ASTM D4175-23
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Standard Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard covers the compilation of terminology developed by Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants, except that it does not include terms/definitions specific only to the standards in which they appear.
1.1.1 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to petroleum, petroleum products, lubricants, and certain products from biomass and chemical synthesis. Meanings of the same terms outside of applications to petroleum, petroleum products, and lubricants can be found in other compilations and in dictionaries of general usage.
1.1.2 The terms/definitions exist in two places: (1) in the standards in which they appear and (2) in this compilation.
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4175 − 23
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4175; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
DISCUSSION—Also called cutting wear in some instances such as
1. Scope*
machining swarf. [D02.96] D7898
1.1 This terminology standard covers the compilation of
terminology developed by Committee D02 on Petroleum
absorbance, n—logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of the
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants, except that it does not
reciprocal of the transmittance. [D02.03] D7740
include terms/definitions specific only to the standards in
absorbance, (A), n—the molecular property of a substance that
which they appear.
determines its ability to take up radiant energy, expressed by:
1.1.1 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to
petroleum, petroleum products, lubricants, and certain products
A 5 log ~1 ⁄ T! 5 2log ~T!
10 10
from biomass and chemical synthesis. Meanings of the same
where T is the transmittance.
terms outside of applications to petroleum, petroleum products,
DISCUSSION—Absorbance expresses the excess absorption over that
and lubricants can be found in other compilations and in
of a specified reference or standard. It is implied that compensation has
dictionaries of general usage.
been affected for reflectance losses, solvent absorption losses, and
1.1.2 The terms/definitions exist in two places: (1) in the
refractive effects, if present, and that attenuation by scattering is small
standards in which they appear and (2) in this compilation.
compared with attenuation by absorption. [D02.14] D7996
1.2 This international standard was developed in accor-
absorbance, A, n—the molecular property of a substance that
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
determines its ability to take up radiant power, expressed by:
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
A 5 log 1/T 5 2log T
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- ~ !
10 10
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
where T is the transmittance.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
DISCUSSION—Absorbance expresses the excess absorption over that
of a specified reference or standard. It is implied that compensation has
2. Terminology
been affected for reflectance losses, solvent absorption losses, and
refractive effects, if present, and that attenuation by scattering is small
2.1 Alphabetical listing of terms with definitions for each
compared with attenuation by absorption. [D02.04] D2008
term showing attributions as to source and subcommittee
jurisdiction is in bold print following the definition. Those
absorbance (A), n—the logarithm to the base 10 of the
showing no attributes are under the jurisdiction of Subcommit-
reciprocal of the transmittance, (T).
tee CS 95.
A 5 log ~1/T! 5 2log T
10 10
1,3-butadiene—hydrocarbon product containing more than
DISCUSSION—Absorbance is a measure of the capacity of a substance
99 % 1,3-butadiene. [D02.D0] D5274
to absorb light of a specific wavelength. [D02.25] D8470
abrasion, n—wear by displacement of material caused by hard
absorptivity, a, n—the specific property of a substance to
particles or hard protuberances. [D02.96] D7684, D7690
absorb radiant power per unit sample concentration and path
length, expressed by:
abrasive wear, n—wear due to hard particles or hard protu-
berances forced against and moving along a solid surface.
a 5 Af/bc
[D02.B0] D4998; [D02.L0] D5182
where:
A = the absorbance,
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on f = the dilution factor,
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
b = sample cell path length, and
Subcommittee D02.95 on Terminology.
c = the quantity of absorbing substance contained in a
Current edition approved July 1, 2023. Published July 2023. Originally approved
ɛ1 volume of solvent.
in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2022 as D4175 – 22a . DOI: 10.1520/
D4175-23. [D02.04] D2008
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4175 − 23
absorptivity, n—the absorbance divided
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D4175 − 22a D4175 − 23
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4175; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1
ε NOTE—Editorially updated Appendix X1 in June 2023 to align with new version of ASTM Form and Style Manual.
1. Scope*
1.1 This terminology standard covers the compilation of terminology developed by Committee D02 on Petroleum Products,
Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants, except that it does not include terms/definitions specific only to the standards in which they appear.
1.1.1 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to petroleum, petroleum products, lubricants, and certain products from
biomass and chemical synthesis. Meanings of the same terms outside of applications to petroleum, petroleum products, and
lubricants can be found in other compilations and in dictionaries of general usage.
1.1.2 The terms/definitions exist in two places: (1) in the standards in which they appear and (2) in this compilation.
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Terminology
2.1 Alphabetical listing of terms with definitions for each term showing attributions as to source and subcommittee jurisdiction
is in bold print following the definition. Those showing no attributes are under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee CS 95.
