ASTM E1734-98
(Practice)Standard Practice for Radioscopic Examination of Castings
Standard Practice for Radioscopic Examination of Castings
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of castings.
1.2 This practice applies only to radioscopic examination in which an image is finally presented on a display screen (monitor) for evaluation. Test part acceptance may be based on a static or dynamic image. The examination results may be recorded for later review. This practice does not apply to fully automated systems in which evaluation is performed automatically by a computer.
1.3 Due to the many complex geometries and part configurations inherent with castings, it is necessary to recognize the potential limitations associated with obtaining complete radioscopic coverage. Consideration shall be given to areas where geometry or part configuration does not allow for complete radioscopic coverage.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E 1734 – 98
Standard Practice for
Radioscopic Examination of Castings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1734; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E 1255 Practice for Radioscopy
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for radio-
E 1411 Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic Systems
scopic examination of castings.
E 1453 Guide for Storage of Media That Contains Analog
1.2 This practice applies only to radioscopic examination in
or Digital Radioscopic Data
which an image is finally presented on a display screen
E 1475 Guide for Data Fields for Computerized Transfer of
(monitor) for evaluation. Test part acceptance may be based on
Digital Radiological Test Data
a static or dynamic image. The examination results may be
2.2 ASNT Standards:
recorded for later review. This practice does not apply to fully
ASNT SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualification and Certifica-
automated systems in which evaluation is performed automati-
tion in Nondestructive Testing
cally by a computer.
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Personnel Qualification and Certifica-
1.3 Due to the many complex geometries and part configu-
tion in Nondestructive Testing
rations inherent with castings, it is necessary to recognize the
2.3 Military Standard:
potential limitations associated with obtaining complete radio-
MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-
scopic coverage. Consideration shall be given to areas where
tion and Certification
geometry or part configuration does not allow for complete
NAS-410 NAS Certification and Qualification of Nonde-
radioscopic coverage.
structive Personnel (Quality Assurance Committee)
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
3. Terminology
information only.
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms applicable to this
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
practice may be found in Terminology E 1316.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Significance and Use
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.1 The requirements in this practice are intended to control
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the quality of the radioscopic images to produce satisfactory
2. Referenced Documents and consistent results. This practice is not intended for con-
trolling the acceptability of the casting. The radioscopic
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2 method may be used for detecting volumetric discontinuities
E 94 Guide for Radiographic Testing
and density variations that are within the sensitivity range of
E 543 Practice for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
2 this practice. The dynamic aspects of radioscopy are useful for
Testing
maximizing defect response.
E 747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material
Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators
5. Basis of Application
(IQI) Used for Radiology
2 5.1 The following items shall be agreed upon between the
E 1000 Guide for Radioscopy
purchaser and the supplier:
E 1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
5.1.1 Nondestructive Testing Agency Evaluation—If speci-
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indi-
2 fied in the contractual agreement, nondestructive testing (NDT)
cators (IQI) Used for Radiology
1 3
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-7 on Nonde- Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlingate
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Plaza, P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228–0518.
Radiology (X and Gamma) Method. Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1998. Published February 1999. Originally Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
published as E 1734–95. Last previous edition E 1734–95(1998). Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. 1250 Eye
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03. Street N.W., Washington, DC 20005.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E1734–98
agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in reject decision. The image display should be suitably sized and
Practice E 543. The applicable edition of Practice E 543 shall placed in a controlled environment with subdued lighting to
be specified in the contractual agreement. maximize the transfer of image information to the radioscopic
5.1.2 Personnel Qualification—Personnel qualification re- system operator.
quirements shall conform to Section 8.
6.2.6 Collimation—Selection of appropriate collimation is
5.1.3 Recording Media—If required, the recording media to
dependent on the geometry of the object being examined. It is
be used shall be specified in accordance with the requirements
generally useful to select collimation to limit the primary
of Section 6.
radiation beam to the detector area or region of interest,
5.1.4 Performance Measurements—Performance measure-
whichever is smaller, thereby limiting scatter radiation in order
ment shall be specified in accordance with the requirements of
to improve radioscopic image quality.
Section 6.
6.2.7 Filters and Masking—Filters and masking may be
5.1.5 General Requirements—General requirements shall
used to improve image quality by alleviating contrast reduc-
be specified in accordance with the requirements of Section 8.
tions caused by low-energy scattered radiation. Guidance on
5.1.6 Procedure—Procedural requirements shall be speci-
the use of filters and masking is provided in Guide E 94.
fied in accordance with the requirements of Section 9.
6.3 Performance Measurement—Radioscopic examination
5.1.7 Records—Records requirements shall be specified in
system performance parameters must be determined initially
accordance with Section 10.
and monitored regularly to ensure consistent results. The best
measure of total radioscopic examination system performance
6. Apparatus
can be made with the system in operation, using a test object
6.1 Success of the radioscopic process depends on the
similar to the test part under actual operating conditions. This
overall system configuration and the selection of appropriate
indicates the use of an actual or simulated test object or
subsystem components. Guidance on the selection of sub-
calibration block containing actual or simulated features that
system components and the overall system configuration is
must be detected reliably. Such a calibration block will provide
provided in Guide E 1000 and Practice E 1255. Guidance on
a reliable indication of the radioscopic examination system’s
the initial qualification and periodic re-qualification of the
capabilities. Conventional wire or plaque-type image quality
radioscopic system is provided in Practice E 1411. The suit-
indicators (IQIs) may be used in place of, or in addition to, the
ability of the radioscopic system shall be demonstrated by
simulated test object or calibration block. Performance mea-
attainment of the required image quality and compliance with
surement methods are subject to agreement between the
all other requirements stipulated herein.
purchaser and the supplier of radioscopic examination services.
