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ASTM D3514-09

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric Pad

Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric Pad

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics for resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some cases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method, even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing.
If there is a disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using Test Method D 3514 for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. A minimum of two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average test results from the two laboratories should be compared using an acceptable statistical protocol and probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing begins. Appropriate statistical disciplines for comparing data must be used when the purchaser and supplier cannot agree. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration for the known bias.
The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors which may include type of fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, and fabric finishing treatments. The pilling resistance of a specific fabric in actual wear varies more with general conditions of use and indi...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to the formation of pills and other surface distortions such as fuzzing of textile fabrics. The method utilizes the Stoll Quartermaster Universal Wear Tester with the frosting attachment. The procedure is generally applicable to all types of woven and knitted fabrics.
Note 1—For other current test methods of testing the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D 3511, D 3512, and D 4970.  
1.2 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before testing.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Jan-2009
ICS
59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.60 - Fabric Physical Test Methods B
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D3514-05 - Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric Pad
Effective Date
15-Jan-2009
Replaced By
ASTM D3514/D3514M-10 - Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric Pad
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM D4970/D4970M-22 - Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester
Effective Date
15-Jan-2009
Referred By
ASTM D3181-15(2019) - Standard Guide for Conducting Wear Tests on Textiles
Effective Date
15-Jan-2009

