ASTM G219-23

Standard Guide for Determination of Static Coefficient of Friction of Test Couples Using an Inclined Plane Testing Device

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Guide G115 lists a number of ASTM International standards that use the inclined plane test rig to measure the static coefficient of specific tribosystems. This guide applies to any material couple that can be made into test specimens; one being in the form of a rider and the other a plane that can be angled to produce motion of the rider on the plane. Footwear on walkway surfaces is an example of a very important application. Flooring surfaces that are slippery to various types of footwear can produce accidents and testing should be done on candidate flooring surfaces and candidate shoe soles and heels to quantify their relative slip resistance. This guide shows how an inclined plane can be used to make such a comparison.  
5.2 The inclined plane method is also very useful in machine design in which parts of components shall slide unassisted down chutes and the like. An inclined plane test can be used to determine the chute angle that is needed to allow motion on all parts that are placed on the chute. The applications are numerous.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to standardize the use of an inclined plane testing device to measure the static (breakaway) coefficient of friction between two bodies. One body is in the form of a small “rider” (few centimeters) and the other a rectangular flat plane (50 mm to 75 mm by 400 mm). The rider is placed on the plane and the plane is inclined at an angle to produce motion of the rider. The tangent of the angle at which macroscopic motion of the rider initiates on the angled plane is the breakaway or static coefficient of friction for that sliding couple.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 14-Dec-2023
• ICS: 97.150 - Floor coverings
• Technical Committee: G02 - Wear and Erosion
• Drafting Committee: G02.50 - Friction

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM G219-18 - Standard Guide for Determination of Static Coefficient of Friction of Test Couples Using an Inclined Plane Testing Device
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2023

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: G219 − 23
Standard Guide for
Determination of Static Coefficient of Friction of Test
1
Couples Using an Inclined Plane Testing Device
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G219; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 friction force, n—resisting force tangential to the
interface between two bodies, when under action of an external
1.1 This guide is intended to standardize the use of an
force, one body moves or tends to move relative to the other.
inclined plane testing device to measure the static (breakaway)
G40
coefficient of friction between two bodies. One body is in the
form of a small “rider” (few centimeters) and the other a
3.1.2 static coeffıcient of friction, n—coefficient of friction
rectangular flat plane (50 mm to 75 mm by 400 mm). The rider
corresponding to the maximum friction force that shall be
is placed on the plane and the plane is inclined at an angle to
overcome to initiate macroscopic motion between two bodies.
produce motion of the rider. The tangent of the angle at which
G40
macroscopic motion of the rider initiates on the angled plane is
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Breakaway friction coefficient is syn-
the breakaway or static coefficient of friction for that sliding
onymous with static coefficient of friction.
couple.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
3.2.1 inclined plane device, n—mechanism with a flat hori-
as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in
zontal surface to be made of or covered with a material of
this standard.
interest on which a second member made of a material of
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
interest can be placed and the mechanism is then actuated such
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
that the horizontal plane is increasingly angled with respect to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
its original horizontal position until motion is produced on the
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
member placed on the raising plane.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—The device allows for the continuous
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
measurement of the angle of inclination and the angle at which
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
motion of the rider commences.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.2.2 rider, n—body to be placed on the inclined plane.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4. Summary of Guide
2. Referenced Documents
4.1 The technique of placing an object on a flat and
2
horizontal “plane” such as a piece of sheet metal and raising
2.1 ASTM Standards:
one end of the sheet until the body placed on the sheet starts to
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
slide has been used for centuries to compare the ease with
G115 Guide for Measuring and Reporting Friction Coeffi-
which different objects or materials slide on each other.
cients
Quantitative comparison of various couples can be made by
3. Terminology
measuring the angle at which the body placed on the plane
3.1 Definitions:
starts to slide. The angle at which motion commences is the test
metric. The test couple is the plane surface and the surface that
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear and
contacts the plane. For example, if a shoe is placed on a
Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.50 on Friction.
flooring sample on the inclined plane, the test couple is the
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2023. Published February 2024. Originally
shoe sole versus the type of flooring. Different shoe bottoms
approved in 2018. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as G219 – 18. DOI:
10.1520/G0219-23.
can be compared for their ability to slip on a particular flooring.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
The materials of construction as well as the nature of the
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
contacting surfaces determine the breakaway angle. When
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. ranking, for ex
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: G219 − 18 G219 − 23
Standard Guide for
Determination of Static Coefficient of Friction of Test
1
Couples Using an Inclined Plane Testing Device
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G219; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide is intended to standardize the use of an inclined plane testing device to measure the breakaway friction (static)
coefficient of mating couples that are of such size and shape that they can be made into a rider (one member of the sliding couple)
on a flat surface (the second member of the sliding couple) that can bestatic (breakaway) coefficient of friction between two bodies.
One body is in the form of a small “rider” (few centimeters) and the other a rectangular flat plane (50 mm to 75 mm by 400 mm).
The rider is placed on the plane and the plane is inclined at an angle to produce motion of the rider. The tangent of the angle at
which breakawaymacroscopic motion of the rider occursinitiates on the angled plane is the breakaway or static coefficient of
friction for that sliding couple.
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
G115 Guide for Measuring and Reporting Friction Coefficients
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 friction force, n—resisting force tangential to the interface between two bodies, when under action of an external force, one
body moves or tends to move relative to the other. G40
3.1.2 static coeffıcient of friction, n—coefficient of friction corresponding to the maximum friction force that shall be overcome
to initiate macroscopic motion between two bodies. G40
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.50 on Friction.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2018Dec. 15, 2023. Published August 2018February 2024. Originally approved in 2018. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as
G219DOI: 10.1520/G0219-18. – 18. DOI: 10.1520/G0219-23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
G219 − 23
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
Breakaway friction coefficient is synonymous with static coefficient of friction.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 inclined plane device, n—mechanism with a flat horizontal surface to be made of or covered with a material of interest on
which a second member made of a material of interest can be placed and the mechanism is then actuated such that the horizontal
plane is increasingly angled with respect to its original horizontal position until motion is produced on the member placed on the
raising plane.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—
The device allows for the continuous measurement of the angle of inclination and the angle at which motion of the rider
commences.
3.2.2 rider, n—body to be placed on the inclined plane.
4. Summary of Guide
4.1 The technique of placing an object on a flat and horizontal “plane” such as a piece of sheet metal and raising one end of the
sheet until the body placed on the sheet starts to slide has been used for centuries to compare the ease with which different objects
or materials slide on each other. Quantitative comparison of var
...