ASTM D4687-14(2022)

Standard Guide for General Planning of Waste Sampling

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The procedures covered in this guide are general and provide the user with information helpful for writing sampling plans, safety plans, labeling and shipping procedures, chain-of-custody procedures, general sampling procedures, general cleaning procedures, and general preservation procedures.  
3.2 For purposes of this guide, it is assumed that the user has knowledge of the waste being sampled and the possible safety hazards.  
3.3 This guide is not to be used when sampling sites or wastes when safety hazards are unknown. In such cases, the user shall use other more appropriate procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information for formulating and planning the many aspects of waste sampling (see 1.2) that are common to most waste sampling situations.  
1.2 The aspects of sampling that this guide addresses are as follows:    
Section  
Safety plans  
4  
Sampling plans  
5  
Quality assurance considerations  
6  
General sampling considerations  
7  
Preservation and containerization  
8  
Cleaning equipment  
9  
Packaging, labeling, and shipping procedures  
10  
Chain-of-custody procedure  
11  
1.3 This guide does not provide comprehensive sampling procedures for these aspects, nor does it serve as a guide to any specific application. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that the procedures used are proper and adequate.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific precautionary statements see 3.2, 3.3, and Section 4.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2022
• ICS: 13.030.10 - Solid wastes
• Technical Committee: D34 - Waste Management
• Drafting Committee: D34.01.01 - Planning for Sampling

Relations

• Refers: ASTM E122-09e1 - Standard Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or Process
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2011
• Refers: ASTM E122-09 - Standard Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or Process
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2009
• Refers: ASTM E122-07 - Standard Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or Process
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2007
• Refers: ASTM E122-00 - Standard Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With a Specified Tolerable Error, the Average for Characteristic of a Lot or Process
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2000
• Refers: ASTM E122-99 - Standard Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With a Specified Tolerable Error, the Average for Characteristic of a Lot or Process
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2000

Overview

ASTM D4687-14(2022): Standard Guide for General Planning of Waste Sampling is a key international standard developed by ASTM for guiding the planning and formulation of effective waste sampling programs. This standard is essential for organizations, environmental professionals, and regulatory bodies tasked with monitoring, sampling, and characterizing various waste streams. Its primary focus is to equip users with high-level procedures and practical considerations necessary for writing sampling plans, safety protocols, labeling, shipping, chain-of-custody, cleaning, preservation, and quality assurance procedures in waste management operations.

Key Topics

ASTM D4687-14(2022) covers a comprehensive array of topics fundamental to waste sampling:

• Safety Plans: Emphasizes risk assessment, personal protective equipment (PPE), and proper procedures for safe waste sampling, based on known hazards.
• Sampling Plans: Guidance on designing strategies to locate sampling points that yield representative waste samples, considering variables such as site history, waste type, and site conditions.
• Quality Assurance: Outlines quality control measures, including the use of field blanks, split samples, field rinsates, and spikes to validate sample integrity and laboratory results.
• Sampling Considerations: Discusses the selection of appropriate sampling equipment and protocols for ensuring sample representativeness and handling specific waste challenges such as stratification or volatility.
• Preservation and Containerization: Highlights the need to pre-select suitable sample containers and preservation methods based on analytical requirements and waste characteristics.
• Equipment Cleaning: Recommends best practices for avoiding cross-contamination, including proper cleaning and use of disposables when feasible.
• Packaging, Labeling, and Shipping: Details labeling requirements and procedures for secure, compliant transport of environmental and hazardous samples.
• Chain-of-Custody: Stresses the importance of maintaining traceability for samples, especially when legal defensibility is required.

