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ASTM D6243/D6243M-20

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determining the Internal and Interface Shear Strength of Geosynthetic Clay Liner by the Direct Shear Method

Standard Test Method for Determining the Internal and Interface Shear Strength of Geosynthetic Clay Liner by the Direct Shear Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedure described in this test method for determination of the shear resistance for the GCL or the GCL interface is intended as a performance test to provide the user with a set of design values for the test conditions examined. The test specimens and conditions, including normal stresses, are generally selected by the user.  
5.2 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of GCLs, but caution is advised as outlined in 5.2.1.  
5.2.1 The shear resistance can be expressed only in terms of actual test conditions (see Notes 2 and 3). The determined value may be a function of the applied normal stress, material characteristics (for example, of the geosynthetic), soil properties, size of sample, moisture content, drainage conditions, displacement rate, magnitude of displacement, and other parameters.
Note 2: In the case of acceptance testing requiring the use of soil, the user must furnish the soil sample, soil parameters, and direct shear test parameters. The method of test data interpretation for purposes of acceptance should be mutually agreed to by the users of this standard.
Note 3: Testing under this test method should be performed by laboratories qualified in the direct shear testing of soils and meeting the requirements of Practice D3740, especially since the test results may depend on site-specific and test conditions.  
5.2.2 This test method measures the total resistance to shear within a GCL or between a GCL and adjacent material. The total shear resistance may be a combination of sliding, rolling, and interlocking of material components.  
5.2.3 This test method does not distinguish between individual mechanisms, which may be a function of the soil and GCL used, method of material placement and hydration, normal and shear stresses applied, means used to hold the GCL in place, rate of horizontal displacement, and other factors. Every effort should be made to identify, as closely as is practicable, the sheared...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the internal shear resistance of a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) or the interface shear resistance between the GCL and an adjacent material under a constant rate of deformation.  
1.2 This test method is intended to indicate the performance of the selected specimen by attempting to model certain field conditions.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to all GCLs. Remolded or undisturbed soil samples can be used in the test device. See Test Method D5321/D5321M for interface shear testing of non-GCL geosynthetics. See Guide D7702/D7702M for a summary of available information related to the evaluation of direct shear results obtained using this test method.  
1.4 This test method is not suited for the development of exact stress-strain relationships within the test specimen due to the nonuniform distribution of shearing forces and displacement.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
14-Mar-2020
ICS
19.060 - Mechanical testing
Technical Committee
D35 - Geosynthetics
Drafting Committee
D35.04 - Geosynthetic Clay Liners
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Referred By
ASTM D5889/D5889M-18(2022) - Standard Practice for Quality Control of Geosynthetic Clay Liners
Effective Date
15-Mar-2020
Referred By
ASTM D7931/D7931M-21a - Standard Guide for Specifying Drainage Geocomposites
Effective Date
15-Mar-2020
Referred By
ASTM D6495/D6495M-18(2022) - Standard Guide for Acceptance Testing Requirements for Geosynthetic Clay Liners
Effective Date
15-Mar-2020
Referred By
ASTM D7702/D7702M-14(2021) - Standard Guide for Considerations When Evaluating Direct Shear Results Involving Geosynthetics
Effective Date
15-Mar-2020
Referred By
ASTM D5321/D5321M-21 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Shear Strength of Soil-Geosynthetic and Geosynthetic-Geosynthetic Interfaces by Direct Shear
Effective Date
15-Mar-2020

