ASTM F1044-05(2011)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Calcium Phosphate Coatings and Metallic Coatings
Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Calcium Phosphate Coatings and Metallic Coatings
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The shear test method is recommended for shear testing of calcium phosphate and metallic/substrate combinations and can provide information on the adhesive or cohesive strength of coatings under a uniaxial shear stress.
The test method may be useful for comparative evaluation of adhesive or cohesive strengths of a variety of types of coatings. Information developed using this test method may be useful for certain quality control and design purposes.
The test method should not be considered to provide an intrinsic values for utilization directly in making calculations such as determining the ability of a coating to withstand specified environmental stresses.
Processing variables, such as substrate preparation prior to coating, surface texture, coating technique variables or post-coating heat treatment, or heat may introduce a significant effect on the results of the shear test. The specimen being evaluated must be representative of the actual end-use coating.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers shear testing of continuous calcium phosphate coatings and metallic coatings adhering to dense metal substrates at ambient temperatures. It assesses the degree of adhesion of coatings to substrates, or the internal cohesion of a coating in shear, parallel to the surface plane.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: F1044 − 05 (Reapproved 2011)
Standard Test Method for
Shear Testing of Calcium Phosphate Coatings and Metallic
Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1044; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Units information was editorially corrected in January 2012.
1. Scope 4. Summary of Test Method
1.1 This test method covers shear testing of continuous 4.1 Shear Method for Calcium Phosphate or Metallic Coat-
ings:
calcium phosphate coatings and metallic coatings adhering to
dense metal substrates at ambient temperatures. It assesses the 4.1.1 This test method consists of subjecting a specimen
assembly composed of one coated and one uncoated compo-
degree of adhesion of coatings to substrates, or the internal
cohesion of a coating in shear, parallel to the surface plane. nent to a shear load. The components to be tested may be
bonded together directly by thermomechanical means (for
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
example, sintering or diffusion bonding) or may be bonded
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
together by use of a polymeric adhesive. The adhesive may be
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
in film form or bulk form, but it must have a minimum bulk
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
shear strength of 34.5 MPa [5000 psi] or as great as the
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
minimum required adhesion or cohesion strength of the
with the standard.
coating, whichever is greater.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials,
4.1.2 The shear load must be applied parallel to the plane of
operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
the coating utilizing a tensile machine, which is capable of
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its
determining the maximum strength of the coating or coating
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
attachment to the substrate interface.
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
4.2 Shear Method for Metallic Coatings Only—The lap
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
shear method consists of subjecting a porous coated area to
single shear loading, generally utilizing suitable polymeric
2. Referenced Documents
adhesive or bone cement adhesive and test jig in a tension
2.1 ASTM Standards:
machine, and determining the maximum shear stress required
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
to obtain separation (that is, the shear strength of the coating/
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
substrate bond or shear strength of the coating).
E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-
5. Significance and Use
terials
5.1 The shear test method is recommended for shear testing
3. Terminology of calcium phosphate and metallic/substrate combinations and
can provide information on the adhesive or cohesive strength
3.1 Definitions—Terminology E6 shall be considered as
of coatings under a uniaxial shear stress.
applying to the terms used in this test method.
5.2 The test method may be useful for comparative evalu-
ation of adhesive or cohesive strengths of a variety of types of
coatings. Information developed using this test method may be
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F04 on Medical
useful for certain quality control and design purposes.
and Surgical Materials and Devices and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
F04.15 on Material Test Methods.
5.3 The test method should not be considered to provide an
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011. Published January 2012. Originally
intrinsic values for utilization directly in making calculations
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as F1044 – 05. DOI:
such as determining the ability of a coating to withstand
10.1520/F1044-05R11E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
specified environmental stresses.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.4 Processing variables, such as substrate preparation prior
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. to coating, surface texture, coating technique variables or
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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F1044 − 05 (2011)
post-coating heat treatment, or heat may introduce a significant
effect on the results of the shear test. The specimen being
evaluated must be representative of the actual end-use coating.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Testing Machines—Machines used for testing shall con-
form to the requirements of Practices E4. The loads used in
determining shear strength and yield strength shall be within
the loading range of the testing machine as defined in Practices
E4. See also Test Methods E8/E8M.