Applications

The principles enshrined in ASTM D4687-14(2022) have broad applicability, including:

• Environmental Site Assessments: Assisting consultants and site operators in planning waste characterization at contaminated land, landfills, lagoons, waste piles, and industrial facilities.
• Regulatory Compliance: Guiding compliance with local, national, and international regulations regarding waste sampling, documentation, and reporting.
• Laboratory Submissions: Ensuring samples are collected, preserved, labeled, and shipped in a way that maintains their viability for analytical testing.
• Waste Management: Informing best practices for handling, sampling, and tracking hazardous and non-hazardous wastes across industries.
• Legal Proceedings: Providing chain-of-custody protocols necessary for sample admissibility in legal contexts.

ASTM D4687-14(2022) is intended for use by knowledgeable professionals familiar with the waste and associated hazards. It does not cover procedures for unknown hazards, nor is it a comprehensive procedural manual; users must determine the suitability of methods for their particular application.

Related Standards

Several related standards and methods complement or are referenced within ASTM D4687-14(2022):

• ASTM E122 - Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or Process.
• EPA SW-846 - Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods.
• Relevant DOT or IATA regulations for the transport of hazardous materials.

For thorough waste sampling planning that aligns with international good practices, ASTM D4687-14(2022) provides a solid foundation, ensuring safety, consistency, and data integrity in environmental sampling projects. Always supplement this guide with technical and regulatory documents specific to the waste type and jurisdiction in question.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4687 − 14 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Guide for
General Planning of Waste Sampling
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4687; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The analysis and testing of solid waste requires collection of adequately sized, representative
samples. Wastes are found in various locations and physical states. Therefore, each sampling routine
shall be tailored to fit the waste and situation. Wastes often occur as nonhomogeneous mixtures in
stratified layers or as poorly mixed conglomerations. For example, wastes are commonly stored or
disposedofinsurfaceimpoundmentswithstratifiedorlayeredsludgescoveredbypondedwastewater.
In these situations, the collector may be faced with sampling the wastewater, the sludge, and some
depth of soil beneath the sludges. Collecting representative samples in these situations requires a
carefully assessed, well-planned, and well-executed sampling routine.
1. Scope mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
For more specific precautionary statements see 3.2, 3.3, and
1.1 This guide provides information for formulating and
Section 4.
planning the many aspects of waste sampling (see 1.2) that are
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
common to most waste sampling situations.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.2 The aspects of sampling that this guide addresses are as
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
follows:
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Section
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Safety plans 4
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Sampling plans 5
Quality assurance considerations 6
General sampling considerations 7
2. Referenced Documents
Preservation and containerization 8
Cleaning equipment 9 2.1 ASTM Standards:
Packaging, labeling, and shipping procedures 10
E122PracticeforCalculatingSampleSizetoEstimate,With
Chain-of-custody procedure 11
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
1.3 This guide does not provide comprehensive sampling
Lot or Process
proceduresfortheseaspects,nordoesitserveasaguidetoany
2.2 Other Document:
specificapplication.Itistheresponsibilityoftheusertoensure
EPA-SW-846Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste,
that the procedures used are proper and adequate.
Physical/Chemical Methods
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are
3. Significance and Use
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for
3.1 The procedures covered in this guide are general and
information only and are not considered standard.