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ASTM D3514-09 - Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric PadASTM D3514-09 - Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric Pad
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REDLINE ASTM D3514-09 - Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric PadREDLINE ASTM D3514-09 - Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric Pad
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REDLINE ASTM D3514-09 - Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric PadREDLINE ASTM D3514-09 - Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric Pad
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D3514–09
Standard Test Method for
Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of
1
Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric Pad
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3514; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D4970 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-
lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis-
Tester
tance to the formation of pills and other surface distortions
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
such as fuzzing of textile fabrics. The method utilizes the Stoll
ADJD3514 Three Sets of Five Photographic Standards for
Quartermaster Universal Wear Tester with the frosting attach-
3
Elastomeric Pad Pilling Test
ment. The procedure is generally applicable to all types of
woven and knitted fabrics.
3. Terminology
NOTE 1—For other current test methods of testing the pilling resistance
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test
of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511, D3512, and D4970.
Methods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.
1.2 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before
3.2 For all terminology relating to Force, Deformation and
testing.
Related Properties in Textiles, refer to Terminology D4848.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-
3.2.1 Thefollowingtermsarerelevanttothisstandard:fuzz,
tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
pilling resistance, pills.
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its
3.3 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
Terminology D123.
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
4. Summary of Test Method
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 Pilling and other changes in surface appearance that
2. Referenced Documents
occur in normal wear are simulated on a laboratory testing
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
machine. Fabric samples are washed or drycleaned, depending
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
on expected refurbishment, followed by controlled rubbing
D3511 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-
against an elastomeric pad having specifically selected me-
lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling
chanical properties.The degree of fabric pilling is evaluated by
Tester
comparison of the tested specimens with visual standards that
D3512 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-
may be actual fabrics, or photographs of fabrics, showing a
lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random Tumble
range of pilling resistance.The observed resistance to pilling is
Pilling Tester
reported using an arbitrary rating scale.
D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and
5. Significance and Use
Related Properties of Textiles
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics for
Methods resistancetopillingisnotrecommendedforacceptancetesting.
If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with
caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles
cases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test a
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
Specific.
commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2009. Published February 2009. Originally
best available method, even though the method has not been
approved in 1976. Discontinued November 1995 and reinstated as D3514 – 99. Last
recommended for acceptance testing.
previous edition approved in 2005 as D3514 – 05 DOI: 10.1520/D3514-09.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
the ASTM website. ADJD3514.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3514–09
5.1.1 If there is a disagreement arising from differences in pilling resistance.The observed resistance to pilling is reported
values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using on an arbitrary scale ranging from 5 (no pilling) to 1 (very
severe pilling).
Test Method D3514 for acceptance testing, the statistical bias,
5.6 This test method is
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D3514–05 Designation:D3514–09
Standard Test Method for
Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of
1
Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric Pad
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3514; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to the formation of pills and other surface distortions such as
fuzzing of textile fabrics. The method utilizes the Stoll Quartermaster Universal Wear Tester with the frosting attachment. The
procedure is generally applicable to all types of woven and knitted fabrics.
NOTE 1—For other current test methods of testing the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D 3511, D 3512, and D 4970.
1.2 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before testing.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all
of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate
safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D 3511 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester
D 3512 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random Tumble Pilling
Tester
D 4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and Related Properties of Textiles
D 4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
D 4970 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes ofTextile Fabrics (Martindale Pressure Fabrics:
Martindale Tester Method)
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
3
ADJD3514 Three Sets of Five Photographic Standards for Elastomeric Pad Pilling Test
3. Terminology
3.1Definitions:
3.1.1fuzz, n—untangled fiber ends that protrude from the surface of a yarn or fabric.
3.1.2pilling resistance, n—resistance to the formation of pills on the surface of a textile fabric.
3.1.3pills, n—bunches or balls of tangled fibers which are held to the surface of a fabric by one or more fibers.
3.1.4For definitions of other textile terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D123.
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test Methods, General, refer to Terminology D 4850.
3.2 For all terminology relating to Force, Deformation and Related Properties in Textiles, refer to Terminology D 4848.
3.2.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: fuzz, pilling resistance, pills.
3.3 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to Terminology D 123.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Pilling and other changes in surface appearance that occur in normal wear are simulated on a laboratory testing machine.
Fabric samples are washed or drycleaned, depending on expected refurbishment, followed by controlled rubbing against an
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles,Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on FabricTest Methods,
Specific.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2005.Jan. 15, 2009. Published October 2005.February 2009. Originally approved in 1976. Discontinued November 1995 and reinstated
as D 3514 – 99. Last previous edition approved in 20022005 as D 3514 – 025
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD3514.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3514–09
elastomeric pad having specifically selected mechanical properties. The degree of fabric pilling is evaluated by comparison of the
tested specimens with visual standards that may be actual fabrics, or photographs of fabrics, showing a range of pilling resistance.
The observed resistance to pilling is reported using an arbitrary rating scale.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D3514–05 Designation:D3514–09
Standard Test Method for
Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of
1
Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric Pad
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3514; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to the formation of pills and other surface distortions such as
fuzzing of textile fabrics. The method utilizes the Stoll Quartermaster Universal Wear Tester with the frosting attachment. The
procedure is generally applicable to all types of woven and knitted fabrics.
NOTE 1—For other current test methods of testing the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D 3511, D 3512, and D 4970.
1.2 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before testing.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all
of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate
safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D 3511 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester
D 3512 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random Tumble Pilling
Tester
D 4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and Related Properties of Textiles
D 4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
D 4970 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes ofTextile Fabrics (Martindale Pressure Fabrics:
Martindale Tester Method)
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
3
ADJD3514 Three Sets of Five Photographic Standards for Elastomeric Pad Pilling Test
3. Terminology
3.1Definitions:
3.1.1fuzz, n—untangled fiber ends that protrude from the surface of a yarn or fabric.
3.1.2pilling resistance, n—resistance to the formation of pills on the surface of a textile fabric.
3.1.3pills, n—bunches or balls of tangled fibers which are held to the surface of a fabric by one or more fibers.
3.1.4For definitions of other textile terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D123.
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test Methods, General, refer to Terminology D 4850.
3.2 For all terminology relating to Force, Deformation and Related Properties in Textiles, refer to Terminology D 4848.
3.2.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: fuzz, pilling resistance, pills.
3.3 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to Terminology D 123.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Pilling and other changes in surface appearance that occur in normal wear are simulated on a laboratory testing machine.
Fabric samples are washed or drycleaned, depending on expected refurbishment, followed by controlled rubbing against an
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles,Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on FabricTest Methods,
Specific.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2005.Jan. 15, 2009. Published October 2005.February 2009. Originally approved in 1976. Discontinued November 1995 and reinstated
as D 3514 – 99. Last previous edition approved in 20022005 as D 3514 – 025
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD3514.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3514–09
elastomeric pad having specifically selected mechanical properties. The degree of fabric pilling is evaluated by comparison of the
tested specimens with visual standards that may be actual fabrics, or photographs of fabrics, showing a range of pilling resistance.
The observed resistance to pilling is reported using an arbitrary rating scale.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of
...

