ASTM D445-14e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many petroleum products, and some non-petroleum materials, are used as lubricants, and the correct operation of the equipment depends upon the appropriate viscosity of the liquid being used. In addition, the viscosity of many petroleum fuels is important for the estimation of optimum storage, handling, and operational conditions. Thus, the accurate determination of viscosity is essential to many product specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determination of the kinematic viscosity, ν, of liquid petroleum products, both transparent and opaque, by measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a calibrated glass capillary viscometer. The dynamic viscosity, η, can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, ν, by the density, ρ, of the liquid.
Note 1: For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosity of bitumens, see also Test Methods D2170 and D2171.
Note 2: ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Method D445 – 03.
1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application to liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rates are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, the viscosity varies significantly with the rate of shear, different results may be obtained from viscometers of different capillary diameters. The procedure and precision values for residual fuel oils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian behavior, have been included.
1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this test method is from 0.2 mm2/s to 300 000 mm2/s (see Table A1.1) at all temperatures (see 6.3 and 6.4). The precision has only been determined for those materials, kinematic viscosity ranges and temperatures as shown in the footnotes to the precision section.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The SI unit used in this test method for kinematic viscosity is mm2/s, and the SI unit used in this test method for dynamic viscosity is mPa·s. For user reference, 1 mm2/s = 10-6 m2/s = 1 cSt and 1 mPa·s = 1 cP = 0.001 Pa·s.
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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´1
Designation: D445 − 14 British Standard 2000: Part 71: Section 1: 1996
Designation: 71 Section 1/97
Standard Test Method for
Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids
1
(and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D445; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1
ε NOTE—IP designation, British Standard designation, and 17.1.1 were updated editorially in September 2014.
2
1. Scope* dynamic viscosity is mPa·s. For user reference, 1 mm /s =
-6 2
10 m /s = 1 cSt and 1 mPa·s=1cP= 0.001 Pa·s.
1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determi-
nation of the kinematic viscosity, ν, of liquid petroleum 1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many
products, both transparent and opaque, by measuring the time regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause
for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or
calibrated glass capillary viscometer.The dynamic viscosity,η, its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to
can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, ν,by materials.Cautionshouldbetakenwhenhandlingmercuryand
the density, ρ, of the liquid. mercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-
terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s
NOTE 1—For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosity
website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for addi-
of bitumens, see also Test Methods D2170 and D2171.
tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury
NOTE 2—ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Method D445 – 03.
and/or mercury containing products into your state or country
1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent
may be prohibited by law.
upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
to liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rates
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
viscosity varies significantly with the rate of shear, different
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
results may be obtained from viscometers of different capillary
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
diameters.The procedure and precision values for residual fuel
oils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian
2. Referenced Documents
behavior, have been included.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this test
2 2
D446 Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass
method is from 0.2 mm /s to 300 000 mm /s (see Table A1.1)
Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
at all temperatures (see 6.3 and 6.4). The precision has only
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
been determined for those materials, kinematic viscosity
D1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
ranges and temperatures as shown in the footnotes to the
cific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
precision section.
D1480 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pycnom-
standard. The SI unit used in this test method for kinematic
eter
2
viscosity is mm /s, and the SI unit used in this test method for
D1481 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Pycnometer
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.
Current edition approved July 1, 2014. Published August 2014. Originally
2
approved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D445 – 12. DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/D0445-14E01. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
In the IP, this test method is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Committee. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
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D445 −
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D445 − 14 D445 − 14 British Standard 2000: Part 71:199771: Section 1: 1996
Designation: 71 S1/97Section 1/97
Standard Test Method for
Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids
1
(and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D445; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1
ε NOTE—IP designation, British Standard designation, and 17.1.1 were updated editorially in September 2014.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determination of the kinematic viscosity, ν, of liquid petroleum products, both
transparent and opaque, by measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through a calibrated glass capillary
viscometer. The dynamic viscosity, η, can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, ν, by the density, ρ, of the liquid.
NOTE 1—For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosity of bitumens, see also Test Methods D2170 and D2171.
NOTE 2—ISO 3104 corresponds to Test Method D445 – 03.
1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application to
liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rates are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, the viscosity
varies significantly with the rate of shear, different results may be obtained from viscometers of different capillary diameters. The
procedure and precision values for residual fuel oils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian behavior, have been
included.
2 2
1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this test method is from 0.2 mm /s to 300 000 mm /s (see Table A1.1) at all
temperatures (see 6.3 and 6.4). The precision has only been determined for those materials, kinematic viscosity ranges and
temperatures as shown in the footnotes to the precision section.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The SI unit used in this test method for kinematic viscosity is
2 2 -6 2
mm /s, and the SI unit used in this test method for dynamic viscosity is mPa·s. For user reference, 1 mm /s = 10 m /s = 1 cSt
and 1 mPa·s = 1 cP = 0.001 Pa·s.
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central
nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution
should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware
that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D446 Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.07 on Flow Properties.
Current edition approved July 1, 2014. Published August 2014. Originally approved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D445 – 12. DOI:
10.1520/D0445-14.10.1520/D0445-14E01.
In the IP, this test method is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
D445 − 14
D1217 Test Method
...
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