provide the user with information helpful for writing sampling
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
plans, safety plans, labeling and shipping procedures, chain-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
of-custody procedures, general sampling procedures, general
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
cleaning procedures, and general preservation procedures.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1 2
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.01 on contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Planning for Sampling. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved May 1, 2022. Published May 2022. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D4687–14. DOI: Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Printing Office,
10.1520/D4687-14R22. Washington, DC 20402.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4687 − 14 (2022)
3.2 Forpurposesofthisguide,itisassumedthattheuserhas 4.2.2 The level of protection selected should be based
knowledge of the waste being sampled and the possible safety primarily on the following:
hazards. 4.2.2.1 Type(s)andmeasuredconcentration(s)ofthechemi-
calsubstance(s)intheambientatmosphereanditstoxicity,and
3.3 This guide is not to be used when sampling sites or
4.2.2.2 Potential or measured exposure to substances in air,
wastes when safety hazards are unknown. In such cases, the
splashes of liquids, or other direct contact with material as a
user shall use other more appropriate procedures.
result of work being performed.
4. Safety Plans 4.2.2.3 In situations where the type(s) of chemical(s),
concentration(s),andpossibilitiesofcontactarenotknown,the
4.1 Proper safety precautions shall always be observed
appropriate level of protection shall be selected based on
when sampling wastes. Persons collecting samples shall be
professional experience and judgment until the hazards can be
aware that the waste can be a strong sensitizer and corrosive,
better characterized.
flammable, explosive, toxic, and capable of releasing ex-
4.2.3 Level A Protection—Personal Protective Equipment:
tremely poisonous gases. The background information ob-
(a)Pressure-demand, self-contained breathing apparatus,
tained about the waste should be helpful in deciding the extent
approved by the Mine Safety and Health Administration
ofsafetyprecautionstobeobservedandinchoosingprotective
(MSHA) and National Institute of Occupational Safety and
equipment to be used. The information obtained should be
Health (NIOSH),
checked for hazardous properties against such references as
(b)Fully encapsulating chemical-resistant suit,
“Sax’s Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials,” the
5 (c)Coveralls,
“Hawley’s Condensed Chemical Dictionary,” and the “Toxic
(d)Long cotton underwear,
and Hazardous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual for Han-
6 (e)Gloves (outer), chemical-resistant,
dling and Disposal with Toxicity and Hazard Data.”
(f)Gloves (inner), chemical-resistant,
NOTE 1—The following safety precautions are not comprehensive.
(g)Boots, chemical-resistant, steel toe and shank. (De-
Rather, they provide additional guidance on health and safety to comple-
pending on suit construction, worn over or under suit boot),
ment professional judgment and experience.
(h)Hard hat (under suit),
4.2 Personnel should wear protective equipment when re-
(i)Disposable protective suit, gloves, and boots (worn
sponse activities involve known or suspected atmospheric
over fully encapsulating suit), and
contamination, vapors, gases, or airborne particulates may be
(j)Two-way radio communications (intrinsically safe).
generated,ordirectcontactwithskin-affectingsubstancesmay
4.2.3.1 The fully encapsulating suit provides the highest
occur. Respirators can protect lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and
degreeofprotectiontoskin,eyes,andrespiratorysystemifthe
eyes against air toxicants. Chemical-resistant clothing can
suit material is resistant to the chemical(s) of concern during
protecttheskinfromcontactwithskin-destructiveandabsorb-
the time the suit is worn or at the measured or anticipated
able chemicals. Good personal hygiene limits or prevents
concentrations, or both. While Level A provides maximum
ingestion of material.
protection, the suit material may be rapidly permeated and
4.2.1 Equipment to protect the body against contact with
penetrated by certain chemicals from extremely high air
known or anticipated chemical hazards has been divided into
