ASTM D7006-03(2008)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Geomembranes
Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Geomembranes
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice covers test arrangements, measurement techniques, sampling methods, and calculations to be used for nondestructive evaluation of geomembranes using ultrasonic testing.
Wave velocity may be established for particular geomembranes (for specific polymer type, specific formulation, specific density). Relationships may be established between velocity and both density and tensile properties of geomembranes. An example of the use of ultrasound for determining density of polyethylene is presented in Test Method D 4883. Velocity measurements may be used to determine thickness of geomembranes (1, 2). Travel time and amplitude of transmitted waves may be used to assess the condition of geomembranes and to identify defects in geomembranes including surface defects (for example, scratches, cuts), inner defects (for example, discontinuities within geomembranes), and defects that penetrate the entire thickness of geomembranes (for example, pinholes) (3, 4). Bonding between geomembrane sheets can be evaluated using travel time, velocity, or impedance measurements for seam assessment (5-10). Examples of the use of ultrasonic testing for determining the integrity of field and factory seams through travel time and velocity measurements (resulting in thickness measurements) are presented in Practices D 4437 and D 4545, respectively. An ultrasonic testing device is routinely used for evaluating seams in prefabricated bituminous geomembranes in the field (11). Integrity of geomembranes may be monitored in time using ultrasonic measurements.
Note 1—Differences may exist between ultrasonic measurements and measurements made using other methods due to differences in test conditions such as pressure applied and probe dimensions. An example is ultrasonic and mechanical thickness measurements.
The method is applicable to testing both in the laboratory and in the field for parent material and seams. The test durations are very short as wave transmission through geomembranes...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a summary of equipment and procedures for ultrasonic testing of geomembranes using the pulse echo method.
1.2 Ultrasonic wave propagation in solid materials is correlated to physical and mechanical properties and condition of the materials. In ultrasonic testing, two wave propagation characteristics are commonly determined: velocity (based on wave travel time measurements) and attenuation (based on wave amplitude measurements). Velocity of wave propagation is used to determine thickness, density, and elastic properties of materials. Attenuation of waves in solid materials is used to determine microstructural properties of the materials. In addition, frequency characteristics of waves are analyzed to investigate the properties of a test material. Travel time, amplitude, and frequency distribution measurements are used to assess the condition of materials to identify damage and defects in solid materials. Ultrasonic measurements are used to determine the nature of materials/media in contact with a test specimen as well. Measurements are conducted in the time-domain (time versus amplitude) or frequency-domain (frequency versus amplitude).
1.3 Measurements of one or more ultrasonic wave transmission characteristics are made based on the requirements of the specific testing program.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: D7006 − 03(Reapproved 2008)
Standard Practice for
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Ultrasonic Testing of Geomembranes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7006; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D4437 Practice for Non-destructive Testing (NDT) for De-
termining the Integrity of Seams Used in Joining Flexible
1.1 This practice provides a summary of equipment and
Polymeric Sheet Geomembranes
procedures for ultrasonic testing of geomembranes using the
D4545 Practice for Determining the Integrity of Factory
pulse echo method.
Seams Used in Joining Manufactured Flexible Sheet
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1.2 Ultrasonic wave propagation in solid materials is corre-
Geomembranes (Withdrawn 2008)
lated to physical and mechanical properties and condition of
D4883 Test Method for Density of Polyethylene by the
the materials. In ultrasonic testing, two wave propagation
Ultrasound Technique
characteristics are commonly determined: velocity (based on
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
wave travel time measurements) and attenuation (based on
wave amplitude measurements). Velocity of wave propagation
3. Terminology
isusedtodeterminethickness,density,andelasticpropertiesof
3.1 Definitions:
materials. Attenuation of waves in solid materials is used to
3.1.1 geomembrane,n—anessentiallyimpermeablegeosyn-
determine microstructural properties of the materials. In
thetic composed of one or more synthetic sheets.
addition, frequency characteristics of waves are analyzed to
3.1.2 atmosphere for testing geomembranes, n—air main-
investigate the properties of a test material. Travel time,
amplitude, and frequency distribution measurements are used tained at a relative humidity of 50 to 70 % and a temperature
of 21 6 1°C.
to assess the condition of materials to identify damage and
defects in solid materials. Ultrasonic measurements are used to
3.1.3 For definitions of terms related to ultrasonic testing,
determine the nature of materials/media in contact with a test
refer to Terminology E1316.
specimen as well. Measurements are conducted in the time-
domain (time versus amplitude) or frequency-domain (fre-
4. Summary of Practice
quency versus amplitude).
4.1 Mechanical waves are introduced to a geomembrane
1.3 Measurements of one or more ultrasonic wave transmis-
from a surface of the material using an ultrasonic transducer.
sion characteristics are made based on the requirements of the
Transmission characteristics of the waves in the geomembrane
specific testing program.
are determined. The measured characteristics are used to
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
evaluate certain properties and condition of geomembranes.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5. Significance and Use
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5.1 This practice covers test arrangements, measurement
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
techniques, sampling methods, and calculations to be used for
nondestructive evaluation of geomembranes using ultrasonic
2. Referenced Documents
testing.
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
5.2 Wave velocity may be established for particular
geomembranes (for specific polymer type, specific
formulation, specific density). Relationships may be estab-
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This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosyn-
lished between velocity and both density and tensile properties
thetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomembranes.
of geomembranes. An example of the use of ultrasound for
Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published September 2008. Originally
determining density of polyethylene is presented in Test
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D7006–03. DOI:
10.1520/D7006-03R08.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D7006 − 03 (2008)
Method D4883. Velocity measurements may be used to deter- 6. Apparatus
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mine thickness of geomembranes (1, 2). Travel time and
6.1 The test equipment consists of a single transducer (both
amplitude of transmitted waves may be used to
...
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