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ASTM D5511-94

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determining Anaerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials Under High-Solids Anaerobic-Digestion Conditions

Standard Test Method for Determining Anaerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials Under High-Solids Anaerobic-Digestion Conditions

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the degree and rate of anaerobic biodegradation of plastic materials in high-solids anaerobic conditions. The test materials are exposed to a methanogenic inoculum derived from anaerobic digesters operating only on pretreated household waste. The anaerobic decomposition takes place under high-solids (more than 30% total solids) and static non-mixed conditions.  
1.2 This test method is designed to yield a percentage of conversion of carbon in the sample to carbon in the gaseous form under conditions found in high-solids anaerobic digesters, treating municipal solid waste (1, 2, 3, 4).  This test method may also resemble some conditions in biologically active landfills where the gas generated is recovered and biogas production is even actively promoted, for example, by inoculation (codeposition of anaerobic sewage sludge, anaerobic leachate recirculation), moisture control in the landfill (leachate recirculation), and temperature control (short-term injection of oxygen, heating of recirculated leachate) (5, 6, 7).  
1.3 This test method is designed to be applicable to all plastic materials that are not inhibitory to the microorganisms present in anaerobic digesters operating on household waste.  
1.4 The values given in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards are given in Section 8.  Note 1-There is no similar or equivalent ISO method.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-1993
ICS
13.030.99 - Other standards related to wastes
Technical Committee
D20 - Plastics
Drafting Committee
D20.96 - Environmentally Degradable Plastics and Biobased Products
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D5511-02 - Standard Test Method for Determining Anaerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials Under High-Solids Anaerobic-Digestion Conditions
Effective Date
10-Aug-2002

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ASTM D5511-94 - Standard Test Method for Determining Anaerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials Under High-Solids Anaerobic-Digestion ConditionsASTM D5511-94 - Standard Test Method for Determining Anaerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials Under High-Solids Anaerobic-Digestion Conditions
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ASTM D5511-94 - Standard Test Method for Determining Anaerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials Under High-Solids Anaerobic-Digestion Conditions
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Standards Content (Sample)

Designation: D 5511 – 94 An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Determining Anaerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials
1
Under High-Solids Anaerobic-Digestion Conditions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5511; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
4
1. Scope D 1293 Test Methods for pH of Water
D 1888 Test Methods for Particulate and Dissolved Matter,
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the degree
5
Solids, or Residue in Water
and rate of anaerobic biodegradation of plastic materials in
D 2908 Practice for Measuring Volatile Organic Matter in
high-solids anaerobic conditions. The test materials are ex-
6
Water by Aqueous-Injection Chromatography
posed to a methanogenic inoculum derived from anaerobic
4
D 3590 Test Methods for Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen in Water
digesters operating only on pretreated household waste. The
D 4129 Test Method for Total and Organic Carbon in Water
anaerobic decomposition takes place under high-solids (more
by High-Temperature Oxidation and by Coulometric De-
than 30 % total solids) and static non-mixed conditions.
4
tection
1.2 This test method is designed to yield a percentage of
7
E 260 Practice for Packed Column Gas Chromatography
conversion of carbon in the sample to carbon in the gaseous
E 355 Practice for Gas Chromatography Terms and Rela-
form under conditions found in high-solids anaerobic digesters,
7
2 tionships
treating municipal solid waste (1, 2, 3, 4). This test method
2.2 APHA-AWWA-WPCF Standards:
may also resemble some conditions in biologically active
8
2540 D Total Suspended Solids Dried at 103°–105°C
landfills where the gas generated is recovered and biogas
8
2540 E Fixed and Volatile Solids Ignited at 550°C
production is even actively promoted, for example, by inocu-
8
212 Nitrogen Ammonia
lation (codeposition of anaerobic sewage sludge, anaerobic
leachate recirculation), moisture control in the landfill
3. Terminology
(leachate recirculation), and temperature control (short-term
3.1 Definitions— Definitions of terms applying to this test
injection of oxygen, heating of recirculated leachate) (5, 6, 7).
method appear in Terminology D 883.
1.3 This test method is designed to be applicable to all
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
plastic materials that are not inhibitory to the microorganisms
3.2.1 methanogenic inoculum—anaerobically digested or-
present in anaerobic digesters operating on household waste.
ganic waste containing a high concentration of anaerobic
1.4 The values given in SI units are to be regarded as the
methane-producing microorganisms.
standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4. Summary of Test Method
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.1 This test method consists of selection and analysis of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
material for testing, obtaining a concentrated anaerobic inocu-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
lum from an anaerobic laboratory-scale digester, exposing the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards are
material to an anaerobic-static-batch fermentation at more than
given in Section 8.
30 % solids, measuring total carbon in the gas (CO and CH )
2 4
NOTE 1—There is no similar or equivalent ISO method.
evolved as a function of time, and assessing the degree of
biodegradability.
2. Referenced Documents
4.2 The percentage of biodegradability is obtained by de-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
termining the percent of conversion of carbon from the test
D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics and Electrical
material to carbon in the gaseous phase (CH and CO ). This
4 2
3
Insulating Materials for Testing
percentage of biodegradability will not include the amount of
3
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
carbon from the test substance that is converted to cell biomass
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee of D-20 on
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.96 on Environmen-
5
tally Degradable Plastics. Discontinued. See 1991 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
6
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 1994. Published April 1994. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.02.
2 7
The boldface numbers is parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.01.
8
the text. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 17th Edition,
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01. 1989, American Public Health Association, 1740 Broadway, New York, NY 10018.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

