ASTM D116-86(2016)

Standard Test Methods for Vitrified Ceramic Materials for Electrical Applications

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 For any given ceramic composition, one or more of the properties covered herein may be of more importance for a given insulating application than the other properties. Thus, it may be appropriate that selected properties be specified for testing these ceramic materials.  
3.2 Pertinent statements of the significance of individual properties may be found in the sections pertaining to such properties.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods outline procedures for testing samples of vitrified ceramic materials that are to be used as electrical insulation. Where specified limits are mentioned herein, they shall not be interpreted as specification limits for completed insulators.  
1.2 These test methods are intended to apply to unglazed specimens, but they may be equally suited for testing glazed specimens. The report section shall indicate whether glazed or unglazed specimens were tested.  
1.3 The test methods appear as follows:    
Procedure  
Section  
Compressive strength  
6  
C773  
Dielectric strength  
13  
D618, D149  
Elastic properties  
8  
C623  
Electrical resistivity  
15  
D618, D257, D1829  
Flexural strength  
7  
C674, F417  
Hardness  
9  
C730, E18  
Porosity  
5  
C373  
Relative permittivity and dissipation factor  
14  
D150, D2149, D2520  
Specific gravity  
4  
C20, C329, F77  
Thermal conductivity  
10  
C177, C408  
Thermal expansion  
12  
C539, E288  
Thermal shock resistance  
11  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precaution statements are given in 11.3, 13.5, and 15.3.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Jun-2016
• ICS: 81.040.30 - Glass products
• ICS: 81.060.01 - Ceramics in general
• Technical Committee: C21 - Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
• Drafting Committee: C21.03 - Methods for Whitewares and Environmental Concerns

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D116 −86 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Methods for
Vitrified Ceramic Materials for Electrical Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D116; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned
Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water
1.1 These test methods outline procedures for testing
C177Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-
samples of vitrified ceramic materials that are to be used as
ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of
electrical insulation. Where specified limits are mentioned
the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
herein, they shall not be interpreted as specification limits for
C329Test Method for Specific Gravity of Fired Ceramic
completed insulators.
Whiteware Materials
1.2 These test methods are intended to apply to unglazed
C373Test Method for Water Absorption, Bulk Density,
specimens, but they may be equally suited for testing glazed
ApparentPorosity,andApparentSpecificGravityofFired
specimens. The report section shall indicate whether glazed or
Whiteware Products, Ceramic Tiles, and Glass Tiles
unglazed specimens were tested.
C408Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Whiteware
Ceramics
1.3 The test methods appear as follows:
C539Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Porce-
Procedure Section
lain Enamel and Glaze Frits and Ceramic Whiteware
Compressive strength 6 C773
Materials by Interferometric Method
Dielectric strength 13 D618, D149
C623Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus,
Elastic properties 8 C623
Electrical resistivity 15 D618, D257, D1829
and Poisson’s Ratio for Glass and Glass-Ceramics by
Flexural strength 7 C674, F417
Resonance
Hardness 9 C730, E18
C674Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Ceramic
Porosity 5 C373
Relative permittivity and dissipation factor 14 D150, D2149, D2520
Whiteware Materials
Specific gravity 4 C20, C329, F77
C730Test Method for Knoop Indentation Hardness of Glass
Thermal conductivity 10 C177, C408
C773Test Method for Compressive (Crushing) Strength of
Thermal expansion 12 C539, E288
Thermal shock resistance 11
Fired Whiteware Materials
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the D149Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and
DielectricStrengthofSolidElectricalInsulatingMaterials
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- at Commercial Power Frequencies
D150Test Methods forAC Loss Characteristics and Permit-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specificprecaution tivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulation
D257Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of
statements are given in 11.3, 13.5, and 15.3.
Insulating Materials
2. Referenced Documents
D618Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D638Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1829Test Method for Electrical Resistance of Ceramic
C20Test Methods forApparent Porosity, WaterAbsorption,
Materials at Elevated Temperatures (Withdrawn 2001)
D2149Test Method for Permittivity (Dielectric Constant)
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 on
And Dissipation Factor Of Solid Dielectrics At Frequen-
Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of
cies To 10 MHz And Temperatures To 500°C
Subcommittee C21.03 on Methods for Whitewares and Environmental Concerns.
