ASTM D4687-14(2022)
(Guide)Standard Guide for General Planning of Waste Sampling
Standard Guide for General Planning of Waste Sampling
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The procedures covered in this guide are general and provide the user with information helpful for writing sampling plans, safety plans, labeling and shipping procedures, chain-of-custody procedures, general sampling procedures, general cleaning procedures, and general preservation procedures.
3.2 For purposes of this guide, it is assumed that the user has knowledge of the waste being sampled and the possible safety hazards.
3.3 This guide is not to be used when sampling sites or wastes when safety hazards are unknown. In such cases, the user shall use other more appropriate procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information for formulating and planning the many aspects of waste sampling (see 1.2) that are common to most waste sampling situations.
1.2 The aspects of sampling that this guide addresses are as follows:
Section
Safety plans
4
Sampling plans
5
Quality assurance considerations
6
General sampling considerations
7
Preservation and containerization
8
Cleaning equipment
9
Packaging, labeling, and shipping procedures
10
Chain-of-custody procedure
11
1.3 This guide does not provide comprehensive sampling procedures for these aspects, nor does it serve as a guide to any specific application. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that the procedures used are proper and adequate.
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific precautionary statements see 3.2, 3.3, and Section 4.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4687 − 14 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Guide for
General Planning of Waste Sampling
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4687; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The analysis and testing of solid waste requires collection of adequately sized, representative
samples. Wastes are found in various locations and physical states. Therefore, each sampling routine
shall be tailored to fit the waste and situation. Wastes often occur as nonhomogeneous mixtures in
stratified layers or as poorly mixed conglomerations. For example, wastes are commonly stored or
disposedofinsurfaceimpoundmentswithstratifiedorlayeredsludgescoveredbypondedwastewater.
In these situations, the collector may be faced with sampling the wastewater, the sludge, and some
depth of soil beneath the sludges. Collecting representative samples in these situations requires a
carefully assessed, well-planned, and well-executed sampling routine.
1. Scope mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
For more specific precautionary statements see 3.2, 3.3, and
1.1 This guide provides information for formulating and
Section 4.
planning the many aspects of waste sampling (see 1.2) that are
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
common to most waste sampling situations.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.2 The aspects of sampling that this guide addresses are as
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
follows:
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Section
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Safety plans 4
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Sampling plans 5
Quality assurance considerations 6
General sampling considerations 7
2. Referenced Documents
Preservation and containerization 8
Cleaning equipment 9 2.1 ASTM Standards:
Packaging, labeling, and shipping procedures 10
E122PracticeforCalculatingSampleSizetoEstimate,With
Chain-of-custody procedure 11
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
1.3 This guide does not provide comprehensive sampling
Lot or Process
proceduresfortheseaspects,nordoesitserveasaguidetoany
2.2 Other Document:
specificapplication.Itistheresponsibilityoftheusertoensure
EPA-SW-846Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste,
that the procedures used are proper and adequate.
Physical/Chemical Methods
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are
3. Significance and Use
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for
3.1 The procedures covered in this guide are general and
information only and are not considered standard.
provide the user with information helpful for writing sampling
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
plans, safety plans, labeling and shipping procedures, chain-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
of-custody procedures, general sampling procedures, general
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
cleaning procedures, and general preservation procedures.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1 2
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.01 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Planning for Sampling. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved May 1, 2022. Published May 2022. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D4687–14. DOI: Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Printing Office,
10.1520/D4687-14R22. Washington, DC 20402.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4687 − 14 (2022)
3.2 Forpurposesofthisguide,itisassumedthattheuserhas 4.2.2 The level of protection selected should be based
knowledge of the waste being sampled and the possible safety primarily on the following:
hazards. 4.2.2.1 Type(s)andmeasuredconcentration(s)ofthechemi-
calsubstance(s)intheambientatmosphereanditstoxicity,and
3.3 This guide is not to be used when sampling sites or
4.2.2.2 Potential or measured exposure to substances in air,
wastes when safety hazards are unknown. In such cases, the
splashes of liquids, or other direct contact with material as a
user shall use other more appropriate procedures.
result of work being performed.
