gun.
pneumatic, or gas systems can be used to provide the energy to
propel the projectile.
4. Significance and Use
3.1.14 propulsion system, electronic, n—propulsion system
in which an electronic system is used to provide the energy to 4.1 This specification establishes performance requirements
propel the projectile. and test methods for airsoft guns.
F2748 − 19
5. Conformance 7.4 Trigger Mechanism—The weight applied to the trigger
necessary to fire an airsoft gun shall be more than 1 6 0.05 lb
5.1 Airsoft guns shall not, either by label or other means,
(0.45 60.09kg)weightandlessthan16 60.20lb(7.3 60.09
indicate conformance with this specification unless, at the time
kg). Tests shall be conducted in accordance with 8.5.
of manufacture, they conform with all applicable requirements
contained herein. 7.5 Barrel Diameter Size—The barrel diameter (excluding
hop-up mechanism) of an airsoft gun must be no less than the
6. General Requirements maximum size of projectile designed for that airsoft gun (for
example, 6 mm for an airsoft gun which will shoot 6 mm
6.1 Literature—Each airsoft gun shall include the product
projectiles).
literature as specified in Specification F2654.
7.6 Structural Integrity Requirement for Airsoft Guns Using
6.2 Packaging—The packaging of each airsoft gun shall
CO or Compressed Gas Propulsion Systems:
comply, as applicable, with Specification F2654.
7.6.1 Airsoft guns using these propulsion systems shall be
6.3 Product Marking—Airsoft guns shall be marked in
constructed to prevent the full or partially filled cylinder from
accordance with Specification F2654.
being propelled from the gun while the cylinder is being
emptied, installed, or removed.
6.4 Finish—The exposed edges of all airsoft guns shall be
7.6.2 Airsoft guns intended to be used with refillable cylin-
smooth and free of sharp edges, burrs, and splinters.
ders shall be able to withstand input pressure of three thousand
6.5 Shipping:
pounds per square inch 207 bar (3000 psi) without catastrophic
6.5.1 Each airsoft gun shall be shipped in an unloaded,
failure. Leaking in a manner which would not cause injury to
uncharged, and uncocked condition.
the operator shall not constitute failure.
6.5.2 All airsoft guns must shoot at an energy level under
7.7 Temperature Test for Airsoft Guns Using CO (Carbon
2.9 joules at the time of shipment at SATP.
Dioxide) Cylinder Non-refillable—Airsoft guns using CO
6.6 Design:
(carbon dioxide) cylinder non-refillable shall be capable of
6.6.1 All airsoft guns with an exposed trigger shall have a
retaining the CO and the cylinder in a pierced state when both
trigger guard. are heated to a temperature of 160 6 5°F (71 6 2.7°C) and
maintained for ⁄2 h without structural failure of the airsoft gun.
6.6.2 It is the responsibility of the manufacturer to deter-
mine whether federal markings are required on its airsoft guns Tests shall be conducted in accordance with 8.6. Seal failure
between the airsoft gun and cylinder is acceptable.
and to follow all applicable regulations (see 15 CFR 272).
6.6.3 All CO (carbon dioxide) cylinder non-refillable used
2 7.8 Muzzle Energy—Airsoft guns shall have a muzzle en-
in airsoft guns shall meet the requirements of Specification
ergyof2.9jouleorless.Testsshallbeconductedinaccordance
F590.
with 8.8.
6.6.4 All CO (carbon dioxide) cylinder refillable used in
airsoft guns shall meet the requirements of Specifications
8. Test Methods
F1750, F2030, F2553, and F2653.
8.1 No precision statement on any of the following test
6.6.5 All propellant, refillable removable—also known as
methods is available at this time.
re-movableHPAcylindersrefillable—usedinairsoftgunsshall
8.2 Airsoft Gun Function Test:
meet the requirements of Specifications F1750, F2030, and
F2653. 8.2.1 Significance—This method is performed to ensure that
the airsoft gun, when operated in accordance with the manu-
facturer’s operating instructions, will not discharge except in
7. Performance Requirements
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions during
7.1 Airsoft Gun Function—Cocking, pumping, loading, or
cocking, pumping, loading, and charging.
charging of an airsoft gun shall not cause the airsoft gun to
8.2.2 Apparatus:
discharge except in accordance with the manufacturer’s in-
8.2.2.1 Manufacturer’s operating instructions for the airsoft
structions. This does not limit the use of “auto-triggers.”
gun.