D2520Test Methods for Complex Permittivity (Dielectric
CurrenteditionapprovedJuly1,2016.PublishedJuly2016.Originallyapproved
Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials at Mi-
in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D116–86(2011). DOI:
10.1520/D0116-86R16.
crowave Frequencies and Temperatures to 1650°C
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D116−86 (2016)
E18Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma- 5.4.1 Apparatus—The apparatus shall consist of a suitable
terials pressure chamber of such dimensions as to accommodate the
E288Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric Flasks testspecimenwhenimmersedinthedyesolutionwitharrange-
F77Test Method for Apparent Density of Ceramics for ments for obtaining and maintaining the required pressure for
Electron Device and Semiconductor Application (With- the required time.
drawn 2001)
5.4.2 Reagent—Afuchsine dye solution consisting of1gof
F417Test Method for Flexural Strength (Modulus of Rup-
basic fuchsine in 1 Lof 50% reagent ethyl alcohol is suitable.
ture) of Electronic-Grade Ceramics (Withdrawn 2001)
5.4.3 Specimens—The specimens shall be freshly broken
fragments of the ceramic body, having clean and apparently
3. Significance and Use
unshatteredsurfacesexposed.Atleast75%oftheareaofsuch
3.1 For any given ceramic composition, one or more of the
specimens should be free of glaze or other surface treatment.
properties covered herein may be of more importance for a
Fragments approximately 5 mm in the smallest dimension up
given insulating application than the other properties. Thus, it
to 20 mm in the largest dimensions are recommended.
may be appropriate that selected properties be specified for
5.4.4 Procedure:
testing these ceramic materials.
5.4.4.1 Place the specimen fragments in the pressure cham-
ber and immerse completely in the fuchsine solution.
3.2 Pertinent statements of the significance of individual
properties may be found in the sections pertaining to such 5.4.4.2 Apply a pressure of 28 MPa (4000 psi) 6 10% for
approximately 15 h. An optional pressure of 70 MPa (10000
properties.
psi) 6 10% for 6 h may be used.
4. Specific Gravity
5.4.4.3 At the conclusion of the application of the test
4.1 Scope—Three methods are given, providing for pressure, remove the specimens from the pressure chamber,
rinse and dry thoroughly, and break as soon as possible for
accuracy, convenience, or testing of small specimens.
visual examination.
4.2 Significance and Use—Specific gravity measurements
5.4.4.4 Porosity is indicated by penetration of the dye into
provide data indicating the control of quality of the ceramic
the ceramic body to an extent visible to the unaided eye.
material.The thermal maturity of specimens may be estimated
Disregardanypenetrationintosmallfissuresformedinprepar-
from such data. Specific gravity data are related to electrical,
ing the test specimen.
thermal, and mechanical properties of ceramics.
5.4.5 Report—The report shall include a statement of the
4.3 Procedure:
observations recorded in accordance with the examination in
4.3.1 Whenthedestructionofthespecimencanbetolerated
5.4.4.4.
and the highest precision is required, determine the specific
5.4.6 Precision and Bias—This method has been in use for
gravity in accordance with Test Method C329.
many years, but no statement for precision has been made and
4.3.2 When it is not desirable to destroy the specimen and
no activity is planned to develop such a statement.Astatement
less precise values are acceptable, determine the specific
ofbiasisunavailableinviewofthelackofastandardreference
gravity in accordance with Test Methods C20.
material for this property.
4.3.3 When only a very small specimen is available, deter-
mine the specific gravity in accordance withTest Method F77. 5.5 Method C—Dye Penetration Under Atmospheric Pres-
sure:
5. Porosity
5.5.1 Apparatus—The apparatus shall consist of a suitable
5.1 Scope—Three methods are given based on the relative open-air chamber of such dimensions as to accommodate the
porosity of the specimens. test specimens when immersed in the dye solution.
5.5.2 Reagent—The fuchsine solution of 5.4.2 is suitable.
5.2 Significance—Amountofporosityofaspecimenisused
5.5.3 Specimens—The specimens of 5.4.3 are suitable.
as a check on structural reproducibility and integrity.
