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ASTM E436-91(1997)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Drop-Weight Tear Tests of Ferritic Steels

Standard Test Method for Drop-Weight Tear Tests of Ferritic Steels

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1.1 This test method covers drop-weight tear tests (DWTT) on ferritic steels with thicknesses between 3.18 and 19.1 mm (0.125 and 0.750 in.).  
1.2 The values stated in SI (metric) units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Apr-1997
ICS
77.040.10 - Mechanical testing of metals
Technical Committee
E08 - Fatigue and Fracture
Drafting Committee
E08.02 - Terminology
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E436-03 - Standard Test Method for Drop-Weight Tear Tests of Ferritic Steels
Effective Date
10-May-2003
Referred By
ASTM E3039-20 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Crack-Tip-Opening Angle of Ferritic Steels Using DWTT-Type Specimens
Effective Date
10-Apr-1997
Referred By
ASTM E1823-23 - Standard Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Fracture Testing
Effective Date
10-Apr-1997

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ASTM E436-91(1997) - Standard Test Method for Drop-Weight Tear Tests of Ferritic SteelsASTM E436-91(1997) - Standard Test Method for Drop-Weight Tear Tests of Ferritic Steels
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ASTM E436-91(1997) - Standard Test Method for Drop-Weight Tear Tests of Ferritic Steels
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: E 436 – 91 (Reapproved 1997)
Standard Test Method for
Drop-Weight Tear Tests of Ferritic Steels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 436; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Apparatus
1.1 This test method covers drop-weight tear tests (DWTT) 4.1 The testing machine shall be either a pendulum type or
on ferritic steels with thicknesses between 3.18 and 19.1 mm a vertical-dropped-weight (Note 1) type. The machine shall
(0.125 and 0.750 in.). provide sufficient energy to completely fracture a specimen in
1.2 The values stated in SI (metric) units are to be regarded one impact.
as the standard. 4.1.1 As a guide in the design of the equipment it has been
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the found that up to 2712 J (2000 ft·lbf) of energy may be required
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the to completely fracture specimens of steel up to 12.7 mm ( ⁄2
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- in.) in thickness with tensile strengths to 690 MPa (100 000
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- psi).
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1—Equipment of the vertical-dropped-weight variety that can be
readily modified to conduct the drop-weight tear test is described in Test
2. Referenced Documents
Method E 208.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.2 The specimen shall be supported in a suitable manner to
E 208 Test Method for Conducting Drop-Weight Test to
prevent sidewise rotation of the specimen.
Determine Nil-Ductility Transition Temperature of Ferritic
4.3 The velocity of the hammer (in either type of testing
Steels
machine) shall be not less than 4.88 m/s (16 ft/s).
3. Significance and Use
5. Test Specimen
3.1 This test method can be used to determine the appear-
5.1 The test specimen shall be a 76.2 by 305-mm (3 by
ance of propagating fractures in plain carbon or low-alloy pipe
12-in.) by full-plate-thickness edge-notch bend specimen em-
steels (yield strengths less than 825 MPa or 120 000 psi) over
ploying a pressed notch. Fig. 1 presents the dimensions and
the temperature range where the fracture mode changes from
tolerances of the specimens. The specimens shall be removed
brittle (cleavage or flat) to ductile (shear or oblique).
from the material under test by sawing, shearing, or flame
3.2 This test method can serve the following purposes:
cutting, with or without machining.
3.2.1 For research and development, to study the effect of
NOTE 2—If the specimen is flame cut it is usually difficult to press in the
metallurgical variables such as composition or heat treatment,
notch unless the heat-affected zone is removed by machining.
or of fabricating operations such as welding or forming on the
mode of fracture propagation.
5.2 The notch shall be pressed to the depth shown in Fig. 1
3.2.2 For evaluation of materials for service to indicate the
with a sharp tool-steel chisel with an included angle of 45 6
suitability of a material for specific applications by indicating
2°. Machined notches are prohibited.
fracture propagation behavior at the service temperature(s).
NOTE 3—The notch radius obtained with a sharp tool-steel chisel is
3.2.3 For information or specification purposes, to provide a
normally between 0.013 to 0.025 mm (0.0005 to 0.001 in.). When many