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ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for labelling of materials and products (including packaging), wherein a biodegradable plastic film or coating is attached (either through lamination or extrusion directly onto the paper) to compostable substrates and the entire product or package is designed to be composted in municipal and industrial aerobic composting facilities. This specification, however, does not describe the contents of the product or their performance with regards to compostability or biodegradability. In order to compost satisfactorily, the product must demonstrate each of the three characteristics as follows: (1) proper disintegration during composting; (2) adequate level of inherent biodegradation; and (3) no adverse impacts on the ability of composts to support plant growth.
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5.1 Biodegradation of a plastic within a high-solids anaerobic digestion unit is an important phenomenon because it will affect the decomposition of other waste materials enclosed by the plastic and the resulting quality and appearance of the digestate after an anaerobic digestion process. Biodegradation of plastics could allow for the safe disposal of these plastics through aerobic and anaerobic solid-waste-treatment plants. This procedure has been developed to permit the determination of the rate and degree of anaerobic biodegradability of plastic products when placed in a high-solids anaerobic digester for the production of digestate from municipal solid waste.  
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5.5 This practice emphasizes the importance of communication among those involved in developing DQOs, those planning and implementing the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities, and those assessing data quality.  
5.6 The impacts of a successful DQO process on the project are as follows: (1) a consensus on the nature of the problem and the desired decision shared by all the decision makers, (2) data quality consistent with its intended use, (3) a more resource-efficient sampling and analysis design, (4) a planned approach to data collection and evaluation, (5) quantitative criteria for knowing when to stop sampling, and (6) known measure of risk for making an incorrect decision.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the process of development of data quality objectives (DQOs) for the acquisition of environmental data. Optimization of sampling and analysis design is a part of the DQO process. This practice describes the DQO process in detail. The various strategies for design optimization are too numerous to include in this practice. Many other documents outline alternatives for optimizing sampling and analysis design. Therefore, only an overview of design optimization is included. Some design aspects are included in the practice's examples for illustration purposes.  
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1.3 This guide should be used in concert with Practices D5283, D6250, and Guide D6044. Practice D5283 outlines the quality assurance (QA) processes specified during planning and used during implementation. Guide D6044 outlines a process by which a representative sample may be obtained from a population, identifies sources that can affect representativeness, and describes the attributes of a representative sample. Practice D6250 describes how a decision point can be calculated.  
1.4 Environmental data related to waste management activities include, but are not limited to, the results from the sampling and analyses of air, soil, water, biota, process or general waste samples, or any combinations thereof.  
1.5 The DQO process is a planning process and should be completed prior to sampling and analysis activities.  
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1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included ...

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1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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SCOPE
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1.2 This guide applies to CWM plans developed for construction, renovation, deconstruction, and demolition of buildings, factories, parking structures, and any other structure, as well as above- and below-ground infrastructure.  
1.3 This guide includes CWM plan guidance for the wastes generated on-site during construction, deconstruction, and demolition projects.
Note 1: For example, included is any waste generated during these activities such as structural and finish materials and construction chemicals; construction product and materials packaging; construction office waste, including paper documents; wastes from site development work, such as excavated soils, rocks, vegetation, and stumps; and other ancillary items, such as broken tools, safety materials/personal protective equipment, and food and beverages and their packaging. The list of items above is offered for illustration purposes only; it is not intended to be fully inclusive of all materials from a construction, deconstruction, or demolition project that are suitable for reuse, repurposing, manufacturer reclamation, composting, or recycling.  
1.4 Waste generated in the manufacture, preparation, or fabrication of materials before delivery to the job site are not in the scope of this guide.  
1.5 This guide does not change or substitute for any federal, state, or local statutory or regulatory provisions or requirements including, but not limited to, those related to the handling, control, containment, transport, or disposition of any particular material.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Guide
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ASTM
ASTM D8410-22(Specification)
Standard Specification for Evaluation of Cellulosic-Fiber-Based Packaging Materials and Products for Compostability in Municipal or Industrial Aerobic Composting Facilities

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers cellulosic-fiber-based packaging materials and products associated with food, landscape waste, and other compost feedstocks, which are intended to be composted under aerobic conditions in municipal and industrial composting facilities, where thermophilic temperatures are achieved.  
1.2 This specification covers cellulosic-based uncoated and coated packaging materials and products and covers whole packaging products. Products covered in this specification include cellulosic fiber-based products produced from cellulosic pulp, corrugated materials, containerboard, paper, paperboard, and molded fiber.  
1.3 This specification excludes end items where thermoplastic polymer is laminated or extruded to cellulosic substrates.  
1.4 This specification is intended to establish the requirements for labeling cellulosic-fiber-based packaging materials and products as “compostable in aerobic municipal and industrial composting facilities” in accordance with the guidelines issued by the Federal Trade Commission,2 provided the label includes proper qualifications as to the availability of such facilities.  
1.5 The properties in this specification are those required to determine if packaging materials and products will compost satisfactorily in large-scale aerobic municipal or industrial composting where maximum throughput is a high priority and where intermediate stages of biodegradation must not be apparent to the end user for aesthetic reasons.  
1.6 This specification is technically equivalent to ISO 18606.1.7.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Technical specification
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