5.5.4 Procedure:
5.3 Method A:
5.5.4.1 Place the test specimens in the chamber and im-
5.3.1 In the case of relatively porous ceramics (water
merse completely in the fuchsine solution.
absorptiongreaterthan0.1%),determinetheporosityaswater
5.5.4.2 Permit the specimens to remain immersed for 5 min
absorption in accordance with Test Method C373.
or longer, remove, rinse, dry thoroughly and break as soon as
NOTE 1—Test Method C373 has been found suitable for determining
possible for visual examination.
water absorption in the range of 0.1%, although that method was derived
5.5.4.3 Porosity is indicated by penetration into the ceramic
specifically for absorptions exceeding 3.0%.
body to an extent visible with the unaided eye. Disregard any
5.3.2 An alternative to MethodA, using gas as a fluid, may
penetration into small fissure formed in the preparation of the
4,5
be found in the literature.
specimens.
5.4 Method B—Dye Penetration Under Pressure:
4 5
Wasburn, E. W. and Bunting, E. N., “The Determination of the Porosity of Navias,Louis,“MetalPorosimeterforDeterminingthePoreVolumeofHighly
HighlyVitrifiedBodies,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society,Vol5,1922,pp. Vitrified Ware,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol 8, 1925, pp.
527–535. 816–821.
D116−86 (2016)
5.5.5 Report—The report shall include a statement of the of differentiating between samples. Method B requires prepa-
observations recorded in accordance with the examination in ration of a polished section of the specimen and has an
5.5.4.3. extended limit of differentiation between samples.
5.5.6 Precision and Bias—This method has been in use for
9.2 Significance and Use—Hardness can be used as an
many years, but no statement for precision has been made and
easilyobtainedindicatorofthethermalmaturityofaspecimen,
no activity is planned to develop such a statement.Astatement
particularly when used in conjunction with the specimen
ofbiasisunavailableinviewofthelackofastandardreference
specific gravity.
material for this property.
9.3 Procedure:
6. Compressive Strength
9.3.1 Method A—Determine the Rockwell superficial hard-
ness in accordance with Test Methods E18. Use the Type N
6.1 Scope—These methods provide for the determination of
Scale and a 45-kg major load.
the compressive (crushing) strengths of the full range of
9.3.2 Method B—Determine the Knoop hardness in accor-
ceramics from relatively weak to the very strongest.
dance with Test Method C730. Use a polished surface and a
6.2 Significance and Use—Since many ceramic insulators
1-kg load.
are subjected to compressive stresses, knowledge of this
property is important. The test yields data that are useful for
10. Thermal Conductivity
purposesofdesign,specification,qualitycontrol,research,and
10.1 Scope—The recommended procedures allow the deter-
in the comparison of ceramic materials.
minationofthethermalconductivityofceramicmaterialsfrom
6.3 Procedure—Determine compressive strength in accor-
40 to 150°C (100 to 300°F).
dance with Test Method C773.
10.2 Significance—A ceramic insulator may be subjected
7. Flexural Strength frequentlytothermalshockorrequiredtodissipateheatenergy
from electrically energized devices. Thermal conductivity
7.1 Scope:
characteristics are useful in designing ceramic insulators for
7.1.1 This test method includes two procedures: for testing
service, research, quality control, and comparison of ceramic
a material for characterization purposes and for testing the
compositions.
material constituting the finished ware.
7.1.2 For the characterization of ceramic compositions, 10.3 Procedure—Determine the thermal conductivity in ac-
when relatively large specimens may be easily produced, cordance with Test Method C408.
Method A is recommended. Method B is acceptable.
NOTE 2—If thermal conductivity values over a broader temperature
7.1.3 When specimens must be cut from a fired sample
range of a lower order of magnitude than those obtainable using Test
Method B is recommended.
Method C408 are required, Test Method C177 may be used.
7.2 Significance and Use—Flexural strength correlates with
11. Thermal Shock Resistance
other mechanical strength properties and is generally the
11.1 Scope—These thermal shock tests may be used for the
easiest and most economical test procedure available. The
determination of the resistance of a given ceramic material to
values are useful for purposes of design, quality control,
simulated environmental heat service conditions.
research, and the comparison of different ceramic composi-
tions.
11.2 Significance and Use—These tests serve as an evalua-
tion of the resistance of a particular ceramic composition,
7.3 Procedure:
shape, and dimension to temperature stress relative to another
7.3.1 Method A—Determine the flexural strength in accor-
composition of the same shape and dimensions.
dance with Test Methods C674.
