ASTM D5183-21a
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determination of the Coefficient of Friction of Lubricants Using the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine
Standard Test Method for Determination of the Coefficient of Friction of Lubricants Using the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used to determine the coefficient of friction of lubricating fluids under the prescribed test conditions. The user of this test method should determine to his own satisfaction whether results of this test method correlate with field performance or other bench test machines.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the coefficient of friction by means of the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine.2
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or in the former cm-kgf metric units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text the cm-kgf units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents, therefore each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems can result in nonconformance to specification.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in 7.3 and 7.4.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5183 − 21a
Standard Test Method for
Determination of the Coefficient of Friction of Lubricants
1
Using the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5183; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* Lubricating Fluid (Four-Ball Method)
4
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the 2.2 ANSI/ABMA/ISO Standard:
3290-1-2014 Rolling Bearings – Balls – Part 1: Steel Balls
coefficient of friction by means of the Four-Ball Wear Test
2
Machine.
3. Terminology
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or in the former
3.1 Definitions:
cm-kgf metric units are to be regarded separately as the
3.1.1 coeffıcient of friction, (µ), n—theratioofthetangential
standard. Within the text the cm-kgf units are shown in
force that is needed to start or to maintain uniform relative
parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact
motion between two contacting surfaces to the perpendicular
equivalents, therefore each system must be used independently
force holding them in contact.
of the other. Combining values from the two systems can result
in nonconformance to specification.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 Three12.7 mm(0.5 in.)diametersteelballsareclamped
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- together and covered with 10 mL of the wear-in lubricant. A
fourth 12.7 mm diameter ball, referred to as the “top ball” is
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. pressed with a force of 392 N (40 kgf) into the cavity formed
by the three clamped balls for three-point contact. The tem-
Specific warning statements are given in 7.3 and 7.4.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor- perature of the wear-in lubricant is regulated at 75 °C (167 °F),
and then, the top ball is rotated at 600 r⁄min for 60 min.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
4.2 Fluid is discarded and balls cleaned. The wear scar
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
diameter on each of the lower three balls is examined. If the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
wear scars average 0.67 mm 6 0.03 mm, (0.026 in. 6
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
0.001 in.) then the 10 mL of test fluid is added to the ball cup
with the worn-in test balls in place. The temperature of the test
2. Referenced Documents
lubricant is regulated at 75 °C (167 °F) and the top ball is
3
2.1 ASTM Standards: rotated at 600 r⁄min at 98.1 N (10 kgf) for 10 min.
D4172 Test Method for Wear Preventive Characteristics of
4.3 The load is then increased by 98.1 N (10 kgf) at the end
of each successive 10 min interval up to the point where the
frictional trace indicates incipient seizure. The coefficient of
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
friction is measured at the end of each 10 min interval.
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.L0.11 on Tribological Properties of Industrial Fluids and
Lubricates.
5. Significance and Use
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2021. Published January 2022. Originally
5.1 Thistestmethodcanbeusedtodeterminethecoefficient
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as D5183 – 21. DOI:
10.1520/D5183-21A.
of friction of lubricating fluids under the prescribed test
2
The sole source of supply of the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine known to the
conditions.Theuserofthistestmethodshoulddeterminetohis
committee at this time is Falex Corp., 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL 60554. If
own satisfaction whether results of this test method correlate
you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM
with field performance or other bench test machines.
International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a
1
meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American Nati
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5183 − 21 D5183 − 21a
Standard Test Method for
Determination of the Coefficient of Friction of Lubricants
1
Using the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5183; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
2
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the coefficient of friction by means of the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or in the former cm-kgf metric units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within
the text the cm-kgf units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents, therefore each
system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems can result in nonconformance to
specification.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in 7.3 and 7.4.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D4172 Test Method for Wear Preventive Characteristics of Lubricating Fluid (Four-Ball Method)
4
2.2 ANSIANSI/ABMA/ISO Standard:
B3.123290-1-2014 Specification for Metal Rolling Bearings – Balls – Part 1: Steel Balls
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 coeffıcient of friction, (μ)—(μ), n—the ratio of the tangential force that is needed to start or to maintain uniform relative
motion between two contacting surfaces to the perpendicular force holding them in contact.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.L0.11 on Tribological Properties of Industrial Fluids and Lubricates.
Current edition approved May 1, 2021Nov. 1, 2021. Published June 2021January 2022. Originally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 20162021 as D5183
– 05 (2016). 21. DOI: 10.1520/D5183-21.10.1520/D5183-21A.
2
The sole source of supply of the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine known to the committee at this time is Falex Corp., 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL 60554. If you
are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of
1
the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D5183 − 21a
FIG. 1 Schematic of a Four-Ball Wear Test Machine
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Three 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) diameter steel balls are clamped together and covered with 10 mL of the wear-in lubricant. A fourth
12.7 mm diameter ball, referred to as the “top ball” is pressed with a force of 392 N (40 kgf) into the cavity formed by the three
clamped balls for three-point contact. The temperature of the wear-in lubricant is regulated at 75 °C (167 °F), and then, the top
ball is rotated at 600 r ⁄min for 60 min.
4.2 Fluid is discarded and balls cleaned. The wear scar diameter on each of the lower three balls is examined. If the wear scars
average 0.67 mm 6 0.03 mm, (0.026 in. 6 0.001 in.) then the 10 mL of test fluid is added to the ball cup with the worn-in test
balls in place. The temperature of the test lubricant is regul
...
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