6.2 Gripping Devices:
6.2.1 General—Various types of grips may be used to
transmit the load applied to the specimens by the testing
machine. To ensure axial shear stress, it is important that the
specimen axis coincide with the centerline of the heads of the
testingmachineandthatthecoatingtestplanebeparalleltothe
axial load. Any departure from this requirement (that is, any
eccentric loading) will introduce bending stresses that are not
included in the usual stress calculation (force/cross-sectional
area).
6.2.2 Aligned Interface Method for Calcium Phosphate or
Metallic Coatings:
6.2.2.1 A drawing of a typical gripping device for the test
assembly is shown in Fig. 1.
6.2.2.2 Adrawing of the adapter to mate the shear fixture to
the tensile machine is shown in Fig. 2.
6.2.2.3 Aschematic of the test assembly is shown in Fig. 3.
6.2.3 Lap Shear Method for Metallic Coatings Only:
6.2.3.1 Lap Shear Testing Bonding Fixture—A bonding
FIG. 2 Adapter to Mate the Gripping Device to the Tensile Ma-
fixture of the type shown in Fig. 4 or equivalent shall be
chine
designed and machined with sufficient precision to minimize
movement of the specimen during curing of the adhesive.
Some coatings, such as porous fiber metal coatings, may be
bonded by sintering without the use of this fixture.
6.2.3.2 Lap Shear Test Loading Grips—Aloading jig of the
type shown in Fig. 5 or equivalent shall be used. It shall be
made of hardened steel having a hardness of not less than
Rockwell C60. To minimize the possible effect of distortion of
the device under load, fitted and machined steel bolts may be
used to hold the components together. The interfaces between
the tongue and clevises shall be smooth.
7. Adhesive Bonding Materials
7.1 Adhesive Bonding Agent—A polymeric adhesive bond-
ing agent in film form, or filled viscous adhesive cement, when
used, shall be identified and shall meet the following require-
ments:
7.1.1 The bonding agent shall be capable of bonding the
coating on the test specimen components with an adhesive
shear strength that is at least 34.5 MPa [5000 psi] or as great as
the minimum required adhesion or cohesion strength of the
coating, whichever is greater.
7.1.2 In instances where porosity extends to the coating/
substrate interface, the bonding agent shall be sufficiently
viscous and application to the coating sufficiently careful to
FIG. 1 Gripping Device for Shear Testing assure that it will not penetrate through the coating to the
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F1044 − 05 (2011)
FIG. 5 Lap Shear Loading Grips
7.1.3 If a material other than FM 1000 is used, or the
condition of the FM 1000 is unknown, it must be tested to
establish its equivalence to fresh FM 1000. Testing should be
performed without the presence of the calcium phosphate
coating to establish the performance of the adhesive.
FIG. 3 Drawing of the Recommended Shear Test Specimen As-
8. Test Specimen
sembly
8.1 General:
8.1.1 In order to ensure precision and accuracy in test
results, it is important that care be exercised in the preparation
of specimens, both in machining and in the case of multi-part
specimens, in the assembly. Specimen components must be
properly aligned in order that generated stresses be purely
axial, that is, parallel to the coated surface.
8.1.2 Aligned Interface Method Specimen—This shear test
specimen is illustrated in Fig. 6. A complete, assembled test
assembly consists of two solid pieces; one with a coated
surface and the other with an uncoated surface. The uncoated
surface may be roughened to aid in the bonding of the
adhesive.
8.1.2.1 The cross-sectional area of the substrate upon which
2 2
the coating is applied shall be nominal 2.84 cm [0.44 in. ].
When specimens of another cross-sectional area are used, the
data must be demonstrated to be equivalent to 2.84 cm
standard cross-sectional area and the specimen size should be
reported.
FIG. 4 Lap Shear Bonding Fixture
substrate. The FM 1000 Adhesive Film with a thickness of
0.25 mm [0.01 in.] has proven satisfactory for this test.
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
is Cytec Engineered Materials, Inc., 1300 Revolution St., Havre de Grace, MD
21078. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to
ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-
ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend. FIG. 6 Aligned Interface Specimen
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F1044 − 05 (2011)
8.1.3 Lap Shear Specimen—Lap shear specimens shall con- 9.2.1 Align the adhesive with the surface of the coating,
sistofsubstratepl
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