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ASTM F2703-08(2013)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Unsteady-State Heat Transfer Evaluation of Flame Resistant Materials for Clothing with Burn Injury Prediction

Standard Test Method for Unsteady-State Heat Transfer Evaluation of Flame Resistant Materials for Clothing with Burn Injury Prediction

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for the determination of a thermal performance estimate value of a material, a combination of materials, or a comparison of different materials used in flame resistant clothing for workers exposed to combined convective and radiant thermal hazards.  
5.2 This test method evaluates a material’s heat transfer properties when exposed to a heat exposure at a constant value and specific duration. Air movement at the face of the specimen and around the calorimeter can affect the measured heat transferred due to forced convective heat losses. Minimizing air movement around the specimen and test apparatus will aid in the repeatability of the results.  
5.3 This test method accounts for the thermal energy stored in the exposed test specimen after the heat exposure has ceased. Higher values of Thermal Performance Estimate ratings determined in this test associate to higher values of thermal (convective and radiative) energy protection against a predicted skin burn injury.  
5.4 This test method maintains the specimen in a static, horizontal position and does not involve movement except that resulting from the exposure.  
5.5 This test method specifies a standardized 84 ± 2 kW/m2 (2 ± 0.05 cal/cm2s) exposure condition. Different exposure conditions have the potential to produce different results. Other exposure conditions representative of the expected hazard are allowed but shall be reported with the results along with a determination of the exposure energy level stability.  
5.6 This test method contains optional provisions for conducting certification testing against a prescribed Thermal Performance Estimate value.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the non-steady state heat transfer through flame resistant materials for clothing subjected to a combined convective and radiant heat exposure.  
1.1.1 This test method is not applicable to materials that are not flame resistant.Note 1—The determination of a material’s flame resistance shall be made prior to testing and done in accordance with the applicable performance or specification standard, or both, for the material’s end-use.  
1.1.2 This test method accounts for the thermal energy contained in an exposed test specimen after the standardized combined convective and radiant heat exposure has ceased and is used to estimate performance to a predicted second-degree skin burn injury.  
1.2 This test method is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound or other units that are commonly used for thermal testing.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2013
ICS
13.340.10 - Protective clothing
Technical Committee
F23 - Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment
Drafting Committee
F23.80 - Flame and Thermal
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM F2703-08(2013) - Standard Test Method for Unsteady-State Heat Transfer Evaluation of Flame Resistant Materials for Clothing with Burn Injury PredictionASTM F2703-08(2013) - Standard Test Method for Unsteady-State Heat Transfer Evaluation of Flame Resistant Materials for Clothing with Burn Injury Prediction
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ASTM F2703-08(2013) - Standard Test Method for Unsteady-State Heat Transfer Evaluation of Flame Resistant Materials for Clothing with Burn Injury Prediction
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F2703 − 08 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Test Method for
Unsteady-State Heat Transfer Evaluation of Flame Resistant
Materials for Clothing with Burn Injury Prediction
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2703; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This test method measures the non-steady state heat 2.1 ASTM Standards:
transferthroughflameresistantmaterialsforclothingsubjected D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
to a combined convective and radiant heat exposure. D1776Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
1.1.1 This test method is not applicable to materials that are D1777Test Method for Thickness of Textile Materials
not flame resistant. D3776Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of
Fabric
NOTE 1—The determination of a material’s flame resistance shall be
E457Test Method for Measuring Heat-Transfer Rate Using
made prior to testing and done in accordance with the applicable
a Thermal Capacitance (Slug) Calorimeter
performance or specification standard, or both, for the material’s end-use.