manufacturing quality control only when suitable correlations
specimens are to be tested, it is helpful to use a jig that will guide the
have been established with service behavior.
chisel and stop it at the proper depth.
6. Procedure
6.1 In the temperature range from − 73 to 100°C (−100
This method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-8 on Fatigue and
Fracture and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E08.02 on Standards and
to + 212°F) employ the procedure described in 6.1.1 and 6.1.2.
Terminology.
6.1.1 Completely immerse the specimens in a bath of
Current edition approved Aug. 15, 1991. Published October 1991. Originally
suitable liquid at a temperature within 61°C (62°F) of the
published as E 436 – 71 T. Last previous edition E 436 – 74(1986).
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01. desired test temperature for a minimum time of 15 min prior to
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E 436 – 91 (1997)
1 3
FIG. 1 Drop-Weight Tear Test Specimens and Support Dimensions and Tolerances (for Specimens ⁄8 to ⁄4 in. in Thickness)
testing. Separate the specimens by a distance at least equal to
the thickness of the specimen. Make provision for circulation
of the bath to assure uniform bath temperature.
NOTE 4—Alternatively, other methods of heating and cooling may be
used, provided they produce equivalent time at temperature of the
specimens.
FIG. 2 Fracture Surface Included in Shear-Area Determination
6.1.2 Remove the specimens from the bath and break as
described herein within a time period of 10 s. If the specimens
7.3 Occasionally specimens will exhibit the fracture appear-
are held out of the bath longer than 10 s return them unbroken
ance shown in Fig. 3. On specimens of this type the fracture
to the bath for a minimum of 10 min. Do not handle the
appears to have stopped and started a number of times
specimen in the vicinity of the notch by devices the tempera-
exhibiting intermittent regions of shear and cleavage in the
ture of which is appreciably different from the test temperature.
midthickness portion of the specimen. The shear area included
6.2 For temperatures outside of the range specified in 6.1
in the rating of specimens of this type shall be that shown in the
maintain the specimen temperature at the time of impact
cross-hatched area of Fig. 3 (neglect the shear areas in the
within6 2°F of the desired test temperature.
region of intermittent shear and cleavage fracture in rating the
6.3 Insert the specimen in the testing machine so that the
specimen).
notch in the specimen lines up with the centerline of the tup on
7.4 For referee method of determining the percent shear
the hammer within 1.59 mm ( ⁄16 in.). Also, center the notch in
area of the fracture surface, measure the cleavage area of the
the specimen between the supports on the anvil.
fracture surface with a planimeter on a photograph or optical
6.4 Consider tests invalid if the specimen buckles during
projection of the fracture surface. Then divide the cleavage
impact.
area by the net area of the specimen included in the rating,
NOTE 5—Buckling has been experienced with specimen thicknesses
express as percent, and subtract from 100. Alternative methods
less than 4.75 mm (0.187 in.).
more adaptable to routine rating are described in 7.4.1-7.4.3.
7.4.1 The percent shear area can be evaluated by comparing
7. Specimen Evaluation
the fracture surfaces with a calibrated set of photographs of
7.1 For the purposes of this method, shear-fracture surfaces
previously fractured specimens or with actual specimens of
shall be considered as those having a dull gray silky appear-
calibrated percent shear areas for a specific thickness. Calibrate
ance which are commonly inclined at an angle to the specimen
in accordance with 7.4.
surface. Cleavage or brittle fractures shall be considered those
7.4.2 The percent shear area can be evaluated with the
that are bright and crystalline in appearance and that are
procedure described in Annex A1.
perpendicular to the plate surface. The cleavage fractures
7.4.3 The percent shear area can be evaluated with any other
generally extend from the root of the notch and are surrounded
procedure that has been demonstrated to produce results
by a region of shear or shear lips on the specimen surface.
equivalent to those obtained in 7.4.
7.2 Evaluate the specimens (Note 6) by determining the
7.5 Fig. 4 shows five DWTT specimens that have been
percent shear area of the fracture surface neglecting the
tested over the temperature range from − 17 to 16°C (0 to
fracture surface for a distance of one specimen thickness from
the root of the notch and the fracture surface for a distance of
one specimen thickness from the edge struck by the hammer.
Fig. 2 illustrates in the cross-hatched area that portion of the
fracture surface to be considered in the evaluation of the
percent shear area of the fracture surface.
N
...