4. Safety Plans 4.2.2.3 In situations where the type(s) of chemical(s),
concentration(s),andpossibilitiesofcontactarenotknown,the
4.1 Proper safety precautions shall always be observed
appropriate level of protection shall be selected based on
when sampling wastes. Persons collecting samples shall be
professional experience and judgment until the hazards can be
aware that the waste can be a strong sensitizer and corrosive,
better characterized.
flammable, explosive, toxic, and capable of releasing ex-
4.2.3 Level A Protection—Personal Protective Equipment:
tremely poisonous gases. The background information ob-
(a)Pressure-demand, self-contained breathing apparatus,
tained about the waste should be helpful in deciding the extent
approved by the Mine Safety and Health Administration
ofsafetyprecautionstobeobservedandinchoosingprotective
(MSHA) and National Institute of Occupational Safety and
equipment to be used. The information obtained should be
Health (NIOSH),
checked for hazardous properties against such references as
(b)Fully encapsulating chemical-resistant suit,
“Sax’s Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials,” the
5 (c)Coveralls,
“Hawley’s Condensed Chemical Dictionary,” and the “Toxic
(d)Long cotton underwear,
and Hazardous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual for Han-
6 (e)Gloves (outer), chemical-resistant,
dling and Disposal with Toxicity and Hazard Data.”
(f)Gloves (inner), chemical-resistant,
NOTE 1—The following safety precautions are not comprehensive.
(g)Boots, chemical-resistant, steel toe and shank. (De-
Rather, they provide additional guidance on health and safety to comple-
pending on suit construction, worn over or under suit boot),
ment professional judgment and experience.
(h)Hard hat (under suit),
4.2 Personnel should wear protective equipment when re-
(i)Disposable protective suit, gloves, and boots (worn
sponse activities involve known or suspected atmospheric
over fully encapsulating suit), and
contamination, vapors, gases, or airborne particulates may be
(j)Two-way radio communications (intrinsically safe).
generated,ordirectcontactwithskin-affectingsubstancesmay
4.2.3.1 The fully encapsulating suit provides the highest
occur. Respirators can protect lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and
degreeofprotectiontoskin,eyes,andrespiratorysystemifthe
eyes against air toxicants. Chemical-resistant clothing can
suit material is resistant to the chemical(s) of concern during
protecttheskinfromcontactwithskin-destructiveandabsorb-
the time the suit is worn or at the measured or anticipated
able chemicals. Good personal hygiene limits or prevents
concentrations, or both. While Level A provides maximum
ingestion of material.
protection, the suit material may be rapidly permeated and
4.2.1 Equipment to protect the body against contact with
penetrated by certain chemicals from extremely high air
known or anticipated chemical hazards has been divided into
concentrations, splashes, or immersion of boots or gloves in
four categories according to the degree of protection afforded:
concentrated liquids or sludges. These limitations should be
4.2.1.1 Level A—Should be worn when the highest level of
recognized when specifying the type of chemical-resistant
respiratory, skin, and eye protection is needed.
garment. Whenever possible, the suit material should be
4.2.1.2 Level B—Should be selected when the highest level
matched with the substance it is used to protect against.
of respiratory protection is needed, but a lesser level of skin
4.2.3.2 Many toxic substances are difficult to detect or
protection. Level B protection is the minimum level recom-
measure in the field. When such substances (especially those
mended on initial site entries until the hazards have been
readily absorbed by or destructive to the skin) are known or
further defined by on-site studies and appropriate personnel
suspected to be present and personnel contact is unavoidable,
protection utilized.
Level A protection should be worn until more accurate infor-
4.2.1.3 Level C—Should be selected when the type(s) of
mation can be obtained.
airborne substance(s) is (are) known, the concentrations(s) is
4.2.4 Level B Protection—Personal Protective Equipment:
measured,andthecriteriaforusingair-purifyingrespiratorsare
4.2.4.1 Pressure-demand, self-contained breathing appara-
met.
tus (MSHA/NIOSH approved),
4.2.1.4 Level D—Should not be worn on any site with
4.2.4.2 Chemical-resistant clothing (overalls and long-
respiratory or skin hazards. It is primarily a work uniform
sleeved jacket; coveralls; hooded, one- or two-piece chemical-
providing minimal protection.
splash suit; disposable chemical-resistant coveralls),
4.2.4.3 Coveralls,
4.2.4.4 Gloves (outer), chemical-resistant,
Lewis, R. J. Sr., Sax’s Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 5 Volume
th
Set, 12 ed., John Wiley and Sons, 2012.
4.2.4.5 Gloves (inner), chemical-resistant,
5 th
Lewis, R. J. Sr., Hawley’s Condensed Chemical Dictionary,15 ed., John
4.2.4.6 Boots, chemical-resistant, steel toe and shank,
Wiley and Sons, 2007.