F1494Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing
1.1.2 This test method accounts for the thermal energy
contained in an exposed test specimen after the standardized
3. Terminology
combinedconvectiveandradiantheatexposurehasceasedand
is used to estimate performance to a predicted second-degree 3.1 Definitions:
skin burn injury. 3.1.1 breakopen, n—in testing thermal protective materials,
amaterialresponseevidencedbytheformationofaholeinthe
1.2 This test method is used to measure and describe the
test specimen during the thermal exposure that may result in
response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat under
the exposure energy in direct contact with the heat sensor.
controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The specimen is considered to exhibit
factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the
breakopen when a hole is produced as a result of the thermal
materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
2 2
exposure that is at least 3.2 cm (0.5 in. ) in area or at least 2.5
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
cm (1.0 in.) in any dimension. Single threads across the
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
opening or hole do not reduce the size of the hole for the
conversions to inch-pound or other units that are commonly
purposes of this test method.
used for thermal testing.
3.1.2 charring, n—the formation of a carbonaceous residue
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety
as the result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
3.1.3 dripping,n—amaterialresponseevidencedbyflowing
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
of the polymer.
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
3.1.4 embrittlement, n—the formation of a brittle residue as
limitations prior to use.
a result of pyrolysis or incomplete combustion.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1.5 heat flux, n—the thermal intensity indicated by the
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
amountofenergytransmitteddividedbyareaandtime;kW/m
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
(cal/cm ·s).
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.1.6 ignition, n—the initiation of combustion.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.7 melting, n—a material response evidenced by soften-
ing of the polymer.
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeF23onPersonal
ProtectiveClothingandEquipmentandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee
F23.80 on Flame and Thermal. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published June 2013. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as F2703-08. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/F2703-08R13. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2703 − 08 (2013)
3.1.8 unsteady state heat transfer value, n—in testing of 4.3 A Thermal Performance Estimate value of the test
thermal protective materials, a quantity expressed as the specimen is determined iteratively as the intersection of the
time-dependent difference between the incident and exiting time-dependent cumulative heat response as measured by the
thermal energy values normal to and across two defined calorimeter to a time-dependent, empirical predicted second-
parallel surfaces of an exposed thermal insulative material. degree skin burn injury performance curve identified in
10.4.1.5, Eq 1).
3.1.9 thermal performance estimate (TPE), n—in testing of
thermal protective materials, the cumulative amount of energy
4.4 Observations of the thermal response of the specimen
identified by the intersection of a measured time-dependent
resulting from the exposure are optionally reported.
heat transfer response through a subject material to a time-
5. Significance and Use
dependent, empirical predicted second-degree skin burn injury
3 2
performance curve, expressed as a rating or value; J/cm
5.1 This test method is intended for the determination of a
(cal/cm ).
thermal performance estimate value of a material, a combina-
tionofmaterials,oracomparisonofdifferentmaterialsusedin
3.1.10 response to heat exposure, n—in testing the resis-
flame resistant clothing for workers exposed to combined
tance to heat transfer of thermal protective materials, the
convective and radiant thermal hazards.
observable response of the material to the energy exposure as
indicated by break-open, melting, dripping, charring,
5.2 This test method evaluates a material’s heat transfer
embrittlement, shrinkage, sticking, and ignition.
properties when exposed to a heat exposure at a constant value
3.1.11 second-degree burn injury, n—in testing of thermal and specific duration. Air movement at the face of the
specimen and around the calorimeter can affect the measured
protective materials, reversible burn damage at the epidermis/
dermis interface in human tissue. heattransferredduetoforcedconvectiveheatlosses.Minimiz-
ing air movement around the specimen and test apparatus will
3.1.12 shrinkage, n—a decrease in one or more dimensions
aid in the repeatability of the results.
of an object or material.
5.3 This test method accounts for the thermal energy stored
3.1.13 sticking, n—a material response evidenced by soft-
in the exposed test specimen after the heat exposure has
ening and adherence of the material to the surface of itself or
ceased. Higher values of Thermal Performance Estimate rat-
another material.
ings determined in this test associate to higher values of
3.1.14 sample test suite, n—any number of test specimens
thermal (convective and radiative) energy protection against a
used to derive a single thermal performance estimate value.
predicted skin burn injury.