7.2 Safety Device—Safety devices shall be provided on all
8.2.2.2 Projectiles conforming to Specification F2679 and
airsoft guns and all such devices can be activated whether or
manufacturer’s recommended propellants.
not the airsoft gun is cocked. All such devices shall be clearly
8.2.2.3 Appropriate back stop.
marked to indicate the “safe” and “fire” or “on” and “off”
8.2.3 Test Specimen—The test specimen shall consist of a
positions, or an indicator on the safety device which exposes
new airsoft gun, selected in accordance with the manufactur-
botharedcolorandagroovewhentheairsoftgunisinthe“fire
er’s usual quality assurance practices.
position.” All such devices shall be capable of preventing the
8.2.4 Procedure:
airsoft gun from being discharged when a weight of 9.1 kg (20
8.2.4.1 Conductthetestatroomtemperature(60to80°F(16
lb) is applied to the trigger. Tests shall be conducted in
to 27°C)).
accordance with 8.3.
8.2.4.2 Insert the manufacturer’s recommended propellant
7.3 Accidental Discharge—Airsoftgunsshouldnotacciden- (if required) and load the projectile magazine or chamber of an
tally discharge when exposed to a drop in accordance with 8.4. airsoft gun to capacity.
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...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F2748 − 15 (Reapproved 2019) F2748 − 19
Standard Specification for
Airsoft Guns
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2748; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
To perform as intended, an airsoft gun requires a level of power which, if misused, can cause serious
injury. This specification is intended to reduce the hazards associated with airsoft gun use. This
specification cannot control careless use or eliminate all hazards of misuse. Terminology is
standardized in this specification, so that conforming products will be identified in the same manner,
and critical dimensions are standardized to assure safe interchangeability of projectiles in all
conforming airsoft guns. Product performance hazards are identified and requirements are established
to minimize these hazards. This specification is written within the current state-of-the-art of airsoft gun
technology. The intent is to revise this specification whenever substantive information becomes
available which justifies revising existing requirements or adding new requirements.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers airsoft guns which propel a projectile by means of energy released by compressed gas, compressed
CO , mechanical springs, battery or a combination thereof, used in the sport commonly called airsoft or air soft, and is to be used
in conjunction with Specification F2654.
1.2 Limitations—This specification does not cover the following types of products: Non-powder guns as specifically defined in
Consumer Safety Specification F589 and which are commonly referred to as BB or pellet guns; paintball markers as specifically
defined in Specification F2272; toy products; and non-recreational air guns, for example, those used by law enforcement, scientific,
military, industrial, or theatrical entities.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
F589 Consumer Safety Specification for Non-Powder Guns
F590 Consumer Safety Specification for Non-Powder Gun Projectiles and Propellants
F1750 Specification for Paintball Marker Threaded-Propellant Source Interface
F2030 Specification for Paintball Cylinder Burst Disk Assemblies
F2272 Specification for Paintball Markers
F2553 Specification for Warnings on Refillable CO Cylinders Used In the Sport of Paintball
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee F08.27 on Airsoft.
Current edition approved May 15, 2019Oct. 1, 2019. Published June 2019October 2019. Originally approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 20152019 as
F2748 – 15.F2748 – 15 (2019). DOI: 10.1520/F2748-15R19.10.1520/F2748-19.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2748 − 19
F2653 Specification for Paintball Valve Male Threaded Connection for Use with Approved Cylinders
F2654 Specification for Airsoft Gun Warnings
F2679 Specification for 6 mm Projectiles Used with Airsoft Guns
2.2 Code of Federal Regulations:
15 CFR 1150272 Marking of Toy, Look-Alike and Imitation Firearms
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 airsoft gun, n—commonly referred to as airsoft gun, air soft gun, or soft air gun, or any combination thereof, or a low
energy air gun (LEAG), refers to a device specifically designed to expel a projectile as described in Specification F2679, by the
release of energy by compressed air, compressed gas, mechanical springs, battery, or a combination thereof.
3.1.2 airsoft gun projectile, n—spherical, of 6 mm (.24 cal) diameter, non-metallic and non-liquid filled projectile to be used
in an airsoft gun as specifically referred to in Specification F2679.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
These are also referred to as airsoft BB’s.
3.1.3 backstop, n—object intended to stop an airsoft gun projectile.
3.1.4 barrel, n—that portion of an airsoft gun through which the projectile is discharged.
3.1.5 CO (carbon dioxide) cylinder non-refillable, n—cylinder that holds carbon dioxide in a liquid-gas combination generally
referred to as disposable cartridges which are discarded after use and are not refillable for use with airsoft guns.