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Standard Test Method for End (Warp) and Pick (Filling) Count of Woven Fabrics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because it has been used extensively in the trade for that purpose.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.1.2 This test method is suitable for use with narrow fabrics when the count across the total width is measured in the narrow direction and extrapolated to the number of yarns per centimeter (inch).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of end (warp) and pick (filling) count and is applicable to all types of woven fabrics.  
Note 1: Historically, the term fabric count has been used to describe the end and pick count of woven fabrics. The terms end count and pick count are replacing the term fabric count, to provide clarity.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.2.1 Throughout this document, there will be some instances in which the units do not convert 1:1. This is to acknowledge that this is a global document and that different parts of the world use different units of measurement. Organizations using the metric system wil report the count per 1 cm. Organizations using the English system will report the count per 1 in.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: For a current test method for the wale and course count of weft knitted fabrics, refer to Test Method D8007.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7507-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Woven High Stretch Fabrics Used in Apparel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Upon mutual agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, woven high stretch fabrics used in apparel should meet all of the requirements listed in Table 1 of this specification. (A) See Note 3.  
4.2 It is recognized that, for purposes of fashion or aesthetics, the ultimate consumer of articles made from these fabrics may find acceptable products that do not conform to all of the requirements listed in Table 1. Therefore, one or more of the requirements in Table 1 may be modified by mutual agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.  
4.2.1 In such cases, any references to the specifications should specify that: “This product meets ASTM specifications XXXX except for the following characteristic(s).”  
4.3 Where no pre-purchase agreement has been reached between the purchaser and supplier, and in case of controversy, the requirements listed in Table 1 are intended to be used as a guide only. As noted in 4.2, ultimate consumer demands dictate varying performance parameters for a particular product.  
4.4 The uses and significance of particular properties and test methods are discussed in the appropriate sections of the specified test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the performance requirements for woven high stretch fabrics used in apparel.  
1.2 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods described in this performance specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4157-13(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile and other materials is very complex. The resistance to abrasion is affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the type, kind, and amount of finishing material added to the fibers, yarns, or fabric.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must accordingly be changed at frequent intervals or checked periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the abradant is used only once or changed after limited use. With permanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalent surfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not change appreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similar abradants used in different laboratories will not likely change at the same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent abradants may also change due to pick up of finishing or other material from test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequent intervals. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion may also be affected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced by the judgment of the operator.  
5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified technique to produce a spe...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of woven textile fabrics using the oscillatory cylinder tester. This test method may not be usable for some fabric constructions.
Note 1: Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics are given in: Guides D3884 and D4158, and Test Methods D3885, D3886, and AATCC 93.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4966-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—this test method is not considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabric. The between-laboratory precision of this test method is poor and, because of the nature of abrasion testing itself, technicians frequently fail to obtain results in agreement on the same type of testing instrument, both within and between laboratories. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely, especially outside the United States.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Students t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion also is affected greatly by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension on the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must be changed accordingly at freque...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics using the Martindale abrasion tester. The method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: For other current test methods of testing the abrasion resistance of textiles refer to Test Methods D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157, D4158, and AATCC TM93.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4970/D4970M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some cases the purchaser or supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely outside the United States.  
5.2 If there is a disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using this test method, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined with comparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. A minimum of two parties should take a group of test specimens, which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average test results from the two laboratories should be compared using an acceptable statistical protocol and probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is started. Appropriate statistical disciplines for comparing data must be used when the purchaser and supplier cannot agree. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future results with consideration for the known bias.  
5.3 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors that include type of fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, and fabric f...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to the formation of pills and other related surface changes on textile fabrics using the Martindale tester.
Note 1: For other methods, if testing the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511/D3511M, D3512/D3512M, and D3514.  
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.3 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before testing as agreed upon among interested parties.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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