3.1.14.1 Discussion—the determination of a single thermal
5.4 This test method maintains the specimen in a static,
performance estimate value requires exposing a number of
horizontalpositionanddoesnotinvolvemovementexceptthat
specimens under varying exposure conditions so that the
resulting from the exposure.
thermal energy stored in the sample after the heat source is
removed is considered and accounted for when determining
5.5 Thistestmethodspecifiesastandardized84 62kW/m
performance against a burn injury prediction.
(2 6 0.05 cal/cm s) exposure condition. Different exposure
conditionshavethepotentialtoproducedifferentresults.Other
3.1.15 For the definitions of protective clothing terms used
exposure conditions representative of the expected hazard are
in this method, refer to Terminology F1494, and for other
allowed but shall be reported with the results along with a
textile terms used in this method, refer to Terminology D123.
determination of the exposure energy level stability.
4. Summary of Test Method
5.6 This test method contains optional provisions for con-
4.1 Ahorizontally positioned test specimen is exposed to a
ducting certification testing against a prescribed Thermal
combined convective and radiant heat source with an exposure
Performance Estimate value.
2 2
heat flux of 84 62kW/m (2 6 0.05 cal/cm s).
6. Apparatus and Materials
NOTE 2—Other exposure heat flux values are allowed, however
6.1 General Arrangement—The measurement apparatus
different exposure conditions have the potential to produce different
results. The test facility shall verify the stability of other exposure levels configuration consists of a combined convective and radiant
over the material’s exposure time interval (used to determine the thermal
energyheatsource,awatercooledshutterforexposurecontrol,
performance estimate value) and include this in the test results report.
a specimen and sensor support structure, a specimen holder
4.2 The unsteady-state transfer of heat through the test
assembly, a copper calorimeter sensor assembly, and a data
specimen is measured using a copper slug calorimeter. The
acquisition/analysis system. Automation of the apparatus for
change in temperature versus time is used, along with the
execution of the measurement procedure is allowed. The
known thermo-physical properties of copper, to determine the
general arrangement of the test apparatus configuration is
respective thermal energy passed through the test specimen.
shown in Fig. 1.
6.2 Gas Supply—Propane (commercial grade or better) or
Methane (technical grade or better).
Derivedfrom:Stoll,A.M.andChianta,M.A.,“MethodandRatingSystemfor
Evaluations of Thermal Protection,” Aerospace Medicine, Vol 40, 1969, pp.
6.3 Gas Flowmeter—Any gas flowmeter or rotometer with
1232–1238 and Stoll,A. M. and Chianta, M.A., “Heat Transfer through Fabrics as
rangetogiveaflowequivalentofatleast6L(0.21ft )/minair
Related to Thermal Injury,” Transactions – New York Academy of Sciences, Vol 33,
No. 7, Nov. 1971, pp. 649–670. at standard conditions.
F2703 − 08 (2013)
NOTE 1—Note the exposure heat source incorporates two Meker burners and nine quartz infrared lamps.
FIG. 1 Apparatus Used to Measure Heat Transfer Performance of Textile Materials
6.4 Thermal Energy Source: sensor must be dried and cured, in accordance with the
6.4.1 Two each, Meker or Fisher burners jetted for the manufacturers instructions, before use and present a uniformly
selected fuel gas (propane or methane) with a 38 mm (1.5 in.) applied coating (no visual thick spots or surface irregularities).
diameter top arranged so that the bodies (top section) do not In the absence of manufacturer’s instructions, an external heat
obstruct the quartz lamps and their flame profiles overlap. source, for example, an external heat lamp, shall be used to
Dimension tolerances are 65%. completelydriveoffanyremainingorganiccarriersinafreshly
6.4.2 Nine 500W T3 translucent quartz infrared lamps, painted surface before use.
connected to a variable electrical power controller, arranged as
NOTE 3—Emissivity of painted calorimeters is discussed in theASTM
a linear array with 13 6 0.5 mm center-to-center spacing set
Report, “ASTM Research Program on Electric Arc Test Method Devel-
125 6 10 mm from the specimen surface.
opment to Evaluate Protective Clothing Fabric;ASTM F18.65.01 Testing
Group Report on Arc Testing Analysis of the F1959 Standard Test
6.4.2.1 Use of a water-cooled housing for the quartz infra-
Method—Phase 1.”
red lamp bank is recommended. This helps to avoid heating
adjacent mechanical components and to shield the operator 6.5.2 The thermocouple wire bead is installed in the calo-
from the radiant energy. rimeter as shown in Fig. 2.