7.3.2 Method B—Microbar MOR Test—Determine the flex-
11.3 Hazards—(Warning—Acetone vapors are flammable
ural strength in accordance with Test Method F417.
and poisonous and should not be breathed. The bath in 11.4.2
shall be operated in a vented hood with no open flames or
8. Elastic Properties
sparks nearby.)
8.1 Scope—This method obtains, as a function of
(Warning—Under certain conditions some ceramic speci-
temperature,Young’s modulus of elasticity, the shear modulus
mens can disintegrate explosively, sending out fragments at
(modulus of rigidity), and Poisson’s ratio for vitrified ceramic
damage-producing velocities and causing splashing of bath
materials.
mediums.)
(Warning—Face shields, long-sleeve coat, and insulating
8.2 Significance and Use—The elastic properties of a ce-
gloves shall be worn by test personnel to prevent injury.)
ramic are important design parameters for load-bearing appli-
cations and give indications of relative rigidity of a material.
11.4 Apparatus:
11.4.1 Liquid Cold Bath, maintained at <1°C (1.8°F) and
8.3 Procedure—Determine the elastic properties in accor-
consisting of chopped ice and water.
dance with Test Method C623.
11.4.2 Liquid Cold Bath,maintainedat−75 62°C(−103 6
9. Hardness
3.6°F) and consisting of acetone and chopped dry ice.
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D116 − 86 (Reapproved 2011) D116 − 86 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Methods for
Vitrified Ceramic Materials for Electrical Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D116; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods outline procedures for testing samples of vitrified ceramic materials that are to be used as electrical
insulation. Where specified limits are mentioned herein, they shall not be interpreted as specification limits for completed
insulators.
1.2 These test methods are intended to apply to unglazed specimens, but they may be equally suited for testing glazed
specimens. The report section shall indicate whether glazed or unglazed specimens were tested.
1.3 The test methods appear as follows:
Procedure Section
Compressive strength 6 C773
Dielectric strength 13 D618, D149
Elastic properties 8 C623
Electrical resistivity 15 D618, D257, D1829
Flexural strength 7 C674, F417
Hardness 9 C730, E18
Porosity 5 C373
Relative permittivity and dissipation factor 14 D150, D2149, D2520
Specific gravity 4 C20, C329, F77
Thermal conductivity 10 C177, C408
Thermal expansion 12 C539, E288
Thermal shock resistance 11
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. Specific precaution statements are given in 11.3, 13.5, and 15.3.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C20 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned Refractory
Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water
C177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measurements and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the
Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
C329 Test Method for Specific Gravity of Fired Ceramic Whiteware Materials
C373 Test Method for Water Absorption, Bulk Density, Apparent Porosity, and Apparent Specific Gravity of Fired Whiteware
Products, Ceramic Tiles, and Glass Tiles
C408 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Whiteware Ceramics
C539 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Porcelain Enamel and Glaze Frits and Ceramic Whiteware Materials by
Interferometric Method
C623 Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio for Glass and Glass-Ceramics by Resonance
C674 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Ceramic Whiteware Materials
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 on Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C21.03 on Methods for Whitewares and Environmental Concerns.
Current edition approved March 1, 2011July 1, 2016. Published March 2011July 2016. Originally approved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 20062011 as
D116D116 – 86 (2011). – 86 (2006). DOI: 10.1520/D0116-86R11.DOI: 10.1520/D0116-86R16.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D116 − 86 (2016)
C730 Test Method for Knoop Indentation Hardness of Glass
C773 Test Method for Compressive (Crushing) Strength of Fired Whiteware Materials
D149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and Dielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials at
Commercial Power Frequencies
D150 Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulation
D257 Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
D1829 Test Method for Electrical Resistance of Ceramic Materials at Elevated Temperatures (Withdrawn 2001)
D2149 Test Method for Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) And Dissipation Factor Of Solid Dielectrics At Frequencies To 10
MHz And Temperatures To 500°C
D2520 Test Methods for Complex Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials at Microwave
Frequencies and Temperatures to 1650°C
E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials
E288 Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric Flasks
F77 Test Method for Apparent Density of Ceramics for Electron Device and Semiconductor Application (Withdrawn 2001)
F417 Test Method for Flexural Strength (Modulus of Rupture) of Electronic-Grade Ceramics (Withdrawn 2001)
3. Significance and Use
3.1 For any given ceramic composition, one or more of the properties covered herein may be of more importance for a given
insulating application than the other properties. Thus, it may be appropriate that selected properties be specified for testing these
ceramic materials.