6.2 Equipment:
6.3.1 Performance Measurement Intervals—System perfor-
6.2.1 Radiation Source (X-Ray or Gamma-Ray)—Selection
mance measurement techniques should be standardized so that
of the appropriate source is dependent on variables regarding
performance measurement tests may be duplicated readily at
the casting being examined, such as material composition and
specified intervals. Radioscopic examination performance
thickness. Guidance on selection of the radiation source may
should be evaluated at sufficiently frequent intervals, as may be
be found in Practice E 1255.
agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier of radio-
6.2.2 Manipulation Subsystem—Selection of the appropri-
scopic examination services, in order to minimize the possi-
ate manipulation system (where applicable) is dependent on
bility of time-dependent performance variations.
variables such as the size and orientation of the object being
6.3.2 Measurement with IQIs—System performance mea-
examined and the range of motions, speed of travel, and
surements using IQIs shall be in accordance with accepted
smoothness of motion. Guidance on selection of the manipu-
industry standards describing the use of IQIs. The IQIs should
lation subsystem may be found in Practice E 1255.
be placed on the radiation source side of the test object, as
6.2.3 Detector Subsystem—Selection of the appropriate de-
close as possible to the region of interest. The use of wire IQIs
tection system is dependent on variables such as the material
should also take into account the fact that the radioscopic
and size of the object being examined and the energy and
examination may exhibit asymmetrical sensitivity, in which
intensity of the radiation used for the examination. Guidance
case the wire diameter axis shall be oriented along the system’s
on selection of the detector subsystem may be found in Practice
axis of least sensitivity. Selection of IQI thickness should be
E 1255.
consistent with the test part radiation path length.
6.2.4 Image Processing Subsystem—Where agreed upon
between the purchaser and the supplier, image processing 6.3.3 Measurement With a Calibration Block—The calibra-
systems may be used for noise reduction through image tion block may be an actual test part with known features that
integration or averaging, contrast enhancement, and other are representative of the range of features to be detected, or it
image processing operations. Users of digital image processing may be fabricated to simulate the test object with a suitable
are cautioned to test image processing parameters thoroughly range of representative features. Alternatively, the calibration
before use. For example, some spatial filter functions produce block may be a one-of-a-kind or few-of-a-kind reference test
directional results and may suppress desired image informa- object containing known imperfections that have been verified
tion. Other spatial filters can introduce artifacts into the image. independently. Calibration blocks containing known, natural
6.2.5 Image Display Subsystem—Selection of the appropri- defects are useful on a single-task basis, but they are not
ate image display is critical to the transfer of image information universally applicable. A duplicate manufactured calibration
from the radioscopic system to the person making the accept- block should be used where standardization among two or
E1734–98
more radioscopic examination systems is required. The cali- block performance measurements. This may be accomplished
bration blocks should approximate the test object as closely as by first evaluating the system performance in accordance with
is practical, being made of the same material with similar 6.3.2 or 6.3.3 and immediately thereafter determining the
dimensions and features in the radioscopic examination region equivalent spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity values.
of interest. Manufactured calibration blocks shall include 6.4 Location and Identification Markers—Lead numbers
features at least as small as those that must be detected reliably and letters may be used to designate the part number and
in the actual test object in locations where they are expected to location number, as needed, provided they do not mask regions
occur. It is permissible to produce the calibration block in of interest on the casting. On-part identification is not required
sections where features are internal to the test object. Calibra- where the manipulator is programmable or manipulator coor-
tion block details are a matter of agreement between the dinates are provided as a means of ensuring that all regions of
purchaser and the supplier of radioscopic examination services. interest are covered. A video typewriter or similar device may
be used to display location and identification information
6.3.3.1 Use of a Calibration Block—The calibration block
electronically. When identification is not provided on the part,
shall be placed in the radioscopic examination system in the
the method of identification shall be documented in the records
same position as the actual test object. The calibration block
in accordance with Section 10.
may be manipulated through the same range of motions as are
6.5 Recording Media—Recording media for storage of
available for the actual test object so as to maximize the
analog or digital images shall be agreed upon between the
radioscopic examination system’s response to the simulated
purchaser and the supplier.
imperfections.
6.3.3.2 Radioscopic Examination Techniques—Techniques
7. Safety
used for the calibration block shall be identical to those used
7.1 Radioscopic procedures shall comply with applicable
for actual examination of the test part. Technique parameters
local, state, and federal safety regulations.
shall be listed and include, as a minimum, radiation beam
energy, intensity, focal spot size, enlargement, digital image
8. Requirements
processing parameters, manipulation scan plan, and scanning
8.1 General Requirements—Unless otherwise specified, ra-
speed.
dioscopic examination shall be performed in accordance with a
6.3.4 Use of Calibrated Line Pair Test Pattern and Step
written procedure. Specific requirements regarding the prepa-
Wedge—A calibrated line pair test pattern and step wedge may
ration and approval of the written procedures shall be as agreed
be used, if desired, to determine and track the radioscopic
upon between the purchaser and the supplier. The procedure
system performance in terms of spatial resolution and contrast
shall address all applicable portions of this practice and shall be
sensitivity. The line pair test pattern is used without an
available for review during interpretation of the images. The
additional absorber to evaluate system spatial resolution. The
written procedures shall include the following:
step wedge is used to evaluate system contrast sensitivity.
8.1.1 Material and thickness range to be examined;
6.3.4.1 The step wedge must be made of the same material
8.1.2 Equipment to be used, including radiation source
as the test part, with steps repres
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.