6.5.2.1 The thermocouple wire bead shall be bonded to the
6.5 Thermal Sensor:
copperdiskeithermechanicallyorbyusinghighmeltingpoint
6.5.1 Thetransmittedheatsensorisa4 60.05cmdiameter
5 (HMP) solder.
circular copper slug calorimeter constructed from electrical
(1)Amechanical bond shall be produced by mechanically
gradecopperwithamassof18 60.05g(priortodrilling)with
deforming the copper disk material (utilizing a copper filling
asingleANSItypeJ(Fe/Cu-Ni)orANSItypeK(Ni-Cr/Ni-Al)
slug as shown in Fig. 2) around the thermocouple bead.
thermocouple wire bead (0.254 mm wire diameter or finer—
(2)A solder bond shall be produced by using a suitable
equivalent to 30 AWG) installed as identified in 6.5.2 and
HMP solder with a melting temperature >280°C.
shown in Fig. 2. The sensor holder shall be constructed from
non-conductive heat resistant material with a thermal conduc-
NOTE 4—HMP solders consisting of 5%Sb-95%Pb (~307°C melting
point) and 5%Sb-93.5%Pb-1.5%Ag (;300°C melting point) have been
tivity value of ≤ 0.15 W/m·K, high temperature stability, and
found to be suitable. The 280°C temperature minimum identified above
resistance to thermal shock. The board shall be nominally 1.3
corresponds to the point where melting of the solder bond would be
cm (0.5 in.) or greater in thickness. The sensor is held into the
experienced with an ~17 second exposure of an 84 kW/m heat flux to a
recess of the board using three straight pins, trimmed to a
prepared copper calorimeter with a surface area of 12.57 cm and a mass
nominal length of 5 mm, by placing them equidistant around of 18.0 g.Acareful soldering technique is required to avoid “cold” solder
joints (where the solder has not formed a suitable bond of the thermo-
the edge of the sensor so that the heads of the pins hold the
couple to the copper disk).
sensor flush to the surface.
6.5.1.1 Paint the exposed surface of the copper slug calo- 6.5.3 Weight the sensor board assembly so that the total
massis1.0 60.01kgandthedownwardforceexhibitedbythe
rimeter with a thin coating of a flat black high temperature
spray paint with an absorptivity of 0.9 or greater. The painted copper slug sensor surface is uniform.
NOTE 5—Any system of weighting that provides a uniformly weighted
A500 Watt T3 120VAC quartz infrared heat lamp, product number 21651-1
from Philips Lighting Company has been used successfully in this application.
5 7
See Test Method E457 for information regarding slug calorimeters. Supporting data have been filed atASTM Inte
...

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1.2.2 Protective clothing is defined as any single item or combination of items used for the purpose of isolating parts of the body from direct contact with a potential hazard. It does not include individual parts of a protective clothing item designed to be worn as part of another item (for example, a face shield or lens) unless it may be worn independently of the other items and still be used in a protective manner. For example, a glove or boot, unless permanently attached to a garment or suit, would be considered a protective clothing item requiring labeling, while a visor or vent valve would not. In summary, the intent of this practice is to only require labeling of parts of an ensemble that can be used independently for the protection of the user.  
1.3 This practice does not cover user information provided by means other than item labeling such as instructions, informational packets, brochures, or other written means. User information is partly addressed in Practice F2061.  
1.4 This practice excludes those items covered under 16 CFR 303 unless specifically designed for use as chemical protective clothing.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision o...

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ASTM
ASTM F1414-19(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Cut Resistance to Chainsaw in Lower Body (Legs) Protective Clothing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of this test method is to provide a measurable criterion of performance about the level of cut resistance provided by different types of protective garments and protected coverings worn by chainsaw operators.  