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Note 1: Further information on background and need for this type of test is given in the report of ASTM Task Group E24.01.05 on Part-Through-Crack Testing (1).2  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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1.3 If the specimen does not exhibit rapid crack propagation and arrest, Ka  cannot be determined.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standards. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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4.1 Fatigue test results may be significantly influenced by the properties and history of the parent material, the operations performed during the preparation of the fatigue specimens, and the testing machine and test procedures used during the generation of the data. The presentation of fatigue test results should include citation of basic information on the material, specimens, and testing to increase the utility of the results and to reduce to a minimum the possibility of misinterpretation or improper application of those results.
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1.1 This practice covers the desirable and minimum information to be communicated between the originator and the user of data derived from constant-force amplitude axial, bending, or torsion fatigue tests of metallic materials tested in air and at room temperature.  
Note 1: Practice E466, although not directly referenced in the text, is considered important enough to be listed in this standard.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E399-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials

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5.1 The property KIc determined by this test method characterizes the resistance of a material to fracture in a neutral environment in the presence of a sharp crack under essentially linear-elastic stress and severe tensile constraint, such that (1) the state of stress near the crack front approaches tritensile plane strain, and (2) the crack-tip plastic zone is small compared to the crack size, specimen thickness, and ligament ahead of the crack.  
5.1.1 Variation in the value of KIc can be expected within the allowable range of specimen proportions, a/W and  W/B. KIc may also be expected to rise with increasing ligament size. Notwithstanding these variations, however, KIc is believed to represent a lower limiting value of fracture toughness (for 2 % apparent crack extension) in the environment and at the speed and temperature of the test.  
5.1.2 Lower and more highly variable values of fracture toughness can be obtained from specimens that fail by cleavage fracture; for example, specimens of ferritic steels tested at temperatures in the ductile-to-brittle transition region or below. Specimens failing by cleavage are also more likely to exhibit warm prestressing effects, where precracking at a temperature higher than the test temperature can artificially increase the fracture toughness measured (2). The present test method is not intended for cleavage fracture. Instead, the user is referred to Test Method E1921 and E1820 which are applicable to cleavage fracture and contain safeguards against warm prestressing. Likewise this test method should not be used when specimen failure is accompanied by appreciable plastic deformation even after the specimen size has been maximized within product dimensional constraints. Guidance on testing elastic-plastic materials is given in Test Method E1820.  
5.1.3 The value of KIc obtained by this test method may be used to estimate the relation between failure stress and crack size for a material in service wherein the condition...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of fracture toughness (KIc and optionally KIsi) of metallic materials under predominantly linear-elastic, plane-strain conditions using fatigue precracked specimens having a thickness of 1.6 mm (0.063 in.) or greater2 subjected to slowly, or in special (elective) cases rapidly, increasing crack-displacement force. Details of test apparatus, specimen configuration, and experimental procedure are given in the annexes. Two procedures are outlined for using the experimental data to calculate fracture toughness values:  
1.1.1 The KIc test procedure is described in the main body of this test standard and is a mandatory part of the testing and results reporting procedure for this test method. The KIc test procedure is based on crack growth of up to 2 % percent of the specimen width. This can lead to a specimen size dependent rising fracture toughness resistance curve, with larger specimens producing higher fracture toughness results.  
1.1.2 The KIsi test procedure is described in Appendix X1 and is an optional part of this test method. The KIsi test procedure is based on a fixed amount of crack extension of 0.5 mm, and as a result, KIsi is less sensitive to specimen size than KIc. This less size-sensitive fracture toughness, KIsi, is called size-insensitive throughout this test method. Appendix X1 contains an optional procedure for reinterpreting the force-displacement test record recorded as part of this test method to calculate the additional fracture toughness value, KIsi.
Note 1: Plane-strain fracture toughness tests of materials thinner than 1.6 mm (0.063 in.) that are sufficiently brittle (see 7.1) can be made using other types of specimens (1).3 There is no standard test method for such thin materials.  
1.2 This test method is divided into two parts. The first part gives general recommendations and requirements for testing and includes specific requirements for the KI...