1,3-butadiene—hydrocarbon product containing more than 99 % 1,3-butadiene. [D02.D0] D5274
abrasion, n—wear by displacement of material caused by hard particles or hard protuberances. [D02.96] D7684, D7690
abrasive wear, n—wear due to hard particles or hard protuberances forced against and moving along a solid surface. [D02.B0]
D4998; [D02.L0] D5182
DISCUSSION—
Also called cutting wear in some instances such as machining swarf. [D02.96] D7898
absorbance, n—logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of the reciprocal of the transmittance. [D02.03] D7740
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.95 on Terminology.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2022July 1, 2023. Published December 2022July 2023. Originally approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2022 as
ɛ1
D4175 – 22D4175 – 22a . DOI: 10.1520/D4175-22AE01.10.1520/D4175-23.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4175 − 23
absorbance, (A), n—the molecular property of a substance that determines its ability to take up radiant energy, expressed by:
A 5 log 1 ⁄ T 52log T
~ ! ~ !
10 10
where T is the transmittance.
DISCUSSION—
Absorbance expresses the excess absorption over that of a specified reference or standard. It is implied that compensation has been affected for
reflectance losses, solvent absorption losses, and refractive effects, if present, and that attenuation by scattering is small compared with attenuation by
absorption. [D02.14] D7996
absorbance, A,n—the molecular property of a substance that determines its ability to take up radiant power, expressed by:
A 5 log ~1/T! 52log T
10 10
where T is the transmittance.
DISCUSSION—
Absorbance expresses the excess absorption over that of a specified reference or standard. It is implied that compensation has been affected for
reflectance losses, solvent absorption losses, and refractive effects, if present, and that attenuation by scattering is small compared with attenuation by
absorption. [D02.04] D2008
absorbance (A), n—the logarithm to the base 10 of the reciprocal of the transmittance, (T).
A 5 log ~1/T! 52log T
10 10
DISCUSSION—
Absorbance is a measure of the capacity of a substance to absorb light of a specific wavelength. [D02.25] D8470
absorptivity, a,n—the specific property of a substance to absorb radi
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4175 − 23
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4175; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
DISCUSSION—Also called cutting wear in some instances such as
1. Scope*
machining swarf. [D02.96] D7898
1.1 This terminology standard covers the compilation of
terminology developed by Committee D02 on Petroleum
absorbance, n—logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of the
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants, except that it does not
reciprocal of the transmittance. [D02.03] D7740
include terms/definitions specific only to the standards in
absorbance, (A), n—the molecular property of a substance that
which they appear.
determines its ability to take up radiant energy, expressed by:
1.1.1 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to
petroleum, petroleum products, lubricants, and certain products
A 5 log 1 ⁄ T 5 2log T
~ ! ~ !
10 10
from biomass and chemical synthesis. Meanings of the same
where T is the transmittance.
terms outside of applications to petroleum, petroleum products,
DISCUSSION—Absorbance expresses the excess absorption over that
and lubricants can be found in other compilations and in
of a specified reference or standard. It is implied that compensation has
dictionaries of general usage.
been affected for reflectance losses, solvent absorption losses, and
1.1.2 The terms/definitions exist in two places: (1) in the
refractive effects, if present, and that attenuation by scattering is small
standards in which they appear and (2) in this compilation.
compared with attenuation by absorption. [D02.14] D7996
1.2 This international standard was developed in accor-
absorbance, A, n—the molecular property of a substance that
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
determines its ability to take up radiant power, expressed by:
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
A 5 log ~1/T! 5 2log T
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
10 10
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
where T is the transmittance.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
DISCUSSION—Absorbance expresses the excess absorption over that
of a specified reference or standard. It is implied that compensation has
2. Terminology
been affected for reflectance losses, solvent absorption losses, and
refractive effects, if present, and that attenuation by scattering is small
2.1 Alphabetical listing of terms with definitions for each
compared with attenuation by absorption. [D02.04] D2008
term showing attributions as to source and subcommittee
jurisdiction is in bold print following the definition. Those
absorbance (A), n—the logarithm to the base 10 of the
showing no attributes are under the jurisdiction of Subcommit-
reciprocal of the transmittance, (T).
tee CS 95.
A 5 log 1/T 5 2log T
~ !
10 10
1,3-butadiene—hydrocarbon product containing more than
DISCUSSION—Absorbance is a measure of the capacity of a substance
99 % 1,3-butadiene. [D02.D0] D5274
to absorb light of a specific wavelength. [D02.25] D8470
abrasion, n—wear by displacement of material caused by hard
absorptivity, a, n—the specific property of a substance to
particles or hard protuberances. [D02.96] D7684, D7690
absorb radiant power per unit sample concentration and path
length, expressed by:
abrasive wear, n—wear due to hard particles or hard protu-
berances forced against and moving along a solid surface.
a 5 Af/bc
[D02.B0] D4998; [D02.L0] D5182
where:
A = the absorbance,
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on f = the dilution factor,
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
b = sample cell path length, and
Subcommittee D02.95 on Terminology.
c = the quantity of absorbing substance contained in a
Current edition approved July 1, 2023. Published July 2023. Originally approved
ɛ1 volume of solvent.
in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2022 as D4175 – 22a . DOI: 10.1520/
D4175-23. [D02.04] D2008
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4175 − 23
absorptivity, n—the absorbance divided by the product of the accommodation cracks, n—(also referred to as Mrozowski-
concentration of the substance and the sample pathlength, a li
...
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