ASTM F3401-19
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Wax Binder Removal from Equestrian Synthetic Track Surfaces
Standard Test Method for Wax Binder Removal from Equestrian Synthetic Track Surfaces
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Wax binders are critical for synthetic equestrian surfaces to stay together at consistencies desired. Surfaces are designed to prevent injuries and the wax binders are critical to ensure that this happens. Soxhlet extraction of wax binder is an efficient method to determine the amount of wax binder present in a synthetic equestrian surface.
SCOPE
1.1 Equine surfaces containing wax-oil based coatings/binders must be treated and cleaned prior to the subsequent material tests described for sand and fiber surfaces. Note: skip this test for surfaces that are not wax coated.
1.2 The procedures described for wax separation employ Soxhlet extraction to remove wax content from the surface and to calculate crude wax percentage in the surface. Procedures are based upon the Soxhlet extraction method, which has been modified for use on equestrian surfaces by Lab/Cor Materials, Seattle, Washington, USA.2
1.3 If synthetic fibers are present, then fiber solubility will need to be considered prior to Soxhlet extraction to ensure that the Soxhlet procedure will not damage fiber integrity.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F3401 − 19 An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Wax Binder Removal from Equestrian Synthetic Track
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Surfaces
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3401; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D938Test Method for Congealing Point of Petroleum
Waxes, Including Petrolatum
1.1 Equine surfaces containing wax-oil based coatings/
D1321Test Method for Needle Penetration of Petroleum
binders must be treated and cleaned prior to the subsequent
Waxes
material tests described for sand and fiber surfaces. Note: skip
D6045Test Method for Color of Petroleum Products by the
this test for surfaces that are not wax coated.
Automatic Tristimulus Method
1.2 The procedures described for wax separation employ
Soxhletextractiontoremovewaxcontentfromthesurfaceand
3. Terminology
to calculate crude wax percentage in the surface. Procedures
3.1 Definitions:
are based upon the Soxhlet extraction method, which has been
3.1.1 binder, n—The binder contributes to improving both
modified for use on equestrian surfaces by Lab/Cor Materials,
the mechanical and hydraulic properties of sand filler. The
2
Seattle, Washington, USA.
binder is either melted or emulsified in order to coat sand
1.3 If synthetic fibers are present, then fiber solubility will
particles with a thin layer as thick as a few micrometers.After
needtobeconsideredpriortoSoxhletextractiontoensurethat
having been applied, the binder coating enhances adherence
the Soxhlet procedure will not damage fiber integrity.
between sand particles, which leads to a better control of the
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the packingdensity,andaffectselasticityandcohesion.Thebinder
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the coating also repels water from sand grains, making those
hydrophobic, and therefore influences compaction, porosity
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- and permeability of the sand filler. Surfaces manufacturers use
three major types of binder, that is, wax, polymers, and
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor- polymer enhanced petroleum products. The differences be-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- tween these binder types can be detected by the difference in
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the the color of these tracks.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.1.2 fibers and rubber chips, n—The other constituents of
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
synthetic soils, besides sand filler and binder, are fibers and
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
rubber chips. Synthetic soils use different types of fibers
depending on the manufacturers. Fibers are usually made of
2. Referenced Documents
synthetic materials, have a length of 1.5 to 2.5 cm and a
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
diameter of 0.01 to 0.4 mm. Fibers originate from recycled
D445Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
carpets, shredded tires, or fibers used in fiber-reinforced
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of DynamicViscos-
concrete. Experimental results collected over the last 20 years
ity)
indicate that short fibers mixed into soils have a noticeable
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reinforcement effect (for example, Gray and Ohashi; Micha-
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lowski ).Thefibersincreasethecohesionandshearstrengthof
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This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F08 on Sports
sand fillers, and have also been shown to influence the
Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of
optimum water content in compaction tests. Rubber chips
Subcommittee F08.28 on Equestrian Surfaces.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2019. Published November 2019. DOI: usually originate from shredded tires. In most synthetic soils,
10.1520/F3401-19.
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Suits, L. D. et al., “Soxhlet Extraction Determination of Composition of
Synthetic Soils,” Geotechnical Testing Journal, Vol. 34, No. 3, 2011, p. 102751.
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For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Gray, D.H. and Ohashi, H, “Mechanics of Fiber Reinforcement in Sand,”
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 109, No. 3, 1983.
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Standards volume information, refer to the standard’
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