3.2 Pertinent statements of the significance of individual properties may be found in the sections pertaining to such properties.
4. Specific Gravity
4.1 Scope—Three methods are given, providing for accuracy, convenience, or testing of small specimens.
4.2 Significance and Use—Specific gravity measurements provide data indicating the control of quality of the ceramic material.
The thermal maturity of specimens may be estimated from such data. Specific gravity data are related to electrical, thermal, and
mechanical properties of ceramics.
4.3 Procedure:
4.3.1 When the destruction of the specimen can be tolerated and the highest precision is required, determine the specific gravity
in accordance with Test Method C329.
4.3.2 When it is not desirable to destroy the specimen and less precise values are acceptable, determine the specific gravity in
accordance with Test Methods C20.
4.3.3 When only a very small specimen is available, determine the specific gravity in accordance with Test Method F77.
5. Porosity
5.1 Scope—Three methods are given based on the relative porosity of the specimens.
5.2 Significance—Amount of porosity of a specimen is used as a check on structural reproducibility and integrity.
5.3 Method A:
5.3.1 In the case of relatively porous ceramics (water absorption greater than 0.1 %), determine the porosity as water absorption
in accordance with Test Method C373.
NOTE 1—Test Method C373 has been found suitable for determining water absorption in the range of 0.1 %, although that method was derived
specifically for absorptions exceeding 3.0 %.
4,5
5.3.2 An alternative to Method A, using gas as a fluid, may be found in the literature.
5.4 Method B—Dye Penetration Under Pressure:
5.4.1 Apparatus—The apparatus shall consist of a suitable pressure chamber of such dimensions as to accommodate the test
specimen when immersed in the dye solution with arrangements for obtaining and maintaining the required pressure for the
required time.
5.4.2 Reagent—A fuchsine dye solution consisting of 1 g of basic fuchsine in 1 L of 50 % reagent ethyl alcohol is suitable.
5.4.3 Specimens—The specimens shall be freshly broken fragments of the ceramic body, having clean and apparently
unshattered surfaces exposed. At least 75 % of the area of such specimens should be free of glaze or other surface treatment.
Fragments approximately 5 mm in the smallest dimension up to 20 mm in the largest dimensions are recommended.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Wasburn, E. W. and Bunting, E. N., “The Determination of the Porosity of Highly Vitrified Bodies,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol 5, 1922, pp. 527–535.
Navias, Louis, “Metal Porosimeter for Determining the Pore Volume of Highly Vitrified Ware,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol 8, 1925, pp. 816–821.
D116 − 86 (2016)
5.4.4 Procedure:
5.4.4.1 Place the specimen fragments in the pressure chamber and immerse completely in the fuchsine solution.
5.4.4.2 Apply a pressure of 28 MPa (4000 psi) 6 10 % for approximately 15 h. An optional pressure of 70 MPa (10 000 psi)
6 10 % for 6 h may be used.
5.4.4.3 At the conclusion of the application of the test pressure, remove the specimens from the pressure chamber, rinse and dry
thoroughly, and break as soon as possible for visual examination.
5.4.4.4 Porosity is indicated by penetration of the dye into the ceramic body to an extent visible to the unaided eye. Disregard
any penetration into small fissures formed in preparing the test specimen.
5.4.5 Report—The report shall include a statement of the observations recorded in accordance with the examination in 5.4.4.4.
5.4.6 Precision and Bias—This method has been in use for many years, but no statement for precision has been made and no
activity is planned to develop such a statement. A statement of bias is unavailable in view of the lack of a standard reference
material for this property.
5.5 Method C—Dye Penetration Under Atmospheric Pressure:
5.5.1 Apparatus—The apparatus shall consist of a suitable open-air chamber of such dimensions as to accommodate the test
specimens when immersed in the dye solution.