3.1.6 CO (carbon dioxide) cylinder refillable, n—cylinder that holds carbon dioxide in a liquid-gas combination consisting of
a cylinder and a self-activating on/off valve assembly for use with airsoft guns.
3.1.6.1 Discussion—
These refillable cylinders can be safely removed from the airsoft gun without loss of the stored pressure.
3.1.7 cocking, v—action that allows the user to store manual energy.
3.1.8 hammer, n—device which, when released, discharges the stored energy.
3.1.9 hop-up, n—device that changes the spin on a projectile to affect its trajectory.
3.1.10 magazine, n—device used in an airsoft gun to store projectiles.
3.1.11 propellant, refillable non-removable, n—reservoir contained within the airsoft gun which by its design is not easily
removable however is refillable with a non-flammable gas.
3.1.12 propellant, refillable removable, n—also known as re-movable HPA cylinders refillable, a cylinder and regulator
assembly which is removed from the airsoft gun to be refilled with a non-flammable gas.
3.1.13 propulsion system, combination, n—propulsion system in which a combination of spring, spring-piston, pneumatic, or
gas systems can be used to provide the energy to propel the projectile.
3.1.14 propulsion system, electronic, n—propulsion system in which an electronic system is used to provide the energy to propel
the projectile.
3.1.15 propulsion system, gas, n—propulsion system in which a stored gas system, including CO , is used to provide the energy
to propel the projectile. CO propulsion system is a type of gas propulsion system.
3.1.16 propulsion system, spring-piston (also known as spring-air), n—propulsion system in which the projectile is propelled
by air pressure that is created by a piston moved by a spring.
3.1.17 propulsion system, pneumatic, n—propulsion system in which compressed air is stored under pressure and, when
released, provides the energy to propel the projectile.
3.1.17.1 Discussion—
A pneumatic airsoft gun normally has a pump system to provide the compressed air.
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
www.access.gpo.gov.
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3.1.18 propulsion system, pre-charged pneumatic, n—propulsion system in which the energy is provided by compressed gas,
normally compressed air, stored in a refillable cylinder charged by an external source.
3.1.18.1 Discussion—
The release of the compressed gas provides the energy to propel the projectile.
3.1.19 pumping mechanism (pneumatic gun), n—mechanical device used to compress air.
3.1.20 range, n—maximum distance to which an object may be propelled, whether limited by energy or an obstacle.
3.1.21 safety device, n—device which, when activated, disables a part of the airsoft gun, usually the trigger, to prevent
unintentional discharges and must be released to allow the airsoft gun to be discharged by the movement of the trigger.
3.1.21.1 Discussion—
The device is sometimes referred to as the “safety,” “safety button,” or “safety lever.” An electronic on/off switch is considered
a safety device when placing it in the “off” position renders the airsoft gun inoperable.
3.1.22 standard ambient temperature and pressure (SATP), n—used to describe a substance at the pressure of 1 bar (1.01325
atmospheres, 750 mm Hg, 14.5 psi, 100 kPa) and a temperature of 25°C (77°F).
3.1.23 target, n—object at which the airsoft gun is discharged.
3.1.24 trigger, n—device operated by the user to discharge an airsoft gun.
3.1.25 trigger guard, n—rigid, firmly attached component that must totally enclose the trigger area and be wider than the trigger.
3.1.25.1 Discussion—
There can be no more than 38 mm (1.5 in.) of space from any point on the face of the trigger to the trigger guard, and no more
than 13 mm (0.5 in.) from the lowest point of the trigger to the trigger guard. All measurements under this rule are to be taken
after excluding any removable attachments to the trigger.
3.1.26 trigger pull, n—force required to move the trigger from its start or recycle/reset position to a position that discharges the
airsoft gun.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This specification establishes performance requirements and test methods for airsoft guns.
5. Conformance
5.1 Airsoft guns shall not, either by label or other means, indicate conformance with this specification unless, at the time of
manufacture, they conform with all applicable requirements contained herein.
6. General Requirements
6.1 Literature—Each airsoft gun shall include the product literature as specified in Specification F2654.
6.2 Packaging—The packaging of each airsoft gun shall comply, as applicable, with Specification F2654.
6.3 Product Marking—Airsoft guns shall be marked in accordance with Specification F2654.
6.4 Finish—The exposed edges of all airsoft guns shall be smooth and free of sharp edges, burrs, and splinters.
6.5 Shipping:
6.5.1 Each airsoft gun shall be shipped in an unloaded, uncharged, and uncocked condition.
6.5.2 All airsoft guns must shoot at an energy level under 2.9 joules at the time of shipment at SATP.
6.6 Design:
6.6.1 All airsoft guns with an exposed trigger shall have a trigger guard.
6.6.2 It is the responsibility of the manufacturer to determine whether federal markings are required on its airsoft guns and to
follow all applicable regulations (see 15 CFR 1150).272).