5.2 This test method is intended to show to what level a protective garment can offer resistance to the cutting action of a chainsaw.  
5.3 The protection which can be demonstrated by the garments and coverings tested in accordance with this test method is achieved by: (1) the cut resistance of the material to cutting when put in contact with saw chain; (2) pulling a part of the material or yarns in the material so that they are drawn into the chain and drive mechanism to block the chain movement; (3) the fibers of the materials used to demonstrate both high resistance to cutting and the capacity to absorb rotational energy, so that chain speed can be slowed down sufficiently to stop the movement of the saw chain; or (4) any combination of these.  
5.4 This test method does not purport to evaluate comfort of lower body protective garments.  
5.5 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should perform comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens from the same lot of components to be evaluated. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. If a bias is found, either its cause must be determined and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures cut resistance of garments and devices worn to protect the lower body (legs) when operating a chainsaw.  
1.2 This test method may be used to test for compliance to minimum performance requirements in established safety standards.  
1.2.1 By agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, or as required by established safety standards, it will be decided if this test method will be used to determine one or both of the following: (1) chain speed 50 (CS50), and (2) success/failure (jamming/chain stop or no cut in less than 1.5 s) at specified chain speed.  
1.3 This test method may be used to determine levels of protection for areas of coverage as stipulated in established safety standards.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
Note 1: The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM F1296-08(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Evaluating Chemical Protective Clothing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The standards under the jurisdiction of Committee F23 and other technical committees can be used individually or as part of an integrated protocol in the development, selection, specification, and use of chemical protective clothing.  
4.2 The standards are intended as a means by which information can be requested, generated, and reported in a consistent, comparable manner.  
4.3 The suggested evaluation and test methods are recommended guidelines only. Test methods offer procedures for evaluating chemical protective clothing at standardized conditions to allow comparison.  
4.4 The information on clothing performance must be combined with professional judgment and a clear understanding of the clothing application to provide the best protection to the worker. All chemical protective clothing use must be based on a hazard assessment to determine the risks for exposure to chemicals and other hazards. Conduct hazard assessments in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.132.  
4.5 Chemical protective clothing intended for use during hazardous materials emergencies shall be evaluated against and conform to NFPA 1991, Standard on Vapor-Protective Ensemble for Hazardous Materials Emergencies, or NFPA 1992, Standard on Liquid Splash-Protective Ensemble and Clothing for Hazardous Materials Emergencies, as appropriate for the type of emergency. For emergencies involving release of chemical agents during terrorism incidents, chemical protective clothing shall be evaluated against and conform to NFPA 1994, Standard on Protective Ensemble for Chemical/Biological Terrorism Incidents.  
4.6 Recommendations for labeling chemical protective clothing are provided in Practice F1301, recommendations for implementing a chemical protective clothing program are provided in Practice F1461, and recommendations for preparing care and maintenance instructions are provided in Practice F2061.  
4.7 Appendix X1 is an example of how several of the referenced standards can be combined into a protoc...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to aid in the application of standards for the development, specification, and selection of chemical protective clothing with the ultimate goal of maintaining the safety and health of workers who come into contact with hazardous chemicals.  
1.2 This guide provides a short description of each referenced standard and then makes specific recommendations for the use of these standards. The referenced standards are organized under the following headings: Material Chemical Resistance, Material Physical Properties, Seam and Closure Performance, and Overall Clothing Performance.  