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ASTM D6243/D6243M-20 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Internal and Interface Shear Strength of Geosynthetic Clay Liner by the Direct Shear MethodASTM D6243/D6243M-20 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Internal and Interface Shear Strength of Geosynthetic Clay Liner by the Direct Shear Method
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REDLINE ASTM D6243/D6243M-20 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Internal and Interface Shear Strength of Geosynthetic Clay Liner by the Direct Shear MethodREDLINE ASTM D6243/D6243M-20 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Internal and Interface Shear Strength of Geosynthetic Clay Liner by the Direct Shear Method
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D6243/D6243M − 20
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Internal and Interface Shear Strength of
1
Geosynthetic Clay Liner by the Direct Shear Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6243/D6243M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
internal shear resistance of a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) or
the interface shear resistance between the GCLand an adjacent
2. Referenced Documents
material under a constant rate of deformation.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2 This test method is intended to indicate the performance
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
of the selected specimen by attempting to model certain field
Fluids
conditions.
D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
3
1.3 This test method is applicable to all GCLs. Remolded or istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft (600
3
undisturbed soil samples can be used in the test device. See kN-m/m ))
Test Method D5321/D5321M for interface shear testing of D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
3
non-GCL geosynthetics. See Guide D7702/D7702M for a istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft
3
summary of available information related to the evaluation of (2,700 kN-m/m ))
direct shear results obtained using this test method. D2435/D2435M Test Methods for One-Dimensional Con-
solidation Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading
1.4 This test method is not suited for the development of
D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering
exact stress-strain relationships within the test specimen due to
Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
the nonuniform distribution of shearing forces and displace-
D3080/D3080M Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils
ment.
Under Consolidated Drained Conditions
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
used independently of the other, and values from the two
D5321/D5321M Test Method for Determining the Shear
systems shall not be combined.
Strength of Soil-Geosynthetic and Geosynthetic-
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Geosynthetic Interfaces by Direct Shear
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the D6072/D6072M Practice for Obtaining Samples of Geosyn-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
thetic Clay Liners
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- D6496/D6496M Test Method for Determining Average
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Bonding Peel Strength Between Top and Bottom Layers
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor- of Needle-Punched Geosynthetic Clay Liners
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
D7005/D7005M Test Method for Determining the Bond
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the Strength (Ply Adhesion) of Geocomposites
D7466/D7466M Test Method for Measuring Asperity
Height of Textured Geomembranes
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.04 on Geosyn-
2
thetic Clay Liners. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved March 15, 2020. Published March 2020. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D6243/D6243M – 16. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D6243_D6243M-20. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6243/D6243M − 20
D7702/D7702M Guide for Considerations When Evaluating 3.2.7.2 post-peak shear
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D6243/D6243M − 16 D6243/D6243M − 20
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Internal and Interface Shear Strength of
1
Geosynthetic Clay Liner by the Direct Shear Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6243/D6243M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the internal shear resistance of a Geosynthetic Clay Linergeosynthetic
clay liner (GCL) or the interface shear resistance between the GCL and an adjacent material under a constant rate of deformation.
1.2 This test method is intended to indicate the performance of the selected specimen by attempting to model certain field
conditions.
1.3 This test method is applicable to all GCLs. Remolded or undisturbed soil samples can be used in the test device. See Test
Method D5321/D5321M for interface shear testing of non-GCL geosynthetics. See Guide D7702/D7702M for a summary of
available information related to the evaluation of direct shear results obtained using this test method.
1.4 This test method is not suited for the development of exact stress-strain relationships within the test specimen due to the
nonuniform distribution of shearing forces and displacement.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used
independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
3 3
D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft (600 kN-m/m ))
3
D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft (2,700
3
kN-m/m ))
D2435/D2435M Test Methods for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading
D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
D3080/D3080M Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils Under Consolidated Drained Conditions
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in
Engineering Design and Construction
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
D5321/D5321M Test Method for Determining the Shear Strength of Soil-Geosynthetic and Geosynthetic-Geosynthetic
Interfaces by Direct Shear
D6072/D6072M Practice for Obtaining Samples of Geosynthetic Clay Liners
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.04 on Geosynthetic Clay
Liners.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2016March 15, 2020. Published January 2016March 2020. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 20132016 as
D6243/D6243MD6243/D6243M – 16.–13a. DOI: 10.1520/D6243_D6243M-16.10.1520/D6243_D6243M-20.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6243/D6243M − 20
D6496/D6496M Test Method for Determining Average Bonding Peel Strength Between Top and Bottom Layers of
Needle-Punched Geosynthetic Clay Liners
D7005/D7005M Test Method for Determinin
...