Gijutsu, Kagai and Kenkyujo, Shiryo (Tokyo, Japan), Toxic and Hazardous
Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual for Handling and Disposal with Toxicity and
Hazard Data, Tokyo International Technical Information Institute, 1975. Equipment is optional.
D4687 − 14 (2022)
4.2.4.7 Boots (outer), chemical-resistant (disposable, worn 4.3 Personnelshouldnoteat,drink,orsmokeduringorafter
over permanent boots), samplinguntilafterdecontaminationstepsaretaken.Sampling
personnel should be trained in safety aspects of hazardous
4.2.4.8 Hard hat (face shield), and
4.2.4.9 Two-way radio communications (intrinsically safe). waste sampling.
4.2.4.10 Level B equipment provides a high level of pro-
4.4 Testing air emission for determining the vapor/gas
tection to the respiratory tract, but a somewhat lower level of
concentrations can be accomplished through the use of a
protection to skin. The chemical-resistant clothing required in
portable organic vapor analyzer.The probe should be held 1 to
Level B is available in a wide variety of styles, materials,
2 in. (2.5 to 5 cm) above the sampling point. Follow manufac-
constructiondetail,permeability,andsoforth.Thesefactorsall
turer’s operating instructions for proper calibration, use, and
affect the degree of protection afforded. Therefore, a specialist
care.
should select the most effective chemical-resistant clothing
(and fully encapsulating suit) based on the known or antici-
5. Sampling Plans
pated hazards or job function, or both.
5.1 A sampling plan is a scheme or design to locate
4.2.4.11 For initial site entry and reconnaissance at an open
samplingpointssothatsuitablerepresentativesamplesdescrip-
site, approaching whenever possible from the upwind
tive of the waste body can be obtained. Development of
direction, Level B protection (with good quality, hooded,
sampling plans requires the following:
chemical-resistantclothing)shouldprotectresponsepersonnel,
5.1.1 Review of background information about the waste
providing the conditions described in selecting Level A are
and site.
known or judged to be absent.
5.1.2 Knowledge of the waste location and situation.
4.2.5 Level C Protection—Personal Protective Equipment:
5.1.3 Decisions as to the types of samples needed.
4.2.5.1 Full-face, air purifying, canister-equipped respirator
5.1.4 Decisions as to the sampling design required.
(MSHA/NIOSH approved),
4.2.5.2 Chemical-resistantclothing(coveralls;hooded,two- 5.2 Background data on the waste is extremely helpful in
piece chemical splash suit; chemical-resistant hood and apron;
preassessmentofthewaste’scomposition,hazards,andextent.
disposable chemical-resistant coveralls), (See Notes 2 and 3.)
4.2.5.3 Coveralls,
NOTE 2—If, after researching the available background information the
4.2.5.4 Gloves (outer), chemical-resistant,
user cannot obtain from the material enough information about the waste
4.2.5.5 Gloves (inner), chemical-resistant, todeterminetheprobablecompositionandprobablehazards,thentheuser
should use other procedures. Such situations are beyond the scope of this
4.2.5.6 Boots, chemical resistant, steel toe and shank,
guide.
4.2.5.7 Boots (outer), chemical-resistant (disposable, worn
NOTE3—Thebackgroundinformationisneededtodeterminenecessary
over permanent boots),
safety equipment, safety procedures, sampling equipment and sampling
4.2.5.8 Hard hat (face shield), design, and procedures to be used.
4.2.5.9 Escape mask, and
5.2.1 Possible sources of information on the site and waste
4.2.5.10 Two-way radio communications (intrinsically
include the following:
safe).
5.2.1.1 File searches of state and local records including
4.2.5.11 Level C protection is distinguished from Level B
wastemanifests,wasteapprovals,andlandpermitapplications.
by the equipment used to protect the respiratory system,
5.2.1.2 File searches of generator records (if the generator
assuming the same type of chemical-resistant clothing is used.
can be identified) including chemical analyses, safety data
The main selection criterion for Level C is that conditions
sheets, design drawings, and manufacturing process informa-
permit wearing air-purifying devices.
tion.
4.2.5.12 Total unidentified vapor/gas concentrations of
5.2.1.3 File searches of treatment, storage, disposal, and
5ppm above background require Level B protection. Only a
transport facilities. Records involved with handling the waste.
qualified individual should select Level C (air-purifying respi-
5.2.1.4 Researching published data concerning the site such
rators)protectionforcontinualuseinanunidentifiedvapor/gas
as scientific journal articles, EPApubli
...
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