concentrations, splashes, or immersion of boots or gloves in
four categories according to the degree of protection afforded:
concentrated liquids or sludges. These limitations should be
4.2.1.1 Level A—Should be worn when the highest level of
recognized when specifying the type of chemical-resistant
respiratory, skin, and eye protection is needed.
garment. Whenever possible, the suit material should be
4.2.1.2 Level B—Should be selected when the highest level
matched with the substance it is used to protect against.
of respiratory protection is needed, but a lesser level of skin
4.2.3.2 Many toxic substances are difficult to detect or
protection. Level B protection is the minimum level recom-
measure in the field. When such substances (especially those
mended on initial site entries until the hazards have been
readily absorbed by or destructive to the skin) are known or
further defined by on-site studies and appropriate personnel
suspected to be present and personnel contact is unavoidable,
protection utilized.
Level A protection should be worn until more accurate infor-
4.2.1.3 Level C—Should be selected when the type(s) of
mation can be obtained.
airborne substance(s) is (are) known, the concentrations(s) is
4.2.4 Level B Protection—Personal Protective Equipment:
measured,andthecriteriaforusingair-purifyingrespiratorsare
4.2.4.1 Pressure-demand, self-contained breathing appara-
met.
tus (MSHA/NIOSH approved),
4.2.1.4 Level D—Should not be worn on any site with
4.2.4.2 Chemical-resistant clothing (overalls and long-
respiratory or skin hazards. It is primarily a work uniform
sleeved jacket; coveralls; hooded, one- or two-piece chemical-
providing minimal protection.
splash suit; disposable chemical-resistant coveralls),
4.2.4.3 Coveralls,
4.2.4.4 Gloves (outer), chemical-resistant,
Lewis, R. J. Sr., Sax’s Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 5 Volume
th
Set, 12 ed., John Wiley and Sons, 2012.
4.2.4.5 Gloves (inner), chemical-resistant,
5 th
Lewis, R. J. Sr., Hawley’s Condensed Chemical Dictionary,15 ed., John
4.2.4.6 Boots, chemical-resistant, steel toe and shank,
Wiley and Sons, 2007.
Gijutsu, Kagai and Kenkyujo, Shiryo (Tokyo, Japan), Toxic and Hazardous
Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual for Handling and Disposal with Toxicity and
Hazard Data, Tokyo International Technical Information Institute, 1975. Equipment is optional.
D4687 − 14 (2022)
4.2.4.7 Boots (outer), chemical-resistant (disposable, worn 4.3 Personnelshouldnoteat,drink,orsmokeduringorafter
over permanent boots), samplinguntilafterdecontaminationstepsaretaken.Sampling
personnel should be trained in safety aspects of hazardous
4.2.4.8 Hard hat (face shield), and
4.2.4.9 Two-way radio communications (intrinsically safe). waste sampling.
4.2.4.10 Level B equipment provides a high level of pro-
4.4 Testing air emission for determining the vapor/gas
tection to the respiratory tract, but a somewhat lower level of
concentrations can be accomplished through the use of a
protection to skin. The chemical-resistant clothing required in
portable organic vapor analyzer.The probe should be held 1 to
Level B is available in a wide variety of styles, materials,
2 in. (2.5 to 5 cm) above the sampling point. Follow manufac-
constructiondetail,permeability,andsoforth.Thesefactorsall
turer’s operating instructions for proper calibration, use, and
affect the degree of protection afforded. Therefore, a specialist
care.
should select the most effective chemical-resistant clothing
(and fully encapsulating suit) based on the known or antici-
5. Sampling Plans
pated hazards or job function, or both.
5.1 A sampling plan is a scheme or design to locate
4.2.4.11 For initial site entry and reconnaissance at an open
samplingpointssothatsuitablerepresentativesamplesdescrip-
site, approaching whenever possible from the upwind
tive of the waste body can be obtained. Development of
direction, Level B protection (with good quality, hooded,
sampling plans requires the following:
chemical-resistantclothing)shouldprotectresponsepersonnel,
5.1.1 Review of background information about the waste
providing the conditions described in selecting Level A are
and site.
known or judged to be absent.
5.1.2 Knowledge of the waste location and situation.
4.2.5 Level C Protection—Personal Protective Equipment:
5.1.3 Decisions as to the types of samples needed.
4.2.5.1 Full-face, air purifying, canister-equipped respirator
5.1.4 Decisions as to the sampling design required.
(MSHA/NIOSH approved),