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ASTM
ASTM E1820-23b(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assuming the presence of a preexisting, sharp, fatigue crack, the material fracture toughness values identified by this test method characterize its resistance to: (1)  fracture of a stationary crack, (2) fracture after some stable tearing, (3) stable tearing onset, and (4) sustained stable tearing. This test method is particularly useful when the material response cannot be anticipated before the test. Application of procedures in Test Method E1921 is recommended for testing ferritic steels that undergo cleavage fracture in the ductile-to-brittle transition.  
5.1.1 These fracture toughness values may serve as a basis for material comparison, selection, and quality assurance. Fracture toughness can be used to rank materials within a similar yield strength range.  
5.1.2 These fracture toughness values may serve as a basis for structural flaw tolerance assessment. Awareness of differences that may exist between laboratory test and field conditions is required to make proper flaw tolerance assessment.  
5.2 The following cautionary statements are based on some observations.  
5.2.1 Particular care must be exercised in applying to structural flaw tolerance assessment the fracture toughness value associated with fracture after some stable tearing has occurred. This response is characteristic of ferritic steel in the transition regime. This response is especially sensitive to material inhomogeneity and to constraint variations that may be induced by planar geometry, thickness differences, mode of loading, and structural details.  
5.2.2 The J-R curve from bend-type specimens recommended by this test method (SE(B), C(T), and DC(T)) has been observed to be conservative with respect to results from tensile loading configurations.  
5.2.3 The values of δc, δu, Jc, and Ju  may be affected by specimen dimensions.
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1.1 This test method covers procedures and guidelines for the determination of fracture toughness of metallic materials using the following parameters: K, J, and CTOD (δ). Toughness can be measured in the R-curve format or as a point value. The fracture toughness determined in accordance with this test method is for the opening mode (Mode I) of loading.
Note 1: Until this version, KIc could be evaluated using this test method as well as by using Test Method E399. To avoid duplication, the evaluation of KIc has been removed from this test method and the user is referred to Test Method E399.  
1.2 The recommended specimens are single-edge bend, [SE(B)], compact, [C(T)], and disk-shaped compact, [DC(T)]. All specimens contain notches that are sharpened with fatigue cracks.  
1.2.1 Specimen dimensional (size) requirements vary according to the fracture toughness analysis applied. The guidelines are established through consideration of material toughness, material flow strength, and the individual qualification requirements of the toughness value per values sought.  
Note 2: Other standard methods for the determination of fracture toughness using the parameters K, J, and CTOD are contained in Test Methods E399, E1290, and E1921. This test method was developed to provide a common method for determining all applicable toughness parameters from a single test.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations iss...

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ASTM E561-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for KR Curve Determination

