ASTM E2472-12
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determination of Resistance to Stable Crack Extension under Low-Constraint Conditions
Standard Test Method for Determination of Resistance to Stable Crack Extension under Low-Constraint Conditions
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method characterizes a metallic material’s resistance to stable crack extension in terms of crack-tip-opening angle (CTOA), ψ and/or crack-opening displacement (COD), δ5 under the laboratory or application environment of interest. This method applies specifically to fatigue pre-cracked specimens that exhibit low constraint and that are tested under slowly increasing displacement.
5.2 When conducting fracture tests, the user must consider the influence that the loading rate and laboratory environment may have on the fracture parameters. The user should perform a literature review to determine if loading rate effects have been observed previously in the material at the specific temperature and environment being tested. The user should document specific information pertaining to their material, loading rates, temperature, and environment (relative humidity) for each test.
5.3 The results of this characterization include the determination of a critical, lower-limiting value, of CTOA (ψ c) or a resistance curve of δ5, a measure of crack-opening displacement against crack extension, or both.
5.4 The test specimens are the compact, C(T), and middle-crack-tension, M(T), specimens.
5.5 Materials that can be evaluated by this standard are not limited by strength, thickness, or toughness, if the crack-size-to-thickness (a/B) ratio or ligament-to-thickness (b/B) ratio are equal to or greater than 4, which ensures relatively low and similar global crack-front constraint for both the C(T) and M(T) specimens (2, 3).
5.6 The values of CTOA and COD (δ5) determined by this test method may serve the following purposes:
5.6.1 In research and development, CTOA (ψc) or COD (δ5), or both, testing can show the effects of certain parameters on the resistance to stable crack extension of metallic materials significant to service performance. These parameters include, but are not limited to, material thickness, material composition, thermo-mechanical processing...
SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers the determination of the resistance to stable crack extension in metallic materials in terms of the critical crack-tip-opening angle (CTOA), ψc and/or the crack-opening displacement (COD), δ5 resistance curve (1).2 This method applies specifically to fatigue pre-cracked specimens that exhibit low constraint (crack-size-to-thickness and un-cracked ligament-to-thickness ratios greater than or equal to 4) and that are tested under slowly increasing remote applied displacement. The test specimens are the compact, C(T), and middle-crack-tension, M(T), specimens. The fracture resistance determined in accordance with this standard is measured as ψc (critical CTOA value) and/or δ 5 (critical COD resistance curve) as a function of crack extension. Both fracture resistance parameters are characterized using either a single-specimen or multiple-specimen procedures. These fracture quantities are determined under the opening mode (Mode I) of loading. Influences of environment and rapid loading rates are not covered in this standard, but the user must be aware of the effects that the loading rate and laboratory environment may have on the fracture behavior of the material.
1.2 Materials that are evaluated by this standard are not limited by strength, thickness, or toughness, if the crack-size-to-thickness (a/B) ratio and the ligament-to-thickness (b/B) ratio are greater than or equal to 4, which ensures relatively low and similar global crack-front constraint for both the C(T) and M(T) specimens (2, 3).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior...
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Designation: E2472 − 12
StandardTest Method for
Determination of Resistance to Stable Crack Extension
1
under Low-Constraint Conditions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2472; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This standard covers the determination of the resistance
to stable crack extension in metallic materials in terms of the
2. Referenced Documents
critical crack-tip-opening angle (CTOA), ψ and/or the crack-
c
3
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
opening displacement (COD), δ resistance curve (1). This
5
E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
method applies specifically to fatigue pre-cracked specimens
E8/E8MTest Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-
that exhibit low constraint (crack-size-to-thickness and un-
terials
cracked ligament-to-thickness ratios greater than or equal to 4)
E399Test Method for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain Fracture
and that are tested under slowly increasing remote applied
Toughness K of Metallic Materials
displacement. The test specimens are the compact, C(T), and Ic
E561Test Method forK-R Curve Determination
middle-crack-tension, M(T), specimens. The fracture resis-
E647Test Method for Measurement of Fatigue Crack
tance determined in accordance with this standard is measured
Growth Rates
as ψ (critical CTOAvalue) and/or δ (critical COD resistance
c 5
E1290Test Method for Crack-Tip Opening Displacement
curve) as a function of crack extension. Both fracture resis-
(CTOD) Fracture Toughness Measurement
tance parameters are characterized using either a single-
E1820Test Method for Measurement of FractureToughness
specimen or multiple-specimen procedures. These fracture
E1823TerminologyRelatingtoFatigueandFractureTesting
quantities are determined under the opening mode (Mode I) of
E2309Practices forVerification of Displacement Measuring
loading. Influences of environment and rapid loading rates are
Systems and Devices Used in Material Testing Machines
not covered in this standard, but the user must be aware of the
4
2.2 ISO Standards:
effects that the loading rate and laboratory environment may
ISO22889:2007 MetallicMaterials—MethodofTestforthe
have on the fracture behavior of the material.