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1.1 This terminology contains definitions, definitions of terms specific to certain standards, symbols, and abbreviations approved for use in standards on fatigue and fracture testing. The definitions are preceded by two lists. The first is an alphabetical listing of symbols used. (Greek symbols are listed in accordance with their spelling in English.) The second is an alphabetical listing of relevant abbreviations.  
1.2 This terminology includes Annex A1 on Units and Annex A2 on Designation Codes for Specimen Configuration, Applied Loading, and Crack or Notch Orientation.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E739-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Statistical Analysis of Linear or Linearized Stress-Life (S-N) and Strain-Life (ε-N) Fatigue Data

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Materials scientists and engineers are making increased use of statistical analyses in interpreting S-N  and ε-N  fatigue data. Statistical analysis applies when the given data can be reasonably assumed to be a random sample of (or representation of) some specific defined population or universe of material of interest (under specific test conditions), and it is desired either to characterize the material or to predict the performance of future random samples of the material (under similar test conditions), or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers only  S-N  and ε-N  relationships that may be reasonably approximated by a straight line (on appropriate coordinates) for a specific interval of stress or strain. It presents elementary procedures that presently reflect good practice in modeling and analysis. However, because the actual S-N  or ε-N  relationship is approximated by a straight line only within a specific interval of stress or strain, and because the actual fatigue life distribution is unknown, it is  not recommended  that (a) the S-N  or ε-N curve be extrapolated outside the interval of testing, or (b) the fatigue life at a specific stress or strain amplitude be estimated below approximately the fifth percentile (P ≃ 0.05). As alternative fatigue models and statistical analyses are continually being developed, later revisions of this guide may subsequently present analyses that permit more complete interpretation of  S-N  and ε-N  data.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E83-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Verification and Classification of Extensometer Systems

ABSTRACT
This practice covers procedures for the verification and classification of extensometer systems, but it is not intended to be a complete purchase specification. The practice is applicable only to instruments that indicate or record values that are proportional to changes in length corresponding to either tensile or compressive strain. Extensometer systems are classified on the basis of the magnitude of their errors. The apparatus for verifying extensometer systems shall provide a means for applying controlled displacements to a simulated specimen and for measuring these displacements accurately. Extensometer systems shall be classified in accordance with the requirements as to maximum error of strain indicated: Class A; Class B-1; Class B-2; Class C; Class D; and Class E. Extensometer systems shall be categorized in three types according to gage length: Type 1; Type 2; and Type 3. A verification procedure for extensometer systems shall be done in accordance with the specified requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for the verification and classification of extensometer systems, but it is not intended to be a complete purchase specification. The practice is applicable only to instruments that indicate or record values that are proportional to changes in length corresponding to either tensile or compressive strain. Extensometer systems are classified on the basis of the magnitude of their errors.  
1.2 Because strain is a dimensionless quantity, this document can be used for extensometers based on either SI or US customary units of displacement.  
Note 1: Bonded resistance strain gauges directly bonded to a specimen cannot be calibrated or verified with the apparatus described in this practice for the verification of extensometers having definite gauge points. (See procedures as described in Test Methods E251.)  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM G133-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Linearly Reciprocating Ball-on-Flat Sliding Wear

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to simulate the geometry and motions that are experienced in many types of rubbing components whose normal operation results in periodic reversals in the direction of relative sliding. The wear resulting from this mode of movement may differ from that experienced by the same materials sliding continuously in only one direction (unidirectional sliding, for example, using Test Method G99) even for comparable durations of contact. This is particularly true for liquid-lubricated tests where the reversal of motion means that the entrainment velocity transitions through zero but also in unlubricated tests in which stress reversal occurs. The normal load(s) and sliding speed(s) to be used during testing are to be determined by the severity of the proposed application or purpose of the testing. Either of two sets of testing conditions (designated Procedures A and B) may be used.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for determining the sliding wear of ceramics, metals, and other candidate wear-resistant materials using a linear, reciprocating ball-on-flat plane geometry. The direction of the relative motion between sliding surfaces reverses in a periodic fashion such that the sliding occurs back and forth and in a straight line. The principal quantities of interest are the wear volumes of the contacting ball and flat specimen materials; however, the coefficient of kinetic friction may also be measured using the method described. This test method encompasses both unlubricated and lubricated testing procedures. The scope of this test method does not include testing in corrosive or chemically aggressive environments or extremes of temperature and humidity.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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