1.3 No protocol can ensure the selection of protective clothing that guarantees worker protection. The purpose of testing is to generate data and information that will allow the selection of the most appropriate clothing. Ultimately, clothing selection is based on technical evaluation of available information and professional assessment of risk.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM F2407/F2407M-23a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Surgical Gowns Intended for Use in Healthcare Facilities

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for the performance, documentation, and labeling of surgical gowns used in the healthcare facilities. It does not however cover all the requirements that a healthcare facility deems necessary to select a product, nor does it address criteria for evaluating experimental products. Barrier testing shall be conducted to determine the impact penetration, hydrostatic resistance, and viral penetration resistance performance of the critical zone(s) of the surgical gown. The physical properties of the critical zone(s) of the surgical gown shall also be tested and shall conform to the following requirements: tensile strength, tear resistance, seam strength, lint generation, evaporative resistance, and water vapor transmission rate. General safety requirements shall be set based on biocompatibility, sterility assurance, flame spread, and natural rubber latex specifications.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This specification provides minimum requirements for surgical gowns used for protection of healthcare workers where the potential for exposure to blood, body fluids, and other potentially infectious materials exists. The specification requires barrier testing based on the system of classifying gowns established in ANSI/AAMI PB70 and sets general safety requirements for surgical gowns based on biocompatibility, sterility assurance, and flame spread. Performance requirements are established for important physical properties, including tensile strength, tear strength, and seam strength. Methods to be used for optional reporting of performance of linting resistance, evaporative resistance, water vapor transmission rate, and abrasion resistance are provided.  
4.2 This specification does not address protective clothing used for nonsurgical applications, such as isolation gowns or decontamination gowns; protective clothing for the hands, such as surgical gloves, patient examination gloves, or other medical gloves; protective clothing for the head, such as goggles or face shields, surgical caps or hoods, surgical masks, or respirators; protective clothing for the feet, such as operating room shoes, shoe covers, or surgical boots; or other types of protective clothing and equipment worn by healthcare providers.  
4.3 Surgical gowns are either multiple-use or single-use products as designated by the manufacturer. This specification is intended to provide the basis for manufacturer claims for surgical gown performance and efficacy. For multiple-use gowns, this specification takes into account the anticipated care and maintenance of these products by examining test requirements for surgical gown materials both before and after the maximum expected number of cycles for laundering and sterilization.  
4.4 Additional information on the processing of multiple-use surgical gowns is provided in ANSI/AAMI ST65.  
4.5 While surgical gowns are classified for barrier performance...
SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes requirements for the performance, documentation, and labeling of surgical gowns used in healthcare facilities. Four levels of barrier properties for surgical gowns are specified in ANSI/AAMI PB70 and are included in this specification for reference purposes.
Note 1: Some properties require minimum performance and others are for documentation only.
Note 2: ANSI/AAMI PB70 evaluates the barrier properties of surgical gown fabrics using water only in Levels 1, 2, and 3. Since surgical gowns are exposed to blood and other fluids with different surface tensions, the performance of additional testing to identify the barrier levels to simulated biological fluids is required for a Level 4 gown.  
1.2 This specification does not cover all the requirements that a healthcare facility deems necessary to select a product, nor does it address criteria for evaluating experimental products.  
1.3 This specification is not intended to serve as a detailed manufacturing or purchase...

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ASTM
ASTM F1868-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Thermal Resistance, Evaporative Resistance, and Total Heat Loss Measurements of Clothing Materials Using a Sweating Hot Plate

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The thermal resistance, evaporative resistance, and total heat loss provided by fabrics, films, coatings, foams, and leathers, including multi-layer assemblies, is of considerable importance in determining their suitability for use in fabricating protective clothing systems.  
4.1.1 The thermal resistance, evaporative resistance, and total heat loss can be significantly affected by environmental conditions. Extreme care must be taken when using results measured under standard testing conditions to determine a material’s suitability for use in conditions outside the testing conditions.  
4.2 The thermal interchange between people and their environment is an extremely complicated subject that involves many factors in addition to the steady-state resistance values of fabrics, films, coatings, foams, and leathers, including multi-layer assemblies. Therefore, thermal resistance values, evaporative resistance values, and total heat loss measured on a hot plate may or may not indicate relative merit of a particular material or system for a given clothing application. While a possible indicator of clothing performance, measurements produced by the testing of fabrics have no proven correlation to the performance of clothing systems worn by people. Clothing weight, drape, tightness of fit, and so forth, can minimize or even neutralize the apparent differences between fabrics or fabric assemblies measured by this test method.  