5.5.2 Reagent—The fuchsine solution of 5.4.2 is suitable.
5.5.3 Specimens—The specimens of 5.4.3 are suitable.
5.5.4 Procedure:
5.5.4.1 Place the test specimens in the chamber and immerse completely in the fuchsine solution.
5.5.4.2 Permit the specimens to remain immersed for 5 min or longer, remove, rinse, dry thoroughly and break as soon as
possible for visual examination.
5.5.4.3 Porosity is indicated by penetration into the ceramic body to an extent visible with the unaided eye. Disregard any
penetration into small fissure formed in the preparation of the specimens.
5.5.5 Report—The report shall include a statement of the observations recorded in accordance with the examination in 5.5.4.3.
5.5.6 Precision and Bias—This method has been in use for many years, but no statement for precision has been made and no
activity is planned to develop such a statement. A statement of bias is unavailable in view of the lack of a standard reference
material for this property.
6. Compressive Strength
6.1 Scope—These methods provide for the determination of the compressive (crushing) strengths of the full range of ceramics
from relatively weak to the very strongest.
6.2 Significance and Use—Since many ceramic insulators are subjected to compressive stresses, knowledge of this property is
important. The test yields data that are useful for purposes of design, specification, quality control, research, and in the comparison
of ceramic materials.
6.3 Procedure—Determine compressive strength in accordance with Test Method C773.
7. Flexural Strength
7.1 Scope:
7.1.1 This test method includes two procedures: for testing a material for characterization purposes and for testing the material
constituting the finished ware.
7.1.2 For the characterization of ceramic compositions, when relatively large specimens may be easily produced, Method A is
recommended. Method B is acceptable.
7.1.3 When specimens must be cut from a fired sample Method B is recommended.
7.2 Significance and Use—Flexural strength correlates with other mechanical strength properties and is generally the easiest and
most economical test procedure available. The values are useful for purposes of design, quality control, research, and the
comparison of different ceramic compositions.
7.3 Procedure:
7.3.1 Method A—Determine the flexural strength in accordance with Test Methods C674.
7.3.2 Method B—Microbar MOR Test—Determine the flexural strength in accordance with Test Method F417.
8. Elastic Properties
8.1 Scope—This method obtains, as a function of temperature, Young’s modulus of elasticity, the shear modulus (modulus of
rigidity), and Poisson’s ratio for vitrified ceramic materials.
8.2 Significance and Use—The elastic properties of a ceramic are important design parameters for load-bearing applications and
give indications of relative rigidity of a material.
8.3 Procedure—Determine the elastic properties in accordance with Test Method C623.
D116 − 86 (2016)
9. Hardness
9.1 Scope—Two methods are given. Method A requires little in the way of specimen preparation and has a limited capability
of differentiating between samples. Method B requires preparation of a polished section of the specimen and has an extended limit
of differentiation between samples.
9.2 Significance and Use—Hardness can be used as an easily obtained indicator of the thermal maturity of a specimen,
particularly when used in conjunction with the specimen specific gravity.
9.3 Procedure:
9.3.1 Method A—Determine the Rockwell superficial hardness in accordance with Test Methods E18. Use the Type N Scale and
a 45-kg major load.
9.3.2 Method B—Determine the Knoop hardness in accordance with Test Method C730. Use a polished surface and a 1-kg load.
10. Thermal Conductivity
10.1 Scope—The recommended procedures allow the determination of the thermal conductivity of ceramic materials from 40
to 150°C (100 to 300°F).
10.2 Significance—A ceramic insulator may be subjected frequently to thermal shock or required to dissipate heat energy from
electrically energized devices. Thermal conductivity characteristics are useful in designing ceramic insulators for service, research,
quality control, and comparison of ceramic compositions.
10.3 Procedure—Determine the thermal conductivity in accordance with Test Method C408.
NOTE 2—If thermal conductivity values over a broader temperature range of a lower order of magnitude than those obtainable using Test Method C408
are required, Test Method C177 may be used.
11. Thermal Shock Resistance
11.1 Scope—These thermal shock tests may be used for the determination of the resistance of a given ceramic material to
simulated environmental heat service conditions.
11.2 Significance and Use—These tests serve as an evaluation of the resistance of a particular ceramic composition, shape, and
dimension to temperature stress relative to another composition of the
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