6.6.3 All CO (carbon dioxide) cylinder non-refillable used in airsoft guns shall meet the requirements of Specification F590.
6.6.4 All CO (carbon dioxide) cylinder refillable used in airsoft guns shall meet the requirements of Specifications F1750,
F2030, F2553, and F2653.
6.6.5 All propellant, refillable removable—also known as re-movable HPA cylinders refillable—used in airsoft guns shall meet
the requirements of Specifications F1750, F2030, and F2653.
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7. Performance Requirements
7.1 Airsoft Gun Function—Cocking, pumping, loading, or charging of an airsoft gun shall not cause the airsoft gun to discharge
except in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. This does not limit the use of “auto-triggers.”
7.2 Safety Device—Safety devices shall be provided on all airsoft guns and all such devices can be activated whether or not the
airsoft gun is cocked. All such devices shall be clearly marked to indicate the “safe” and “fire” or “on” and “off” positions, or an
indicator on the safety device which exposes both a red color and a groove when the airsoft gun is in the “fire position.” All such
devices shall be capable of preventing the airsoft gun from being discharged when a weight of 9.1 kg (20 lb) is applied to the
trigger. Tests shall be conducted in accordance with 8.3.
7.3 Accidental Discharge—Airsoft guns should not accidentally discharge when exposed to a drop in accordance with 8.4.
7.4 Trigger Mechanism—The weight applied to the trigger necessary to fire an airsoft gun shall be more than 1 6 0.05 lb (0.45
6 0.09 kg) weight and less than 16 6 0.20 lb (7.3 6 0.09 kg). Tests shall be conducted in accordance with 8.5.
7.5 Barrel Diameter Size—The barrel diameter (excluding hop-up mechanism) of an airsoft gun must be no less than the
maximum size of projectile designed for that airsoft gun (for example, 6 mm for an airsoft gun which will shoot 6 mm projectiles).
7.6 Structural Integrity Requirement for Airsoft Guns Using CO Propulsion Systems—or Compressed Gas Propulsion Systems:
Airsoft guns using CO propulsion systems shall be constructed to prevent the full or partially filled CO cylinder from being
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propelled from the gun while the cylinder is being emptied, installed, or removed.
7.6.1 Airsoft guns using these propulsion systems shall be constructed to prevent the full or partially filled cylinder from being
propelled from the gun while the cylinder is being emptied, installed, or removed.
7.6.2 Airsoft guns intended to be used with refillable cylinders shall be able to withstand input pressure of three thousand
pounds per square inch 207 bar (3000 psi) without catastrophic failure. Leaking in a manner which would not cause injury to the
operator shall not constitute failure.
7.7 Temperature Test for Airsoft Guns Using CO Propulsion Systems—(Carbon Dioxide) Cylinder Non-refillable—Airsoft guns
using CO gas propulsion systems (carbon dioxide) cylinder non-refillable shall be capable of retaining the CO and the cylinder
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in a pierced state when both are heated to a temperature of 160 6 5°F (71 6 2.7°C) and maintained for ⁄2 h without structural
failure of the airsoft gun. Tests shall be conducted in accordance with 8.6. Seal failure between the airsoft gun and cylinder is
acceptable.
7.8 Muzzle Energy—Airsoft guns shall have a muzzle energy of 2.9 joule or less. Tests shall be conducted in accordance with
8.8.
8. Test Methods
8.1 No precision statement on any of the following test methods is available at this time.
8.2 Airsoft Gun Function Test:
8.2.1 Significance—This method is performed to ensure that the airsoft gun, when operated in accordance with the
manufacturer’s operating instructions, will not discharge except in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions during cocking,
pumping, loading, and charging.
8.2.2 Apparatus:
8.2.2.1 Manufacturer’s operating instructions for the airsoft gun.
8.2.2.2 Projectiles conforming to Specification F2679 and manufacturer’s recommended propellants.
8.2.2.3 Appropriate back stop.
8.2.3 Test Specimen—The test specimen shall consist of a new airsoft gun, selected in accordance with the manufacturer’s usual
quality assurance practices.
8.2.
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