4.2.5.2 Chemical-resistantclothing(coveralls;hooded,two- 5.2 Background data on the waste is extremely helpful in
piece chemical splash suit; chemical-resistant hood and apron;
preassessmentofthewaste’scomposition,hazards,andextent.
disposable chemical-resistant coveralls), (See Notes 2 and 3.)
4.2.5.3 Coveralls,
NOTE 2—If, after researching the available background information the
4.2.5.4 Gloves (outer), chemical-resistant,
user cannot obtain from the material enough information about the waste
4.2.5.5 Gloves (inner), chemical-resistant, todeterminetheprobablecompositionandprobablehazards,thentheuser
should use other procedures. Such situations are beyond the scope of this
4.2.5.6 Boots, chemical resistant, steel toe and shank,
guide.
4.2.5.7 Boots (outer), chemical-resistant (disposable, worn
NOTE3—Thebackgroundinformationisneededtodeterminenecessary
over permanent boots),
safety equipment, safety procedures, sampling equipment and sampling
4.2.5.8 Hard hat (face shield), design, and procedures to be used.
4.2.5.9 Escape mask, and
5.2.1 Possible sources of information on the site and waste
4.2.5.10 Two-way radio communications (intrinsically
include the following:
safe).
5.2.1.1 File searches of state and local records including
4.2.5.11 Level C protection is distinguished from Level B
wastemanifests,wasteapprovals,andlandpermitapplications.
by the equipment used to protect the respiratory system,
5.2.1.2 File searches of generator records (if the generator
assuming the same type of chemical-resistant clothing is used.
can be identified) including chemical analyses, safety data
The main selection criterion for Level C is that conditions
sheets, design drawings, and manufacturing process informa-
permit wearing air-purifying devices.
tion.
4.2.5.12 Total unidentified vapor/gas concentrations of
5.2.1.3 File searches of treatment, storage, disposal, and
5ppm above background require Level B protection. Only a
transport facilities. Records involved with handling the waste.
qualified individual should select Level C (air-purifying respi-
5.2.1.4 Researching published data concerning the site such
rators)protectionforcontinualuseinanunidentifiedvapor/gas
as scientific journal articles, EPApublications, and newspaper
concentration of background to 5 ppm above background.
stories. Newspapers are the most likely source, but the infor-
4.2.6 Level D Protection—Personal Protective Equipment:
mation is seldom very technical.
4.2.6.1 Coveralls,
5.2.1.5 Interviews of key people such as past and present
4.2.6.2 Gloves,
employees of the site or generator, state and local officials,
4.2.6.3 Boots/shoes, leather or chemical-resistant, steel toe
residents of the area, and so forth.
and shank,
5.2.1.6 Aerialphotographsprovideahistoricalrecordofthe
4.2.6.4 Boots,chemical-resistant(disposablewornoverper-
site development. Many federal agencies conduct aerial sur-
manent boots),
veys that are available to the public. Some of these agencies
4.2.6.5 Safety glasses or chemical splash goggles,
include the following:
4.2.6.6 Hard hat (face shield), and
(1)U.S. Department of Agriculture,
4.2.6.7 Escape mask.
(2)Soil Conservation Service (USDA-SCS),
4.2.6.8 Level D protection is primarily a work uniform. It (3)U.S. Geological Survey,
should be worn in areas where: (1) only boots can be (4)U.S. Forest Service,
contaminated, or (2) there are no inhalable toxic substances. (5)National Air and Space Administration (NASA),
D4687 − 14 (2022)
(6)National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is normally placed at some corner of the site and marked off in
(NOAA), steps, feet, yards, and so forth, for sampling landfills, waste
(7)National Weather Service, piles, and lagoons. For storage areas containing barrels, the
(8)Corps of Engineers, and numbers of barrels from the origin are often used as intervals
(9)Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service. along the coordinate. For sampling from a flowing stream the
origin may be taken as time-zero (start), and samples are
5.2.1.7 Published maps can also provide a historical record
collected at random time intervals over the period of interest.
of the site development such as topographic, soil, and county
5.5.3 Grid System—This system also involves taking
maps.
samples at regular intervals, grid points, along an imaginary
5.3 Waste location and site conditions greatly influence a
grid system laid out over the site. The number of sampling
samplingplan.Themostcommonwastelocationsmayinclude
