ASTM E94/E94M-22
(Guide)Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial Radiographic Film
Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial Radiographic Film
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Within the present state of the radiographic art, this guide is generally applicable to available materials, processes, and techniques where industrial radiographic films are used as the recording media.
4.2 Limitations—This guide does not take into consideration the benefits and limitations of nonfilm radiography such as radioscopy, digital detector arrays, or computed radiography. Refer to Guides E1000, E2736, and E2007.
4.3 Although reference is made to documents that may be used in the identification and grading, where applicable, of representative discontinuities in common metal castings and welds, no attempt has been made to set standards of acceptance for any material or production process.
4.4 Radiography will be consistent in image quality (contrast sensitivity and definition) only if all details of techniques, such as geometry, film, filtration, viewing, etc., are obtained and maintained.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide2 covers satisfactory X-ray and gamma-ray radiographic examination as applied to industrial radiographic film recording. It includes statements about preferred practice without discussing the technical background which justifies the preference. A bibliography of several textbooks and standard documents of other societies is included for additional information on the subject.
1.2 This guide covers types of materials to be examined; radiographic examination techniques and production methods; radiographic film selection, processing, viewing, and storage; maintenance of inspection records; and a list of available reference radiograph documents.
Note 1: Further information is contained in Guide E999, Practice E1025, Practice E1030/E1030M, and Practice E1032.
1.3 The use of digital radiography has expanded and follows many of the same general principles of film based radiography but with many important differences. The user is referred to standards for digital radiography [E2597, E2698, E2736, and E2737 for digital detector array (DDA) radiography and E2007, E2033, E2445/E2445M, and E2446 for computed radiography(CR)] if considering the use of digital radiography.
1.4 Interpretation and Acceptance Standards—Interpretation and acceptance standards are not covered by this guide, beyond listing the available reference radiograph documents for castings and welds. Designation of accept - reject standards is recognized to be within the cognizance of product specifications and generally a matter of contractual agreement between producer and purchaser.
1.5 Safety Practices—Problems of personnel protection against X-rays and gamma-rays are not covered by this guide. For information on this important aspect of radiography, reference should be made to the current document of the National Committee on Radiation Protection and Measurement, Federal Register, U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, National Bureau of Standards, and to state and local regulations, if such exist. For specific radiation safety information, refer to NIST Handbook ANSI 43.3, 21 CFR 1020.40, and 29 CFR 1910.1096 or state regulations for agreement states.
1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system should be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.7 If an NDT agency is used, the agency should be qualified in accordance with Specification E543.
1.8 Personnel Qualification—If specified in the contractual agreement, personnel performing examinations to this guide should be qualified in accordance with a nationally or internationally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or standard and certified by the employer or certifying agency, as applicable.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, assoc...
General Information
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E94/E94M − 22
Standard Guide for
Radiographic Examination Using Industrial Radiographic
1
Film
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E94/E94M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 1.5 Safety Practices—Problems of personnel protection
2 against X-rays and gamma-rays are not covered by this guide.
1.1 This guide covers satisfactory X-ray and gamma-ray
For information on this important aspect of radiography,
radiographic examination as applied to industrial radiographic
reference should be made to the current document of the
film recording. It includes statements about preferred practice
National Committee on Radiation Protection and
withoutdiscussingthetechnicalbackgroundwhichjustifiesthe
Measurement, Federal Register, U.S. Energy Research and
preference. A bibliography of several textbooks and standard
Development Administration, National Bureau of Standards,
documents of other societies is included for additional infor-
and to state and local regulations, if such exist. For specific
mation on the subject.
radiation safety information, refer to NIST Handbook ANSI
1.2 This guide covers types of materials to be examined;
43.3, 21 CFR 1020.40, and 29 CFR 1910.1096 or state
radiographic examination techniques and production methods;
regulations for agreement states.
radiographic film selection, processing, viewing, and storage;
1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
maintenance of inspection records; and a list of available
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
reference radiograph documents.
values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;
NOTE 1—Further information is contained in Guide E999, Practice
therefore, each system should be used independently of the
E1025, Practice E1030/E1030M, and Practice E1032.
