ASTM D2435-04
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading
Standard Test Methods for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the magnitude and rate of consolidation of soil when it is restrained laterally and drained axially while subjected to incrementally applied controlled-stress loading. Two alternative procedures are provided as follows:
1.1.1 Test Method A—This test method is performed with constant load increment duration of 24 h, or multiples thereof. Time-deformation readings are required on a minimum of two load increments.
1.1.2 Test Method B—Time-deformation readings are required on all load increments. Successive load increments are applied after 100 % primary consolidation is reached, or at constant time increments as described in Test Method A.
Note 1—The determination of the rate and magnitude of consolidation of soil when it is subjected to controlled-strain loading is covered by Test Method D 4186.
1.2 This test method is most commonly performed on undisturbed samples of fine grained soils naturally sedimented in water, however, the basic test procedure is applicable, as well, to specimens of compacted soils and undisturbed samples of soils formed by other processes such as weathering or chemical alteration. Evaluation techniques specified in this test method are generally applicable to soils naturally sedimented in water. Tests performed on other soils such as compacted and residual (weathered or chemically altered) soils may require special evaluation techniques.
1.3 It shall be the responsibility of the agency requesting this test to specify the magnitude and sequence of each load increment, including the location of a rebound cycle, if required, and, for Test Method A, the load increments for which time-deformation readings are desired.
Note 2—Time-deformation readings are required to determine the time for completion of primary consolidation and for evaluating the coefficient of consolidation. Since c varies with stress level and load increment (loading or unloading), the load increments with timed readings must be selected with specific reference to the individual project. Alternatively, the requesting agency may specify Test Method B wherein the time-deformation readings are taken on all load increments.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in inch-pound units are approximate and given for guidance only. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method.
1.4.1 In the engineering profession it is customary practice to use, interchangeably, units representing both mass and force, unless dynamic calculation (F = Ma) are involved. This implicitly combines two separate systems of units, that is, the absolute system and the gravimetric system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine two separate systems within a single standard. This test method has been written using SI units; however, inch-pound conversions are given in the gravimetric system, where the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight). The use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm), or the recording of density in lb/ft should not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method.
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D 6026.
1.5.1 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to the accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, it any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D2435–04
Standard Test Methods for
One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils Using
1
Incremental Loading
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2435; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
requesting agency may specify Test Method B wherein the time-
1. Scope*
deformation readings are taken on all load increments.
1.1 These test methods covers procedures for determining
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
the magnitude and rate of consolidation of soil when it is
standard. The values stated in inch-pound units are approxi-
restrained laterally and drained axially while subjected to
mate and given for guidance only. Reporting of test results in
incrementally applied controlled-stress loading. Two alterna-
units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance
tive procedures are provided as follows:
with this test method.
1.1.1 Test Method A—This test method is performed with
1.4.1 In the engineering profession it is customary practice
constant load increment duration of 24 h, or multiples thereof.
touse,interchangeably,unitsrepresentingbothmassandforce,
Time-deformation readings are required on a minimum of two
unless dynamic calculations (F= Ma) are involved. This im-
load increments.
plicitly combines two separate systems of units, that is, the
1.1.2 Test Method B—Time-deformation readings are re-
absolute system and the gravimetric system. It is scientifically
quired on all load increments. Successive load increments are
undesirable to combine two separate systems within a single
applied after 100% primary consolidation is reached, or at
standard. This test method has been written using SI units;
constant time increments as described in Test Method A.
however, inch-pound conversions are given in the gravimetric
NOTE 1—The determination of the rate and magnitude of consolidation
system, where the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force
of soil when it is subjected to controlled-strain loading is covered by Test
(weight). The use of balances or scales recording pounds of
Method D4186.
3
mass (lbm), or the recording of density in lb/ft should not be
1.2 This test method is most commonly performed on
regarded as nonconformance with this test method.
undisturbed samples of fine grained soils naturally sedimented
1.5 Observed and calculated values shall conform to the
in water, however, the basic test procedure is applicable, as
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
well,tospecimensofcompactedsoilsandundisturbedsamples
Practice D6026, unless superceded by this test method, unless
of soils formed by other processes such as weathering or
superceded by this test method.
chemicalalteration.Evaluationtechniquesspecifiedinthistest
1.5.1 The method used to specify how data are collected,
method are generally applicable to soils naturally sedimented
calculated,orrecordedinthisstandardisnotdirectlyrelatedto
inwater.Testsperformedonothersoilssuchascompactedand
theaccuracytowhichthedatacanbeappliedindesignorother
residual (weathered or chemically altered) soils may require
uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this
special evaluation techniques.
standard is beyond its scope.
1.3 It shall be the responsibility of the agency requesting
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
this test to specify the magnitude and sequence of each load
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
increment, including the location of a rebound cycle, if
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
required, and, for Test Method A, the load increments for
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
which time-deformation readings are desired.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE 2—Time-deformationreadingsarerequiredtodeterminethetime
2. Referenced Documents
for completion of primary consolidation and for evaluating the coefficient
2
of consolidation, c . Since c varies with stress level and load increment
2.1 ASTM Standards:
v v
2
(loading or unloading), the load increments with timed readings must be
D422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
selectedwithspecificreferencetotheindividualproject.Alternatively,the
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
2
Fluids
1
ThesetestmethodsareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoil
and Rock .
2
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2004. Published November 2004. Originally
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
approved in 1965. Last previous edition
...
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