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The KR curve characterizes the resistance to fracture of materials during slow, stable crack extension and results from the growth of the plastic zone ahead of the crack as it extends from a fatigue precrack or sharp notch. It provides a record of the toughness development as a crack is driven stably under increasing applied stress intensity factor K. For a given material, KR curves are dependent upon specimen thickness, temperature, and strain rate. The amount of valid KR data generated in the test depends on the specimen type, size, method of loading, and, to a lesser extent, testing machine characteristics.  
5.2 For an untested geometry, the KR curve can be matched with the applied-K curves (crack driving curves) to estimate the degree of stable crack extension and the conditions necessary to cause unstable crack propagation (2). In making this estimate, KR curves are regarded as being independent of initial crack size ao and the specimen configuration in which they are developed. For a given material, material thickness, and test temperature, KR curves appear to be a function of only the effective crack extension Δae (3).  
5.2.1 To predict crack behavior and instability in a component, a family of applied-K curves is generated by calculating  K as a function of crack size for the component using a series of force, displacement, or combined loading conditions. The KR curve may be superimposed on the family of applied-K curves as shown in Fig. 1, with the origin of the KR curve coinciding with the assumed initial crack size ao. The intersection of the applied-K curves with the KR curve shows the expected effective stable crack extension for each loading condition. The applied-K curve that develops tangency with the KR curve defines the critical loading condition that will cause the onset of unstable fracture under the loading conditions used to develop the applied-K curves.
FIG. 1 Schematic Representation of KR curve and Applied K Curves to Predict Insta...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to fracture of metallic materials under Mode I loading at static rates using either of the following notched and precracked specimens: the middle-cracked tension M(T) specimen or the compact tension C(T) specimen. A KR curve is a continuous record of toughness development (resistance to crack extension) in terms of KR plotted against crack extension in the specimen as a crack is driven under an increasing stress intensity factor, K. (1)2  
1.2 Materials that can be tested for KR curve development are not limited by strength, thickness, or toughness, so long as specimens are of sufficient size to remain predominantly elastic to the effective crack extension value of interest.  
1.3 Specimens of standard proportions are required, but size is variable, to be adjusted for yield strength and toughness of the materials.  
1.4 Only two of the many possible specimen types that could be used to develop KR curves are covered in this method.  
1.5 The test is applicable to conditions where a material exhibits slow, stable crack extension under increasing crack driving force, which may exist in relatively tough materials under plane stress crack tip conditions.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Reco...

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ASTM E2789-10(2021)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Fretting Fatigue Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Fretting fatigue tests are used to determine the effects of several fretting parameters on the fatigue lives of metallic materials. Some of these parameters include differing materials, relative displacement amplitudes, normal force at the fretting contact, alternating tangential force, the contact geometry, surface integrity parameters such as finish, and the environment. Comparative tests are used to determine the effectiveness of palliatives on the fatigue life of specimens with well-controlled boundary conditions so that the mechanics of the fretting fatigue test can be modeled. Generally, it is useful to compare the fretting fatigue response to plain fatigue to obtain knockdown or reduction factors from fretting fatigue. The results may be used as a guide in selecting material combinations, design stress levels, lubricants, and coatings to alleviate or eliminate fretting fatigue concerns in new or existing designs. However, due to the synergisms of fatigue, wear, and corrosion on the fretting fatigue parameters, extreme care should be exercised in the judgment to determine if the test conditions meet the design or system conditions.  
4.2 For data to be comparable, reproducible, and correlated amongst laboratories and relevant to mimic fretting in an application, all parameters critical to the fretting fatigue life of the material in question will need to be replicated. Because alterations in environment, metallurgical properties, fretting loading (controlled forces and displacements), compliance of the test system, etc. can affect the response, no general guidelines exist to quantitatively ascertain what the effect will be on the specimen fretting fatigue life if a single parameter is varied. To assure test results can be correlated and reproduced, all material variables, testing information, physical procedures, and analytical procedures should be reported in a manner that is consistent with good current test practices.  
4.3 Because of the wear phenome...
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1.1 This guide defines terminology and covers general requirements for conducting fretting fatigue tests and reporting the results. It describes the general types of fretting fatigue tests and provides some suggestions on developing and conducting fretting fatigue test programs.  
1.2 Fretting fatigue tests are designed to determine the effects of mechanical and environmental parameters on the fretting fatigue behavior of metallic materials. This guide is not intended to establish preference of one apparatus or specimen design over others, but will establish guidelines for adherence in the design, calibration, and use of fretting fatigue apparatus and recommend the means to collect, record, and reporting of the data.  
1.3 The number of cycles to form a fretting fatigue crack is dependent on both the material of the fatigue specimen and fretting pad, the geometry of contact between the two, and the method by which the loading and displacement are imposed. Similar to wear behavior of materials, it is important to consider fretting fatigue as a system response, instead of a material response. Because of this dependency on the configuration of the system, quantifiable comparisons of various material combinations should be based on tests using similar fretting fatigue configurations and material couples.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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