Determination of Resistance to Stable Crack Extension
1.2 Materials that are evaluated by this standard are not
Using Specimens of Low Constraint
limited by strength, thickness, or toughness, if the crack-size-
ISO 12135Metallic Materials—Unified Method of Test for
to-thickness (a/B) ratio and the ligament-to-thickness (b/B)
the Determination of Quasistatic Fracture Toughness
ratio are greater than or equal to 4, which ensures relatively
low and similar global crack-front constraint for both the C(T)
3. Terminology
and M(T) specimens (2, 3).
3.1 Terminology E1823 is applicable to this test standard.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.2 Definitions:
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.2.1 crack extension, ∆a [L], n—an increase in crack size.
standard.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—Itshouldbenotedthatinthin-sheetand
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
thick-platematerialsunderlowconstraintconditions,thecrack
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
extension observed on the surface of the specimen may be
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
significantly less than that in the interior of the specimen due
to the effects of crack tunneling. This must be considered if
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E08 on Fatigue
3
and Fracture and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E08.07 on Fracture For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Mechanics. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved July 1, 2012. Published January 2013. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
ε1
approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E2472–06 . DOI: the ASTM website.
4
10.1520/E2472-12. Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de
2
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://
this standard. www.iso.ch.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: E2472 − 06 E2472 − 12
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Resistance to Stable Crack Extension
1
under Low-Constraint Conditions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2472; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon («) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
εNOTE—3.2.16 was editorially revised in May 2010.
1. Scope
1.1 This standard covers the determination of the resistance to stable crack extension in metallic materials in terms of the critical
2
crack-tip-opening angle (CTOA(CTOA), ),ψand/or the crack-opening displacement (COD), resistance curve (1). This
c cδ5
method applies specifically to fatigue pre-cracked specimens that exhibit low constraint (crack-length-to-thickness(crack-size-to-
thickness and un-cracked ligament-to-thickness ratios greater than or equal to 4) and that are tested under slowly increasing remote
applied displacement. The recommendedtest specimens are the compact-tension,compact, C(T), and middle-crack-tension, M(T),
specimens. The fracture resistance determined in accordance with this standard is measured asψ(critical CTOA value) and/or
c
δ(critical COD resistance curve) as a function of crack extension. Both fracture resistance parameters are characterized using
5
either a single-specimen or multiple-specimen procedures. These fracture quantities are determined under the opening mode (Mode
I) of loading. Influences of environment and rapid loading rates are not covered in this standard, but the user must be aware of
the effects that the loading rate and laboratory environment may have on the fracture behavior of the material.
1.2 Materials that are evaluated by this standard are not limited by strength, thickness, or toughness, if the crack-length-to-
thicknesscrack-size-to-thickness (a/B) ratio and the ligament-to-thickness (b/B) ratio are greater than or equal to 4, which ensures
relatively low and similar global crack-front constraint for both the C(T) and M(T) specimens (2, 3).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses (English) are for information
purposes only.standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E8E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
E399 Test Method for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness K of Metallic Materials
Ic
E561 Test Method forK-R Curve Determination
E647 Test Method for Measurement of Fatigue Crack Growth Rates
E1290 Test Method for Crack-Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) Fracture Toughness Measurement
E1820 Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness
E1823 Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Fracture Testing
E2309 Practices for Verification of Displacement Measuring Systems and Devices Used in Material Testing Machines
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E08 on Fatigue and Fracture and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E08.07 on Fracture
Mechanics.
Current edition approved June 15, 2006July 1, 2012. Published August 2006January 2013. Originally approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as
ε1
E2472–06 . DOI: 10.1520/E2472-06E01.10.1520/E2472-12.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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E2472 − 12
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2.2 ISO Standards:
ISO/TC164/SC4-N413.4 ISO 22889:2007 Metallic Materials—Method of Test for the Determination of Resistance to Stable
Crack Extension Using Specimens of Low Constraint
ISO 12135 Metallic Materials—Unified Method of Test for the Determina
...
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