4.3 The thermal resistance and evaporative resistance of clothing systems and items can be measured with a heated sweating manikin in an environmental chamber in accordance with Test Methods F1291, F2370, and F3426.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the thermal resistance, evaporative resistance, and total heat loss under steady-state conditions of fabrics, films, coatings, foams, and leathers, including multi-layer assemblies, for use in clothing systems.  
1.2 The range of this measurement technique for intrinsic thermal resistance is from 0.002 to 0.5 K·m2/W and for intrinsic evaporative resistance is from 0.0 to 1.0 kPa·m 2/W. The total heat loss range is from 0.0 to 1300 W/m2.  
1.3 The values in SI units shall be regarded as standard. Other units of measurement are provided in this standard but are not regarded as standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F1930-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Flame-Resistant Clothing for Protection Against Fire Simulations Using an Instrumented Manikin

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Use this test method to measure the thermal protection provided by different materials, garments, clothing ensembles, and systems when exposed to a specified fire (see 3.2.2, 3.2.3, 4.1, and 10.4).  
5.1.1 This test method does not simulate high radiant exposures, for example, those found in electric arc flash exposures, some types of fire exposures where liquid or solid fuels are involved, nor exposure to nuclear explosions.  
5.2 This test method provides a measurement of garment and clothing ensemble performance on a stationary upright manikin of specified dimensions. This test method is used to provide predicted skin burn injury for a specific garment or protective clothing ensemble when exposed to a laboratory simulation of a fire. It does not establish a pass/fail for material performance.  
5.2.1 This test method is not intended to be a quality assurance test. The results do not constitute a material’s performance specification.  
5.2.2 The effects of body position and movement are not addressed in this test method.  
5.3 The measurement of the thermal protection provided by clothing is complex and dependent on the apparatus and techniques used. It is not practical in a test method of this scope to establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. Departures from the instructions in this test method have the potential to lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat transfer and testing practices is needed to evaluate if, and which departures from the instructions given in this test method are significant. Standardization of the test method reduces, but does not eliminate, the need for such technical knowledge. Report any departures along with the results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to provide predicted human skin burn injury for single-layer garments or protective clothing ensembles mounted on a stationary upright instrumented manikin which are then exposed in a laboratory to a simulated fire environment having controlled heat flux, flame distribution, and duration. The average exposure heat flux is 84 kW/m2 (2 cal/s·cm2), with durations up to 20 s.  
1.2 The visual and physical changes to the single-layer garment or protective clothing ensemble are recorded to aid in understanding the overall performance of the garment or protective clothing ensemble and how the predicted human skin burn injury results can be interpreted.  
1.3 The skin burn injury prediction is based on a limited number of experiments where the forearms of human subjects were exposed to elevated thermal conditions. This forearm information for skin burn injury is applied uniformly to the entire body of the manikin, except the hands and feet. The hands and feet are not included in the skin burn injury prediction.  
1.4 The measurements obtained and observations noted can only apply to the particular garment(s) or ensemble(s) tested using the specified heat flux, flame distribution, and duration.  
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.6 This method is not a fire test response test method.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units or other units commonly used for thermal testing. If appropriate, round the non-SI units for convenience.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 Fire testing is ...

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ASTM
ASTM F2053-00(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Documenting the Results of Airborne Particle Penetration Testing of Protective Clothing Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This guide is intended to encourage thorough and consistent documentation of airborne particle penetration testing and its results.  
2.2 Uniform information and performance data increase the likelihood of selecting proper particle protective clothing by direct comparison of one material with another.  
2.3 A standard format for test information and data also encourages computer storage of test results for easy retrieval, comparison, and correlations.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides a format for documenting information and performance data for an airborne particle penetration test.  
1.2 Documented data and information are grouped into five categories that define important aspects of each test:  
1.2.1 Description of material tested,  
1.2.2 Challenge particles,  
1.2.3 Test method,  
1.2.4 Test results, and  
1.2.5 Source of the data.  
1.3 Use of this guide is facilitated by adherence to procedures outlined in a standard test method.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurements are included in this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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