points will vary with the size of the grid. Such sampling
lagoons, landfills, pipes, point discharges, piles, drums, bins,
schemes are used when a statistically sound sampling program
tanks, and trucks. The site conditions include the physical
is required. They should be used only when the waste body is
condition of the waste; that is, whether it is a solid (granular,
knowntobehomogenousorthestratahavebeendefined.Ifthe
consolidated, or cohesive), liquid (slurry or flowable sludge),
waste is stratified, a separate grid system may be required for
or gas, and it describes under what conditions it was disposed,
each stratum.
thatis,doesitexistasamultiphasedwasteinalagoon,tankor
5.6 The proper number of samples required in a statistically
drum; is it stratified solids in a lagoon; is it a poorly mixed
sound sampling program can be estimated. This can be done
concoction of municipal garbage and hazardous sludges; or a
using Eq 1 and by estimating the sample composition and
landfill containing barrels of unknown waste.
variance either from a pilot sampling effort or knowledgeable
5.3.1 Based on these considerations, the collector will have
judgment. The number of samples required, n, to achieve the
todecidewhatshallbesampled.Eachsituationisdifferentand
desired precision in waste composition is estimated using
requires the best judgment of the user in writing such a plan.
fundamental statistical concepts, as follows (financial con-
5.4 The types of samples that may be collected are most
straints not considered):
commonly either composite or single samples. The sample
2 2 2
n 5 t S /d (1)
~ !
0.80
collector shall decide considering the complexity of the waste
location, the situation, and the financial resources, and what
where:
types of samples will best provide representative samples for
n = appropriate number of samples to be collected,
reliable measurements.
t = square of the tabulated value of Student’s t for a
0.80
5.4.1 Acomposite sample, sometimes referred to as a batch
two-sided confidence interval and a coverage prob-
sample, is a well-mixed collection of subsamples of the same
ability of 0.80 for the unknown mean, with the
waste taken from different points.Acomposite sample is used
degrees of freedom defined for the S used to
most commonly in determining an average measure of a
estimate the population variance, σ ,
2 2
parameter. Generally, composite samples are taken when
S = preliminary estimate of σ obtained from previous
differences in the waste exist because of stratification of the
samplings, a pilot sampling effort or other informa-
simultaneous deposition of different wastes such as in a
tionsuchasthelikelyrangeofthepopulationvalues,
landfill. d = deviationtobeexceededonlyintwocasesoutoften
¯
in repeated sampling for the quantity |X− T|, the
5.4.2 Asingle sample is a well-mixed sample taken from a
difference in absolute value between the sample
single point. It is used to measure a particular parameter or
average, and a threshold value such as a regulatory
parametersetatagivenpointorwithinauniquehomogeneous
limit,
layer or throughout the strata at one or several locations.
¯
X = preliminary estimate of sample average, and
5.5 Sampling plans or schemes should be carefully thought
T = threshold value, often the regulatory limit.
out well in advance of sampling. The most common sampling
5.6.1 The variables in Eq 1 are appropriate only for a given
schemes involve the selection of sampling points using a
waste type. Therefore, the appropriate number of samples, n,
judgment, a coordinate system, or a grid system.
requiredtoachievethedesiredprecisionisalsoapplicableonly
5.5.1 Judgment Samples—This system is commonly used
tothatsamewastetype.Iftwoormorewastetypesarepresent
when, because of resource restraints, multiple samples cannot
intheimpoundment,eitherasstrataorothersegregatedwastes,
be collected. They are collected by deciding through visual
then a value for n should be calculated for each waste.
observation or knowledge of the site where a representative
5.6.2 Although the use of Student’s t distribution is based
sample may be collected. This type of design can be very
onanunderlyingnormaldistributionforthemeasurements,the
effective if the collector is familiar and knowledgeable about
robustnessofthetstatisticformanyapplicationsmayberelied
thesiteandthegoalofsamplingismerelytoestablishwhether
upon here. If ancillary information seems to indicate that
a waste meets some set criteria.
normality may not be a good assumption, then the Lilliefors
5.5.2 Coordinate
...