other. Combining values from the two systems may result in
1.3 Theuseofdigitalradiographyhasexpandedandfollows
non-conformance with the standard.
many of the same general principles of film based radiography
1.7 If an NDT agency is used, the agency should be
but with many important differences. The user is referred to
qualified in accordance with Specification E543.
standards for digital radiography [E2597, E2698, E2736, and
1.8 Personnel Qualification—If specified in the contractual
E2737 for digital detector array (DDA) radiography and
agreement, personnel performing examinations to this guide
E2007, E2033, E2445/E2445M, and E2446 for computed
should be qualified in accordance with a nationally or interna-
radiography(CR)]ifconsideringtheuseofdigitalradiography.
tionally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or
1.4 Interpretation and Acceptance Standards—
standard and certified by the employer or certifying agency, as
Interpretationandacceptancestandardsarenotcoveredbythis
applicable.
guide, beyond listing the available reference radiograph docu-
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ments for castings and welds. Designation of accept - reject
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
standards is recognized to be within the cognizance of product
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
specifications and generally a matter of contractual agreement
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
between producer and purchaser.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
(See 1.5.)
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-
1.10 This international standard was developed in accor-
tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
(X and Gamma) Method.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2022. Published December 2022. Originally
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
approved in 1952. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as E94/E94M–17. DOI:
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
10.1520/E0094_E0094M-22.
2
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications, see related Guide
SE-94 in Section V of that Code. Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Driv
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E94/E94M − 17 E94/E94M − 22
Standard Guide for
Radiographic Examination Using Industrial Radiographic
1
Film
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E94/E94M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope Scope*
2
1.1 This guide covers satisfactory X-ray and gamma-ray radiographic examination as applied to industrial radiographic film
recording. It includes statements about preferred practice without discussing the technical background which justifies the
preference. A bibliography of several textbooks and standard documents of other societies is included for additional information
on the subject.
1.2 This guide covers types of materials to be examined; radiographic examination techniques and production methods;
radiographic film selection, processing, viewing, and storage; maintenance of inspection records; and a list of available reference
radiograph documents.
NOTE 1—Further information is contained in Guide E999, Practice E1025, Test Methods Practice E1030E1030/E1030M, and Practice E1032.
1.3 The use of digital radiography has expanded and follows many of the same general principles of film based radiography but
with many important differences. The user is referred to standards for digital radiography [E2597, E2698, E2736, and E2737 for
digital detector array (DDA) radiography and E2007, E2033, E2445/E2445M, and E2446 for computed radiography(CR)] if
considering the use of digital radiography.
1.4 Interpretation and Acceptance Standards—Interpretation and acceptance standards are not covered by this guide, beyond
listing the available reference radiograph documents for castings and welds. Designation of accept - reject standards is recognized
to be within the cognizance of product specifications and generally a matter of contractual agreement between producer and
purchaser.
1.5 Safety Practices—Problems of personnel protection against X rays and gamma rays X-rays and gamma-rays are not covered
by this document.guide. For information on this important aspect of radiography, reference should be made to the current document
of the National Committee on Radiation Protection and Measurement, Federal Register, U.S. Energy Research and Development
Administration, National Bureau of Standards, and to state and local regulations, if such exist. For specific radiation safety
information, refer to NIST Handbook ANSI 43.3, 21 CFR 1020.40, and 29 CFR 1910.1096 or state regulations for agreement
states.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology (X and
Gamma) Method.
Current edition approved June 1, 2017Dec. 1, 2022. Published August 2017December 2022. Originally approved in 1952. Last previous edition approved in 20102017
as E94 - 04E94/E94M – 17.(2010). DOI: 10.1520/E0094_E0094M-17.10.1520/E0094_E0094M-22.
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications, see related Guide SE-94 in Section V of that Code.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E94/E94M − 22
1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system should be used independently of the other. Combining values
from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.7 If an NDT agency is used, the agency should be qualified in accordance with Specification E543.
1.8 Personnel Qualification—If specified in the contractual agreement, personnel performing examinations to this guide should
be qualified in accordance with a nationally or internationally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or standard and
certified by the employer or certifying agency, as applicable.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practi
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.